scholarly journals Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From In-patients of an Orthopaedic Hospital in North-Western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Dominic Agbo Oche ◽  
Paul Ifeleke Oyegoke ◽  
Maryloveth Oluchukwu Akpudo ◽  
Busayo Olalekan Olayinka
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orthopaedic Hospital

Background and aims: Staphylococcus aureus, an important pathogen in bone diseases, is a highly multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterium. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance among S. aureus isolated from patients on admission in an orthopaedic hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 140 samples comprising urine samples, wound swabs, and nasal swabs were collected from 49 patients on admission. Samples were cultured and screened for S. aureus following standard procedures. Using the agar-disk diffusion method, the isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility tests. Results: S. aureus were isolated from 26 (18.6%) samples, and wound swabs were found to have the highest number of the S. aureus isolates with 12 (46.2%). Among the 26 S. aureus isolated, 25 (96.2%) isolates were resistant to at least four or more of the tested antibiotics. There were 23 (88.5%) MDR isolates, while there were only 2 (7.6%) extensively drug resistant ones. The number of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were 17 (65.4% of the isolates), while the number of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were 9 (34.6% of the isolates). A total of 22 (84.6%) isolates had multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) index greater than 0.2. Inducible clindamycin resistance of 2 (7.6%) was observed. Conclusion: This study showed that the S. aureus isolated from the patients were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Regular surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of utmost importance, since it facilitates the design or development of the treatment regimens that could check the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Antibiotics Resistance, Sensitivity Pattern and Development of Antibiogram to Support Empirical Prescription in Health Facilities in South Senatorial District of Kwara State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Joseph Gbenga Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Empirical Treatment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

A major concern in public health is Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms. There are several organisms developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics in different locations and time. This study assessed patterns of antibiotic resistance in line with the WHO classification of antibiotics. A cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2020 to January 2021 in 4 randomly selected hospitals. Of all 442 patients recruited for this study, twenty-seven percent (122) were randomly selected for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and SPSS version 23 was used for analysis. The most predominant isolate was Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance by Staphylococcus aureus was noted against Amoxicillin, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, Gentamicin, and Cefuroxime. Resistance by E. coli against Chloramphenicol 80%, cefuroxime 100%, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole 83.3%, Resistance by Klebsiella spp; against Ampicillin Second and third-generation cephalosporin and Gentamicin 100%. Resistance by Streptococcus spp; Ampicillin 100% and Ampicillin cloxacillin 100%, cefuroxime 100%, and Ciprofloxacin 100%. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were active against Salmonella species, Pseudomonas species, klebsiella, and Escherichia coli. Azithromycin, imipenem, and meropenem with high susceptibility to local bacterial isolates sample tested. The access group antibiotics showed a low susceptibility rate to local bacteria isolate with increase resistance to the watch group. Antibiogram was developed to guide empirical treatment type that is predominant in the district. Most bacteria isolated from health facilities in Kwara South were resistant to the access group. The resistance to watch a group of WHO antibiotics classification is building very fast. Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Empirical Treatment, Susceptible.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Community Acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Patients Received at the Traumatology Unit of a Secondary Referral Health Setting in the Western Cameroon

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Viany Nankeng Manhafo ◽  
Thomas Djifack Tadongfack ◽  
Irina Lydia Sudeu Nitcheu ◽  
Vanessa Rosine Nkouayep ◽  
Aline Camerl Nzeffouo Selabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is responsible of a wide range of both community and Hospital acquired infections. Several genomic variability underlie the diversity of S. aureus strains responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Objective: To assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of community acquired S. aureus isolated from pus samples in patients received at the traumatology unit of Our Lady of Health Centre of Batseng'la in Dschang, Western Cameroon. Study Design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out over a period of five months (from January to May 2021) involving a total of 52 participants received at the traumatology unit of Our Lady of Health Centre of Batseng'la in Dschang, Western Cameroon. Methods: Pus samples collected from participants were seeded on Chapman Agar at 37°C for 24 hours. The colonies identification was based on catalase, coagulase and DNAse tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25 Software. Results: S. aureus was isolated in 22 of the 54 pus samples analysed, giving a positivity rate of 42.3%. The majority of strains (63.6%) were isolated from subjects less than 21 years old. From the strains isolated, 40.9% were MRSA and 86.4% presented multi-resistance patterns to the antibiotics tested. All strains of MRSA were found to be cross-resistant with one or more other antibiotics. Conclusion: The multi-resistance of community acquired S. aureus to antibiotics is a reality. Adequate care should be taken while handling suppurating wounds and abscesses. Especially in younger ager individuals, as this may help in timely setting up proper care and treatment protocols necessary to overcome drug resistance of such extremely flexible pathogens.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Extensively Drug Resistant Carbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Fatima Afroz ◽  
Shaheda Anwar ◽  
Mashrura Quraishi ◽  
GM Mohiuddin ◽  
SM Ali Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method

Carbapenems, often agents of last resort for multidrug resistant bacterial infections are now threatened by widespread dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Production of carbapenemases remain the most clinically important mechanism of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiogram pattern of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae. A cross sectional study was conducted at department of Microbiology and Immunology, BSMMU from September 2018 to August 2019. A total of 145 CRE isolates from different clinical samples were studied.Antimicrobial susceptibility was examinedby disk diffusion method and MIC of colistin by broth microdilution method. Resistant carbapenemase genes NDM and OXA-48 were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Out of 145 CRE isolates, 104 were NDM, 73 were OXA-48and 34 isolates were both NDM and OXA-48 co-producers. All the NDM and OXA-48 carbapenemase producing isolates were 100% resistant to meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and piperacillin + tazobactam. Resistance rates of reserved antimicrobials to treat CRE isolates were also alarming. Thirty seven percent, 9.6% and 5.5 % of OXA-48 carbapenemase producers and 26.0%, 10.6% and 2.9% of NDM carbapenemase producers were resistant to colistin, polymyxin B and tigecycline respectively.Among the carbapenemase producing isolates, 16.6% (24) were multidrug resistant (MDR), 82.1% (119) were extensively drug resistant (XDR) and 1.3% (2) isolates were pan drug resistantwhich highlights the emerging therapeutic challenge for these superbugs. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2019; 13 (2): 7-10

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus in Patients Hospitalized in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah, Iran (2016 - 2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Zamanian ◽  
Marya Shirvani ◽  
Alireza Janbakhsh ◽  
Babak Sayad ◽  
Siavash Vaziri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen, which often causes asymptomatic diseases. This bacterium could cause several disorders, ranging from skin infections to life-threatening diseases. S. aureus could also develop resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of antibiotic resistance in isolated S. aureus in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah, Iran. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 2,228 patients with a positive S. aureus culture who were admitted to Imam Reza Hospital during 2016 - 2018. In accordance with the CLSI protocol, bacterial isolates were separated using laboratory tests, and antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the standard disk-diffusion method. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24. Results: Most of the S. aureus-positive cases were isolated from the emergency ward (43.7%), blood samples (40.1%), and urine samples (23.9%). The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against erythromycin, penicillin G, ofloxacin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, and piperacillin. With 93.3% and 81.8% sensitivity, vancomycin and teicoplanin were respectively the most effective antibiotics against S. aureus. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence of resistant S. aureus strains could be due to the long-term hospitalization of patients and the overuse of antibiotics in infection treatment. Therefore, proper monitoring and development of effective infection control methods are essential in these healthcare settings.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Groups ofEscherichia coliStrains from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran Based on the New Clermont Phylotyping Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darioush Iranpour ◽  
Mojtaba Hassanpour ◽  
Hossein Ansari ◽  
Saeed Tajbakhsh ◽  
Gholamreza Khamisipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pcr Method

Objectives.In 2013, Clermont classifiedE. colistrains into eight phylogenetic groups using a new quadruplex PCR method. The aims of this study were to identify the phylogenetic groups ofE. colibased on this method and to assess their antibiotic resistance patterns in Bushehr, Iran.Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 140E. coliisolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method.Results. Phylogenetic group B2 was most predominant (39.3%), followed by unknown (27.1%), E (9.3%), C and clade I (each 6.4%), B1 (5%), F and D (each 2.9%), and A (0.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance was related to amoxicillin (82.1%) and the least to meropenem (0.7%). 82.14% of isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Antibiotic resistance was mainly detected in group B2 (50%).Conclusions.Our findings showed the high prevalence of MDRE. coliisolates with dominance of group B2. About 25% ofE. coliisolates belong to the newly described phylogroups C, E, F, and clade I. Such studies need to be done also in other regions to provide greater understanding of the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalences of different phylogenetic groups.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Isolated from Caecal Contents of Exotic Chicken in Debre Zeit and Modjo, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Destaw Asfaw Ali ◽  
Belege Tadesse ◽  
Aragaw Ebabu
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Hygienic Practice ◽  
Caecal Content ◽  
Standard Techniques

A cross-sectional study was conducted between December, 2013, and May, 2014, to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance feature of Salmonella isolated from broilers slaughtered in Debre Zeit and Modjo towns, Ethiopia. A total of 384 caecal content samples were collected for microbiological examination following the standard techniques and procedures outlined by the International Organization for Standardization to isolate Salmonella. The sensitivity of the isolates subjected to nine antimicrobials was tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 14.6%, and its occurrence differ significantly by farm (p<0.05). The occurrence of the bacteria was not statistically different in the midland (15.2%) and lowland (13.3%) (p>0.05) and between males (13.5%) and females (15.6) (p>0.05). Of the 50 isolates, 48 were resistant to at least one drug. Multidrug resistance was recorded in 43 (86.0%) of the isolates. The study demonstrated considerable prevalence and high antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in exotic chicken and indicates the potential importance of chickens as source of foodborne salmonellosis and multiple antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Improving the hygienic practice of farms could help to reduce the occurrence of Salmonella in farms. Further studies are needed to describe the risk factors associated with the emergence of drug-resistant Salmonella in chicken.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Ready-to-Eat Raw Beef in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Bizuneh Tsehayneh ◽  
Taddesse Yayeh ◽  
Birhan Agmas
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Butcher Shops

Background. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of food-borne intoxication and the most frequent antibiotic-resistant pathogen in the world. Regular evaluation of the current safety status of food is a proactive measure to minimize the possible danger of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus from ready-to-eat raw beef in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Methodology. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 by collecting a total of 101 raw beef samples from butcher shops using a simple random sampling method. Isolation and microbial load determination of S. aureus use were performed by conventional culture method and an antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on the Mueller–Hinton agar. The data were analyzed by using STATA software version 12.0. Result. Out of 101 raw beef samples, 55 (54.45%) were positive for S. aureus with a mean bacterial count of 3.40 ± 0.63 (log10 cfu/g). About 13% of butcher shops had unacceptable and potentially dangerous (above 104 cfu/g) bacterial load. High S. aureus drug resistance was observed on penicillin (92.73%) followed by cefoxitin (74.5%), tetracycline (63.63%), and clindamycin (50.9%). On the other hand, there was the highest susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (90.91%) and erythromycin (87.27%). Multidrug resistance was also found in 54 (98%) of the isolates. Conclusion. In this study highly drug-resistant S. aureus was incriminated as the main meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent S. aureus intoxications in foods.

Emergence of CC8/ST239- SCCmec III/t421 tigecycline resistant and CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound: A two-year multi-center study in Tehran, Iran

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus as an opportunistic bacterial pathogen with intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics is a worldwide problem. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the resistance pattern, and determine the genetic types of multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolated from wound. This cross-sectional study was conducted over the period of two years (from December 2018 to November 2020) at the hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. In present study, 75 multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates collected from wound infections were investigated. Phenotypic resistance was assessed by Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Conventional PCR was performed for the detection of virulence encoding genes. Genotyping of strains was performed based on coa gene polymorphism using multiplex-PCR assay. SCCmec typing, spa typing and MLST were also used to characterize the genotype of the mupirocin, tigecycline and vancomycin resistant multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates. All 75 multidrug-resistant S. aureus isolates in the study were confirmed as MRSA. Coagulase typing distinguished isolates into five genotypic patterns including III (40%), I (24%), IVb (16%), V (10.7%) and type X (9.3%). Resistance to tigecycline was detected in 4% of MDR-MRSA isolates and all belonged to CC8/ST239- SCCmec III/t421 lineage. According to our analysis, one VRSA strain was identified that belonged to coa type V and CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 lineage. Resistance to mupirocin was detected in 9.3% of strains. All 7 mupirocin resistant MDR-MRSA isolates exhibited resistance to mupirocin in high level. Of these, 4 isolates belonged to CC/ST8-SCCmec IV/t008 (57.1%), 2 isolates belonged to CC/ST8-SCCmec IV/t064 (28.6%) and one isolate to CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (14.3%). Altogether, current survey provides a snapshot of the characteristics of S. aureus strains isolated from patients. Our observations highlighted type III as predominant coa type among multidrug-resistant MDR strains indicating low heterogeneity of these isolates. Our study also indicates the importance of continuous monitoring of the genotypes of MDR-MRSA isolates to prevent nosocomial outbreaks and the spread of MDR isolates.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Detection of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin Resistance among Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in Baghdad, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
Tuqa S. Al-Salmani ◽  
Mustafa M. Al-Qaisi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Routine Work

Introduction: Staphylococci emerged as the most frequent nosocomial and community-acquired pathogens. Macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS) antibiotics resistance was increasing among Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) isolates. Objective: In the present study, the aim was to detect the phenotypic resistance pattern of MLS (constitutive and inducible) among S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolated from Iraqi patients. Methods: A total of 120 staphylococcal isolates (60 S. aureus and 60 S. epidermidis) were isolated from urine, wound swab, blood, and sputum specimens, then specified by the VITEK 2 system. Whole isolates were investigated by the disk-diffusion method against many antibiotics, then they were checked for the MLS phenotype by the D-zone test. Results: Out of 60 S. aureus isolates and 60 S. epidermidis, the isolation rates from wound, urine, blood, and sputum were 66.6 and 50%, 16.7 and 26.7%, 11.7 and 18.3%, and 5% for each species, respectively. The higher frequency rates of resistance were showed against erythromycin, clindamycin, and streptomycin, for both S. aureus with 83.3, 53.3, and 83.3%, respectively, and S. epidermidis with 73.3, 45, and 76.7%, respectively. Constitutive MLS resistance phenotype (MLSc) was shown in 32 isolates (53.3%) of S. aureus and inducible MLS resistance phenotype (MLSi) was noted in 16 isolates (26.7%). Conclusion: The current study concluded that the D-zone test must be applied within the routine work of the antimicrobial susceptibility test for staphylococcal isolates, to exclude the false results of staphylococcal isolates sensitivity against clindamycin.

The Prevalence of ACME-arcA and PVL Genes Among Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in a Student Population from North-West of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Dehnad ◽  
Rana Khosravi Rad ◽  
Leila Rahbarnia ◽  
Behrooz Naghili ◽  
Aysan Golipor
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mobile Element ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West

Abstract Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most prevalent cause of skin infections, especially in colonized individuals. Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and Arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) are known as the most common virulence factors of S. aureus. This cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the prevalence of ACME-arcA and PVL genes among S.aureus isolates in the student population. Nasal swab samples were randomly collected from 400 healthy students from Tabriz, Iran. The antibiotic resistance pattern of S.aureus isolates was examined by the disk diffusion method. The presence of ACME-arcA, PVL, and mecA genes was detected by PCR reaction.Results: overall, 15% (60/400) students were nasal carriage of S. aureus and 2.75 % (11/400) were MRSA carriage. The frequency of mecA, ACME-arcA, and PVL genes was 54.54% (36/60), 46.66% (28/60), and 16.66% (10/60) respectively. The prevalence of ACME-arcA and PVL genes was independent of gender (P =0.142, P=0.337, respectively). A notable association was observed between the existence of ACME-arcA gene and the frequency of mecA gene (P <0.05), while the incidence of PVL was independent on mecA. These findings highlight the necessity of monitoring nasal carriers in a healthy community to prevent subsequent infections.

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