Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Ready-to-Eat Raw Beef in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia

Background. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of food-borne intoxication and the most frequent antibiotic-resistant pathogen in the world. Regular evaluation of the current safety status of food is a proactive measure to minimize the possible danger of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus from ready-to-eat raw beef in Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Methodology. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 by collecting a total of 101 raw beef samples from butcher shops using a simple random sampling method. Isolation and microbial load determination of S. aureus use were performed by conventional culture method and an antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on the Mueller–Hinton agar. The data were analyzed by using STATA software version 12.0. Result. Out of 101 raw beef samples, 55 (54.45%) were positive for S. aureus with a mean bacterial count of 3.40 ± 0.63 (log10 cfu/g). About 13% of butcher shops had unacceptable and potentially dangerous (above 104 cfu/g) bacterial load. High S. aureus drug resistance was observed on penicillin (92.73%) followed by cefoxitin (74.5%), tetracycline (63.63%), and clindamycin (50.9%). On the other hand, there was the highest susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (90.91%) and erythromycin (87.27%). Multidrug resistance was also found in 54 (98%) of the isolates. Conclusion. In this study highly drug-resistant S. aureus was incriminated as the main meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent S. aureus intoxications in foods.

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Evaluation of Bacterial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Ready-to-Eat Raw Beef in Bahir Dar City

10.21203/rs.2.13268/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Bizuneh Tsehayneh ◽

Taddesse Yayeh ◽

Birhan Agmas ◽

Semahegn Yilkal

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Bahir Dar ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽

Butcher Shops

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of foodborne intoxication and most frequent antibiotic resistant pathogen in the world. Regular evaluation of the current safety status of food is a pro-active measure to minimize the possible danger of foodborne pathogens. Therefore, this study was conducted on to assess the bacterial load and antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus from ready-to-eat raw beef in Bahir Dar city. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2018 to April 2019 by collecting a total 101 raw beef samples from butcher shops using simple random sampling method. Isolation and microbial load determination of S. aureus using was performed conventional culture method as well as antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted by using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. The data were analyzed by using STATA software version 12.0. Result Out of 101 raw beef samples, 55 (54.45%) were positive for S. aureus with mean bacterial count of 3.40±0.63(log10cfu/g). About 13% of butcher shops had unacceptable and potentially dangerous (above 104cfu/g) bacterial load. High S. aureus drug resistance were observed on penicillin (92.73%) followed by cefoxitin (74.5%), tetracycline (63.63%), clindamycin (50.9%). On the other hand there were highest susceptibility for ciprofloxacin (100%) followed by gentamycin (90.91%) and erythromycin (87.27%). Multi-drug resistance was also found in 54 (98%) of the isolates. Conclusion In this study highly drug resistant S. aureus was a major meat contaminant in butcheries of Bahir Dar city. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial use and staphylococcal control methods should be employed to prevent S. aureus intoxications in foods.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Community Acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Patients Received at the Traumatology Unit of a Secondary Referral Health Setting in the Western Cameroon

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2021/v8i130195 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 28-36

Author(s):

Viany Nankeng Manhafo ◽

Thomas Djifack Tadongfack ◽

Irina Lydia Sudeu Nitcheu ◽

Vanessa Rosine Nkouayep ◽

Aline Camerl Nzeffouo Selabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Health Centre ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽

Wide Range

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is responsible of a wide range of both community and Hospital acquired infections. Several genomic variability underlie the diversity of S. aureus strains responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Objective: To assess the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of community acquired S. aureus isolated from pus samples in patients received at the traumatology unit of Our Lady of Health Centre of Batseng'la in Dschang, Western Cameroon. Study Design: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, carried out over a period of five months (from January to May 2021) involving a total of 52 participants received at the traumatology unit of Our Lady of Health Centre of Batseng'la in Dschang, Western Cameroon. Methods: Pus samples collected from participants were seeded on Chapman Agar at 37°C for 24 hours. The colonies identification was based on catalase, coagulase and DNAse tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25 Software. Results: S. aureus was isolated in 22 of the 54 pus samples analysed, giving a positivity rate of 42.3%. The majority of strains (63.6%) were isolated from subjects less than 21 years old. From the strains isolated, 40.9% were MRSA and 86.4% presented multi-resistance patterns to the antibiotics tested. All strains of MRSA were found to be cross-resistant with one or more other antibiotics. Conclusion: The multi-resistance of community acquired S. aureus to antibiotics is a reality. Adequate care should be taken while handling suppurating wounds and abscesses. Especially in younger ager individuals, as this may help in timely setting up proper care and treatment protocols necessary to overcome drug resistance of such extremely flexible pathogens.

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Prevalence of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Hamburger Samples in Tehran and their Antibiotic Susceptibility

The Journal of Tolooebehdasht ◽

10.18502/tbj.v18i4.1855 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Negin Momtaz Bokharaei ◽

Zahra Rajabi ◽

MohammadMehdi Soltan Dallal

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Public Health Concern ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Food Borne

Introduction:Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the most common food-borne diseases. The antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus has been reported globally. Today, strains of Staphylococcus aureus in food have become a problem in clinical infections and are considerde as a serious public health concern. Methods: A total of 100 samples were tested in the laboratory; including 75 handmade and 25 industrial hamburger samples. The Staphylococcus aureus samples were isolated and identified according to the National Iranian Standard No. 6806-3. Antibiotic resistance was determined by disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration was performed. In this study, the antibiotics penicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, cefoxitin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, gentamicin, vancomycin, and oxacillin were used. Results: Of 100 analyzed hamburger samples, 39 samples were infected with Staphylococcus aureus (23 industrial and 16 handmade samples). All isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (100%) were susceptible to gentamicin and vancomycin antibiotics. Conclusions: Due to the importance of Staphylococcus aureus, as the supergene antigen and its role in causing food poisoning, contamination of foodstuffs with Staphylococcus aureus can threaten the consumers' health.

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Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From In-patients of an Orthopaedic Hospital in North-Western Nigeria

International journal of epidemiologic research ◽

10.34172/ijer.2021.29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 160-166

Author(s):

Dominic Agbo Oche ◽

Paul Ifeleke Oyegoke ◽

Maryloveth Oluchukwu Akpudo ◽

Busayo Olalekan Olayinka

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bone Diseases ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Orthopaedic Hospital

Background and aims: Staphylococcus aureus, an important pathogen in bone diseases, is a highly multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterium. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance among S. aureus isolated from patients on admission in an orthopaedic hospital. Methods: In this cross-sectional research, 140 samples comprising urine samples, wound swabs, and nasal swabs were collected from 49 patients on admission. Samples were cultured and screened for S. aureus following standard procedures. Using the agar-disk diffusion method, the isolates were subjected to antibiotics susceptibility tests. Results: S. aureus were isolated from 26 (18.6%) samples, and wound swabs were found to have the highest number of the S. aureus isolates with 12 (46.2%). Among the 26 S. aureus isolated, 25 (96.2%) isolates were resistant to at least four or more of the tested antibiotics. There were 23 (88.5%) MDR isolates, while there were only 2 (7.6%) extensively drug resistant ones. The number of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were 17 (65.4% of the isolates), while the number of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus were 9 (34.6% of the isolates). A total of 22 (84.6%) isolates had multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) index greater than 0.2. Inducible clindamycin resistance of 2 (7.6%) was observed. Conclusion: This study showed that the S. aureus isolated from the patients were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Regular surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of utmost importance, since it facilitates the design or development of the treatment regimens that could check the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES RECOVERED FROM DOG FEED SOLD IN ADO-EKITI METROPOLIS

Bacterial Empire ◽

10.36547/be.2020.3.4.81-83 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 81-83

Author(s):

Victor Atere

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽

Good Manufacturing Practices ◽

Feed Samples

Animal feed has been incriminated in many animal infectious diseases. This study was carried out to investigate and document the bacteriological safety of dog feed sold in Ado-Ekiti Metropolis. Five feed samples were analyzed, the bacterial load, coliform count, total Salmonella count as well as test for campylobacter was carried out on the feed samples. Pure culture of the isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. The total bacterial count ranged between 4.41 log10CFU/g and 6.36 log10CFU/g. All feed samples had coliform ranging between 2.09 log10CFU/g and 3.93 log10CFU/g. Salmonella was only recovered from feed sample DED. Only sample DDL harbours Campylobacter sp. Other bacteria isolated from the feed were Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Staphylococcus sp and Lactobacillus sp. The antibiogram showed that nitofuratoin and ciproflocacin had the best activity where 93.10 % (54 out of 58) were susceptible to the two antibiotic. Ampicilin was most resisted with only 36.21 % (21) susceptibility. Thirty one (31) of the isolates showed resistance to 3 or more antibiotic constituting 53.44 % of the entire bacterial isolate. Antibiotic resistance pattern mostly encountered were AMP, AMO, TLY and AMP, AMO, FUR with thirteen (13) isolates each. These results showed that dog feed may not be totally safe for the pets. Based on the type of bacteria isolated and the antibiotic resistance, good manufacturing practices should be ensured by manufactures in other to reduce the rate of contamination.

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Occurrence of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in streetvended beverages accessible in an industrial zone of Bangladesh

Journal of Food Safety and Hygiene ◽

10.18502/jfsh.v5i4.5703 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mueena Jahan ◽

S. M. Mostafizur Rahaman Sumon ◽

Abu Sadeque Md. Selim ◽

Md. Morshedur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Microbial Count ◽

Industrial Zone ◽

Food Borne ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

The street-vended fruit beverages are considered as a source of disease causing microorganisms despite their high consumer demand and nutritional value. The study was conducted for the assessment of antibiotic resistance food-borne pathogens in street-vended fruit beverages available in an industrial zone of Bangladesh. A total of 50 samples constituting five different types of street-vended fruit beverages were collected from Gazipur city of Bangladesh. All the samples were examined for total viable microbial count followed by isolation, identification and antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The total viable microbial count ranged from 2.3 to 8.9 log cfu/ml suggesting a significant bacterial load that exceeds the maximum permitted level of microbial load for freshly extracted fruit juices. Of the 50 samples, 29 (58.0%) were appeared as Staphylococcus aureus positive and 24 (48.0%) samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli. Antibiogram profile revealed Staphylococcus aureus resistance to penicillin (82.8%), amoxicillin (75.9%) and oxacillin (17.2%). The resistance to β-lactam antibiotic like oxacillin indicates the presence of highly pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus which is obviously a potent public health issue. In contrary, Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (100%) and erythromycin (100%). All the isolates were found highly susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. The antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolated organisms could complicate the treatment of food-borne illness in people. Development of holistic approach and their effective application could ensure the hygienic quality of these beverages as well as the health standard of the consumers.

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Evaluation of antibiotic resistance pattern and mecA gene frequency in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains collected from clinical specimens in Marand hospital and treatment centers, Iran

Tabari Biomedical Student Research Journal ◽

10.18502/tbsrj.v2i4.5469 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abolfazl Jafari-Sales ◽

Zahra Sadeghi Deylamdeh ◽

Afsoon Shariat

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Wide Range

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections and as a multivalent pathogen is one of the causative agents of nosocomial and community infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients in hospitals and medical centers in Marand city and also to evaluate the presence of mecA gene. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 385 samples of S. aureus were collected from different clinical samples of patients in hospitals and medical centers of Marand city. S. aureus was identified using standard biochemical methods. Methicillin resistance was determined by disk diffusion method in the presence of oxacillin and cefoxitin. The pattern of antibiotic resistance of the strains was determined by disk diffusion method and according to CLSI recommendation and also PCR method was used to evaluate the frequency of MecA gene. Results: In the present study, out of 385 samples of S. aureus, 215 (55.84%) samples were methicillin resistant. PCR results for mecA gene showed that 110 samples had mecA gene. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against penicillin (100%) and erythromycin (83.63%). Most MRSA were isolated from urine and wound samples. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant species and also the increase in antibiotic resistance of MRSA to various antibiotics. Therefore, in order to prevent increased resistance to other antibiotics, it is recommended to avoid inappropriate use of antibiotics.

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Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance of Maltose-Negative Staphylococcus aureus in South African Dairy Herds

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9090616 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 616

Author(s):

Joanne Karzis ◽

Inge-Marié Petzer ◽

Edward F. Donkin ◽

Vinny Naidoo ◽

Eric M.C. Etter

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

South African ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Aureus Strain ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Data Set ◽

Milk Samples

Antibiotic resistance has been reported since the 1940s in both human and veterinary medicine. Many years of monitoring milk samples in South Africa led to identification of a novel maltose-negative Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain, which appears to be an emerging pathogen. In this study, the susceptibility of this strain to antibiotics was evaluated over time, during diverse seasons in various provinces and according to somatic cell count (SCC) categories. A data set of 271 maltose-negative S. aureus isolates, from milk samples of 117 dairy herds, was examined using the disk diffusion method, between 2010 and 2017. This study also compared the susceptibility testing of 57 maltose-negative and 57 maltose-positive S. aureus isolated from 38 farms, from three provinces using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC results for the maltose-negative S. aureus isolates showed highest resistance to ampicillin (100%) and penicillin (47.4) and lowest resistance (1.8%) to azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. The maltose-negative S. aureus isolates showed overall significantly increased antibiotic resistance compared to the maltose-positive strains, as well as multidrug resistance. Producers and veterinarians should consider probability of cure of such organisms (seemingly non-chronic) when adapting management and treatment, preventing unnecessary culling.

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Antibiotic Resistance ofSalmonellaspp. Isolated from Shrimp Farming Freshwater Environment in Northeast Region of Brazil

Journal of Pathogens ◽

10.1155/2013/685193 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Fátima C. T. Carvalho ◽

Oscarina V. Sousa ◽

Edirsana M. R. Carvalho ◽

Ernesto Hofer ◽

Regine H. S. F. Vieira

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Shrimp Farming ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Plasmid Curing ◽

Freshwater Environment ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Northeast Region ◽

Drug Resistance Pattern

This study investigated the presence and antibiotic resistance ofSalmonellaspp. in a shrimp farming environment in Northeast Region of Brazil. Samples of water and sediments from two farms rearing freshwater-acclimatedLitopenaeus vannameiwere examined for the presence ofSalmonella. Afterwards,Salmonellaisolates were serotyped, the antimicrobial resistance was determined by a disk diffusion method, and the plasmid curing was performed for resistant isolates. A total of 30 (16.12%) of the 186 isolates were confirmed to beSalmonellaspp., belonging to five serovars:S. serovar Saintpaul,S. serovar Infantis,S. serovar Panama,S. serovar Madelia, andS. serovar Braenderup, along with 2 subspecies:S. entericaserovar houtenae andS. entericaserovar enterica. About twenty-three percent of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and twenty percent were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Three strains isolated from water samples (pond and inlet canal) exhibited multiresistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. One of them had a plasmid with genes conferring resistance to nitrofurantoin and ampicillin. The incidence of bacteria pathogenic to humans in a shrimp farming environment, as well as their drug-resistance pattern revealed in this study, emphasizes the need for a more rigorous attention to this area.

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Investigation of Antibiotic Resistance and Biofilm Formation in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2021/5573388 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Kiana Karimi ◽

Omid Zarei ◽

Parinaz Sedighi ◽

Mohammad Taheri ◽

Amin Doosti-Irani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Chi Square ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

High Level ◽

Tract Infections

Aim. Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is an encapsulated Gram-negative bacterium that can lead to 14–20% of nosocomial infections. The ability of biofilm formation in this bacterium decreases the host immune response and antibiotic efficacy. This may impose a huge impact on patients and healthcare settings. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern and biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from two major Hamadan hospitals, west of Iran. Methods. A total of 83 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated from clinical samples of patients in different wards of Hamadan hospitals from September 2018 to March 2019. Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the crystal violet method. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software and chi-square test. Results. The results showed that clinical samples included 18 urinary tract samples (22%), 6 wound samples (7%), 6 blood samples (7%), 17 tracheal tube aspiration samples (20%), 32 throat cultures (38%), 2 sputum samples (2.5%), and 2 abscess drain cultures (2.5%). High-level resistance to cefotaxime was detected in 92%, and all of isolates were susceptible to colistin. Biofilm formation was seen in 62 (75%) isolates. Strong biofilm formation was observed in 17 (20%) strains. A significant correlation was seen between biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance ( P value <0.05). Conclusion. Our findings emphasize the need for proper diagnosis, control, and treatment of infections caused by K. pneumoniae especially in respiratory tract infections due to the strong biofilm formation and high antibiotic resistance in these strains.

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