scholarly journals An Overview of Tax Reforms in Bangladesh: Corporate Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Mohammad Munayem Chowdhury ◽  
Syed Zabid Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Reform Effort ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Reform Initiatives ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Comprehensive Reform

Tax reform is an issue of endless political debate in all developed and developing countries. The discussion on tax reform revolves around the issues relating to designing an appropriate tax base, strengthening tax administrations, and ensuring efficiency, equity, and progressive taxation. In Bangladesh, a lot of reform initiatives have taken in the last four decades. This study is an attempt to review those initiatives by highlighting corporate matters as there is hardly any research work on those issues in the context of Bangladesh. Content and document analysis and interview methods are used to carry out this study. The study finds that the outcome of those reforms is mixed and in some cases, noteworthy achievements are evident, as for examples, the establishment of Large Taxpayers Unit (LTU) and Central Intelligence Cell (CIC) and digitalization of the tax process, while remarkable weaknesses are still prevailing in enforcement, audit, and compliance. Revenue implication of tax reforms displays that the trend in the direct tax collection is increasing moderately, and the overall tax- GDP ratio is showing very slow progress. We recommend a new all-inclusive reform effort covering all the upcoming challenges in the field of corporate taxation as no comprehensive reform effort has been undertaken for nearly a decade.

scholarly journals What Drives State Tax Reforms?

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Alm ◽  
Trey Dronyk-Trosper ◽  
Steven M. Sheffrin
Keyword(s):  
Regional Economy ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
State Politics ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Tax

State tax reform is fundamentally different than federal tax reform. States are continually modifying their taxes to meet revenue challenges and to cope with the changing structure of the national and regional economy. Most state tax reforms are modest affairs and not major rewrites of the tax codes. Reforms must consider the existing institutional structure of the state, state economic policies, and current state politics. Nonetheless, there are some common themes in reforms across the states, including an expansion of the sales tax base to include services and a broadening of the base for income taxation.

Tax Amnesties in Tax Reform Policy: A Case Study from Pakistan and Lessons for Developing Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-71
Author(s):  
Bahawal Shahryar
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Reform Policy ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Amnesty ◽  
Targeted Enforcement ◽  
Underground Economies

Abstract An optimally designed tax amnesty scheme can serve as a strategic component in a larger tax reform process. Such a reform can particularly assist in the tax collection efforts of developing economies like Pakistan. Pakistan’s tax amnesty schemes in 2018 and 2019 helped grow the tax base substantially. India’s and Indonesia’s schemes in 2016 also showed promise. My study compares the recent tax amnesties adopted by these three countries (Pakistan, India and Indonesia). Based on these experiences, I propose improvements in the composition of Pakistan’s tax amnesty design. An optimal tax policy cannot rely only on wide-spread enforcement, particularly in countries with large underground economies--like Pakistan, India and Indonesia. Instead, it should focus more on the optimal amnesty design alongside targeted enforcement efforts, aimed especially at documenting and taxing large underground economic activities.

Ecuador’s Lasso weathers early storm but clouds loom

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The Political ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
International Investors

Significance He appears to have weathered this early political storm, achieving notable successes in areas such as tax reform. However, the political outlook remains uncertain, with a likely COVID-19 resurgence heralding new challenges in 2022. Impacts Containing the spread of the Omicron variant will be a priority for Lasso in the coming months. A pandemic resurgence would place downward pressure on economic growth and tax collection. Tax reforms will please international investors and support efforts to attract foreign direct investment to stimulate economic activity.

scholarly journals Is This Tax Reform, or Just Confusion?

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Slemrod
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax System ◽  
The Law ◽  
Jobs Act ◽  
Tax Cuts

Based on the experience of recent decades, the United States apparently musters the political will to change its tax system comprehensively about every 30 years, so it seems especially important to get it right when the chance arises. Based on the strong public statements of economists opposing and supporting the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, a causal observer might wonder whether this law was tax reform or mere confusion. In this paper, I address that question and, more importantly, offer an assessment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The law is clearly not “tax reform” as economists usually use that term: that is, it does not seek to broaden the tax base and reduce marginal rates in a roughly revenue-neutral manner. However, the law is not just a muddle. It seeks to address some widely acknowledged issues with corporate taxation, and takes some steps toward broadening the tax base, in part by reducing the incentive to itemize deductions.

scholarly journals Evaluation the impact of the personal income tax reform in the Czech Republic in 2021 on effective tax rate and tax progressivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
M. Krajňák ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Income Tax Reform

Legislation governing personal income taxation is often subject to changes. A significant personal income tax reform was carried out in the Czech Republic in 2021. The reform implements a progressive tax rate, changes the way the tax base is determined, and increases the tax relief for the taxpayer. The aim of the article is to evaluate the impact of the personal income tax reform on the effective tax rate and tax progressivity. To that end, methods of regression analysis have been used. The source of information for analysis was the data published by the Czech Statistical Office. It was found that in 2021, in comparison with 2020, the tax burden represented in this study by the effective tax rate, in all cases became lower, approximately by 5%. The main reason for this decline is the adjustment of the method of construction of the tax base, which, for the first time in the history of the Income Tax Act, is gross wages. Until the end of 2020, the tax base was a super-gross wage, or the gross wage increased by social security contribution borne by the employer at his costs. The second factor that reduces the tax burden is a CZK 3,000 increase in the deduction per taxpayer per year. This fact increases the degree of tax progressivity, as confirmed by the results of the progressivity analysis and the regression analysis. The changes that have taken place in the personal income tax this year have a positive impact on the taxpayer, but from the point of view of the state, this reform has reduced the state budget revenues.

scholarly journals Professional Opinions And Attitudes On Tax Policy In Bosnia And Herzegovina With A Special Focus On The Federation Of Bosnia And Herzegovina

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejla Lazović-Pita ◽  
Ana Štambuk
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Tax Policy ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Efficiency Principle ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract This research is based on tax policy opinion survey data collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) among tax experts. A special focus of the survey was to investigate the consequences of the different institutional environments that exist between the two entities of the country. After having reviewed all previous tax reforms in B&H, the most interesting results suggest that respondents agree on the introduction of a progressive personal income tax (PIT) and excise duty on luxury products, the maintenance of personal and family allowances and the maintenance of the current value added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax (CIT) rates. However, differences exist in the respondents’ perceptions about the introduction of reduced VAT rates, the regressivity of the VAT, and giving priority to the equity principle over the efficiency principle in taxation. Probability modelling highlighted these differences and indicated inconsistencies in the definition of the PIT tax base, namely the comprehensiveness of the PIT base under the S-H-S definition of income.

scholarly journals Tax Revenue, Tax Reform and Government Expenditure: The Case of Nigerian Economy (1994 – 2017)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Chinedu Jonathan Ndubuisi ◽  
Onyekachi Louis Ezeokwelume ◽  
Ruth Onyinyechi Maduka
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Excise Duties

The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the effect of tax revenue and years tax reforms on government expenditure in Nigerian. Tax revenue were explained using custom and excise duties, company income tax, value-added tax and tax reforms explained by the years in which reforms took place measured by dummy variables as proxies. In conducting this research, an annual time series data from central bank statistical bulletins and Federal Inland revenue Service of Nigeria spanning from 1994-2017 were employed. The data were tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dicker-Fuller Unit Root Test and found stationary at first difference. The Johansen co-integration test was also conducted and showed that the variables are co-integrated at the 5% level, which implied that there is a long-run relationship between the variables in the model. The presence of co-integration spurred the use of vector error correction model and VEC granger causality to determine the effects and decision for the study objective. Findings revealed that Customs and Excise Duties has positive (3.96) and significant (-8.38) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=8.38>1.96), Company Income Tax has negative (-1.25) and significant (2.98) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=2.98>1.96), Value added tax has positive (8.54) and significant (3.90) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=3.90>1.96) and Tax reforms periods has negative(-3.52E+12) and significant (8.39) impact on government expenditure at 5% level of significance (t=8.39>1.96). The study thus concluded that tax revenue and tax reforms significantly affect the Nigerian economy with the direction of causation running from government revenue to government expenditure, supporting the revenue-spend or tax-spend hypothesis.  It was recommended while seeking to increase its revenue base via tax should also increase their expenditure profile to create a balance with the tax revenue and every other tax reform should be geared towards this balance.

scholarly journals Kajian Kritis Terhadap Strategi Reformasi Perpajakan Dalam Menyambut Era Digital

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Risa Mayasari ◽  
I Made Narsa
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Research Use ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Right ◽  
Two Stages

The research aims to find and uncover the challenges of implementing tax reform in the digital age and formulate suitable strategies for tax reform. This research use descriptive qualitative, which use secondary data, collected in two stages, namely: searching and collecting relevant literature, and determining categories, and analyzing data with qualitative techniques. The results of the study revealed tax reform faces an increasingly greater challenge in the digital age, which is not only the challenge of increasing the capability and integrity of the tax authority, but also the challenge of integrating various occured changes because of digitalization and the industrial revolution 4.0. So that the right strategy in implementing tax reforms in the digital era is to increase the trust and compliance of taxpayers by increasing the capability and integrity of tax authorization through the modernization of the system and controlling tax human resources. Keywords: Tax Reform; Industrial Revolution 4.0; Tax Strategy; Taxpayers Complience.

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