Simulation Of The Volcanic Ash Dispersion During The June 2019 Sinabung Eruption

The eruption of Sinabung on June 9, 2019, was categorized as a red code in the warning report for flights. Volcanic ash from volcanic eruptions is a serious threat in the world of aviation with the most dangerous ash particles are 6-10 μm and 37 μm in diameter. To enrich our understanding and modeling performances of the volcanic ash dispersion for the Sinabung eruption case, it is necessary to simulate the dispersion of volcanic ash in those particular sizes to see its distribution which can impact flight routes. The method used was the analysis of the direction and dispersion of the particular volcanic ash using Weather Research Forecast-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and compared it with the volcanic ash warning information on flight routes issued by Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAAC)-Darwin. In general, WRF-Chem can simulate the distribution of volcanic ash from the eruption of Sinabung at the two-particle sizes at different heights, and found the difference in the distribution direction of the two groups of the particle sizes. Comparison results with warning information from VAAC-Darwin and previous study, WRF-Chem simulation shows a good concordance in the dispersion direction.

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Volcanic Ash, Insecurity for the People but Securing Fertile Soil for the Future

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11113072 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3072 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dian Fiantis ◽

Frisa Ginting ◽

Gusnidar ◽

M. Nelson ◽

Budiman Minasny

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Ash ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Positive Outcome ◽

Natural Event ◽

Fertile Soil ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

The Future ◽

Security View ◽

Agricultural Areas

Volcanic eruptions affect land and humans globally. When a volcano erupts, tons of volcanic ash materials are ejected to the atmosphere and deposited on land. The hazard posed by volcanic ash is not limited to the area in proximity to the volcano, but can also affect a vast area. Ashes ejected from volcano’s affect people’s daily life and disrupts agricultural activities and damages crops. However, the positive outcome of this natural event is that it secures fertile soil for the future. This paper examines volcanic ash (tephra) from a soil security view-point, mainly its capability. This paper reviews the positive aspects of volcanic ash, which has a high capability to supply nutrients to plant, and can also sequester a large amount of carbon out of the atmosphere. We report some studies around the world, which evaluated soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation since volcanic eruptions. The mechanisms of SOC protection in volcanic ash soil include organo-metallic complexes, chemical protection, and physical protection. Two case studies of volcanic ash from Mt. Talang and Sinabung in Sumatra, Indonesia showed the rapid accumulation of SOC through lichens and vascular plants. Volcanic ash plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and ensures soil security in volcanic regions of the world in terms of boosting its capability. However, there is also a human dimension, which does not go well with volcanic ash. Volcanic ash can severely destroy agricultural areas and farmers’ livelihoods. Connectivity and codification needs to ensure farming in the area to take into account of risk and build appropriate adaptation and resilient strategy.

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Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions and their use for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-11-4333-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 4333-4351 ◽

Cited By ~ 242

Author(s):

A. Stohl ◽

A. J. Prata ◽

S. Eckhardt ◽

L. Clarisse ◽

A. Durant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Ash ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

A Priori ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

General Nature ◽

Aviation Industry ◽

Dispersion Modeling ◽

Source Information ◽

European Area ◽

Ash Dispersion

Abstract. The April–May, 2010 volcanic eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland caused significant economic and social disruption in Europe whilst state of the art measurements and ash dispersion forecasts were heavily criticized by the aviation industry. Here we demonstrate for the first time that large improvements can be made in quantitative predictions of the fate of volcanic ash emissions, by using an inversion scheme that couples a priori source information and the output of a Lagrangian dispersion model with satellite data to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time. From the inversion, we obtain a total fine ash emission of the eruption of 8.3 ± 4.2 Tg for particles in the size range of 2.8–28 μm diameter. We evaluate the results of our model results with a posteriori ash emissions using independent ground-based, airborne and space-borne measurements both in case studies and statistically. Subsequently, we estimate the area over Europe affected by volcanic ash above certain concentration thresholds relevant for the aviation industry. We find that during three episodes in April and May, volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "Normal" flying zone in up to 14 % (6–16 %), 2 % (1–3 %) and 7 % (4–11 %), respectively, of the European area. For a limit of 2 mg m−3 only two episodes with fractions of 1.5 % (0.2–2.8 %) and 0.9 % (0.1–1.6 %) occurred, while the current "No-Fly" zone criterion of 4 mg m−3 was rarely exceeded. Our results have important ramifications for determining air space closures and for real-time quantitative estimations of ash concentrations. Furthermore, the general nature of our method yields better constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system.

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Analysis of Japanese Volcanic Ash Dispersion on the Korean Peninsula using Satellite Imagery

Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation ◽

10.9798/kosham.2020.20.3.269 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 269-275

Author(s):

Jongsun Sun ◽

Jae-kwang Ahn ◽

Haseong Lee ◽

Eui-Hong Hwang ◽

Duk Kee Lee

Keyword(s):

Korean Peninsula ◽

Volcanic Eruption ◽

Volcanic Ash ◽

Satellite Images ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Active Volcano ◽

Accurate Information ◽

Secondary Damage ◽

Hypothetical Scenario ◽

Ash Dispersion

A volcanic eruption is a kind of global natural disaster that can occur suddenly and cause great damage to humankind. During the eruption, the magma causes fatal damage to life and property in areas near the volcano, and nearby countries are affected by the spread of volcanic ash, causing secondary damage due to air and soil pollution. Near the Korean peninsula, there exists an active volcano that can spread volcanic ash over long distances by erupting above Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 4. Volcanoes in Japan have been known to cause considerable volcanic ash damage on the Korean Peninsula during eruption. Accordingly, the Korea Meteorological Administration is developing technology to predict and monitor volcanic ash spread using satellite images. However, despite the fact that empirical models for volcanic ash diffusion range prediction are used during volcanic eruptions, continuous improvement is needed for accurate information prediction. In this study, satellite images were analyzed not for the predicted distance of volcanic ash clouds, but for the actual distance of volcanic ash dispersion in cases where the volcanic ashes dispersed in the direction of the Korean peninsula. Of the 3,880 volcanoes that erupted in Japan over the last four years, 111 cases were identified where the height and spread distance of the volcanic ash that erupted toward the Korean Peninsula can be confirmed. In addition, the actual volcanic eruption cases and modeling results were analyzed to determine the extent of volcanic ash spread, and a hypothetical scenario was tested to quantify the direct damage of the volcanic ash. From the analysis of the volcanic ash spread through the virtual simulations, it was found that the height of the volcanic ash, the direction of the wind, and wind speed during volcanic eruption were important factors.

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Extreme Weather and Water-Related Disasters: A Key Issue for the Sustainability and Survivability of Our Society

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2013.p0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 3-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kaoru Takara

Keyword(s):

Natural Hazards ◽

Poverty Reduction ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Extreme Weather ◽

Extreme Weather Events ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Weather Events ◽

The World ◽

Long Time ◽

The Difference

1. Extreme Weather and Water-Related Disasters Extreme weather events frequently take place in many parts of the world, causing various kinds of water-related disasters such as windstorms, floods, high tides, debris flows, droughts, and water-quality issues. This is a key issue for the sustainability and survivability of our society. The Asian and Pacific region is one of the most disaster-prone areas in the world. It is very adversely affected by natural hazards such as cyclones and typhoons and tsunami caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions under the sea. These natural hazards bring severe disasters to all countries in the region where social change, in terms of population and economic growth, is the most dynamic in the world. Growth in this region of the world has not, however, led to advances in disaster risk management. The situation is getting worse because infrastructure development cannot keep up with growth. Policies for poverty reduction and alleviation are insufficient and the difference between being rich and being poor is increasing. Vulnerable populations are often those hit worst by hazards and disasters. As the world’s cities expand to occupy ever greater portions of the world’s flood plains, riversides and shorelines, the risk of flooding will continue to outpace both structural and nonstructural mitigation efforts. “A natural hazard strikes when persons lose their memory of the previous one.” This quotation is from Dr. Torahiko Terada (1878-1935), a former Professor of the University of Tokyo who influenced many Japanese persons as an educator, physicist and philosopher. Persons tend to forget bad memories if they do not experience a similar event for a long time. This lack of experience and ignorance increases the vulnerability of society to disasters.

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Development of PUFF–Gaussian dispersion model for the prediction of atmospheric distribution of particle concentration

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-86039-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jooyong Lee ◽

Sungsu Lee ◽

HyunA Son ◽

Waon-ho Yi

Keyword(s):

Numerical Analysis ◽

Volcanic Ash ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

Gaussian Model ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Lagrangian Model ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Ash Dispersion ◽

Gaussian Dispersion

AbstractMt. Baekdu’s eruption precursors are continuously observed and have become a global social issue. Volcanic activities in neighboring Japan are also active. There are no direct risks of proximity-related disasters in South Korea from the volcanic eruptions at Japan or Mt. Baekdu; however, severe impacts are expected from the spread of volcanic ash. Numerical analysis models are generally used to predict and analyze the diffusion of volcanic ash, and each numerical analysis model has its own limitations caused by the computational algorithm it employs. In this study, we analyzed the PUFF–UAF model, an ash dispersion model based on the Lagrangian approach, and observed that the number of particles used in tracking substantially affected the results. Even with the presence of millions of particles, the concentration of ash predicted by the PUFF–UAF model does not accurately represent the dispersion. To overcome this deficit and utilize the computational efficiency of the Lagrangian model, we developed a PUFF–Gaussian model to consider the dispersive nature of ash by applying the Gaussian dispersion theory to the results of the PUFF–UAF model. The results of the proposed method were compared with the field measurements from actual volcanic eruptions, and the comparison showed that the proposed method can produce reasonably accurate predictions for ash dispersion.

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Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-11-5541-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 5541-5588 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A. Stohl ◽

A. J. Prata ◽

S. Eckhardt ◽

L. Clarisse ◽

A. Durant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Volcanic Ash ◽

Size Range ◽

Dispersion Model ◽

A Priori ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

General Nature ◽

Aviation Industry ◽

Dispersion Modeling ◽

Source Information ◽

Ash Dispersion

Abstract. The April–May 2010 volcanic eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland caused significant economic and social disruption in Europe whilst state of the art measurements and ash dispersion forecasts were heavily criticized by the aviation industry. Here we demonstrate for the first time that dramatic improvements can be made in quantitative predictions of the fate of volcanic ash emissions, by using an inversion scheme that couples a priori source information and the output of a Lagrangian dispersion model with satellite data to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time. From the inversion, we obtain a total fine ash emission of the eruption of 8.3 ± 4.2 Tg for particles in the size range of 2.8–28 μm diameter and extrapolate this to a total ash emission of 11.9 ± 5.9 Tg for the size range of 0.25–250 μm. We evaluate the results of our a posteriori model using independent ground-based, airborne and space-borne measurements both in case studies and statistically. Subsequently, we estimate the area over Europe affected by volcanic ash above certain concentration thresholds relevant for the aviation industry. We find that during three episodes in April and May, volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "normal" flying zone in up to 14% (6–16%), 2% (1–3%) and 7% (4–11%), respectively, of the European area. For a limit of 2 mg m−3 only two episodes with fractions of 1.5% (0.2–2.8%) and 0.9% (0.1–1.6%) occurred, while the current "no-fly" zone criterion of 4 mg m−3 was rarely exceeded. Our results have important ramifications for determining air space closures and for real-time quantitative estimations of ash concentrations. Furthermore, the general nature of our method yields better constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system.

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Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2018-7-5-29 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 5-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

L. M. Grigoryev ◽

V. A. Pavlyushina

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Modern World ◽

New Approach ◽

Development Level ◽

The World ◽

Long Time ◽

The Difference ◽

Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

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Speculative Realism and Science Fiction

10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422697.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian Willems

Keyword(s):

Science Fiction ◽

Identity Formation ◽

Cormac Mccarthy ◽

Doris Lessing ◽

Speculative Realism ◽

Neil Gaiman ◽

The World ◽

The Difference ◽

Quentin Meillassoux

A human-centred approach to the environment is leading to ecological collapse. One of the ways that speculative realism challenges anthropomorphism is by taking non-human things to be as valid objects of investivation as humans, allowing a more responsible and truthful view of the world to take place. Brian Willems uses a range of science fiction literature that questions anthropomorphism both to develop and challenge this philosophical position. He looks at how nonsense and sense exist together in science fiction, the way in which language is not a guarantee of personhood, the role of vision in relation to identity formation, the difference between metamorphosis and modulation, representations of non-human deaths and the function of plasticity within the Anthropocene. Willems considers the works of Cormac McCarthy, Paolo Bacigalupi, Neil Gaiman, China Miéville, Doris Lessing and Kim Stanley Robinson are considered alongside some of the main figures of speculative materialism including Graham Harman, Quentin Meillassoux and Jane Bennett.

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Between High Culture and Low Culture; and also The Difference Between Popular Culture and Folk Culture

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH ◽

10.24113/ijellh.v7i8.9572 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Kunal Debnath

Keyword(s):

Popular Culture ◽

Folk Culture ◽

Common People ◽

High Culture ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

The Difference ◽

Low Culture

High culture is a collection of ideologies, beliefs, thoughts, trends, practices and works-- intellectual or creative-- that is intended for refined, cultured and educated elite people. Low culture is the culture of the common people and the mass. Popular culture is something that is always, most importantly, related to everyday average people and their experiences of the world; it is urban, changing and consumeristic in nature. Folk culture is the culture of preindustrial (premarket, precommodity) communities.

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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