scholarly journals Analysis of Japanese Volcanic Ash Dispersion on the Korean Peninsula using Satellite Imagery

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-275
Author(s):  
Jongsun Sun ◽  
Jae-kwang Ahn ◽  
Haseong Lee ◽  
Eui-Hong Hwang ◽  
Duk Kee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Volcanic Eruption ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Secondary Damage ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Ash Dispersion

A volcanic eruption is a kind of global natural disaster that can occur suddenly and cause great damage to humankind. During the eruption, the magma causes fatal damage to life and property in areas near the volcano, and nearby countries are affected by the spread of volcanic ash, causing secondary damage due to air and soil pollution. Near the Korean peninsula, there exists an active volcano that can spread volcanic ash over long distances by erupting above Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 4. Volcanoes in Japan have been known to cause considerable volcanic ash damage on the Korean Peninsula during eruption. Accordingly, the Korea Meteorological Administration is developing technology to predict and monitor volcanic ash spread using satellite images. However, despite the fact that empirical models for volcanic ash diffusion range prediction are used during volcanic eruptions, continuous improvement is needed for accurate information prediction. In this study, satellite images were analyzed not for the predicted distance of volcanic ash clouds, but for the actual distance of volcanic ash dispersion in cases where the volcanic ashes dispersed in the direction of the Korean peninsula. Of the 3,880 volcanoes that erupted in Japan over the last four years, 111 cases were identified where the height and spread distance of the volcanic ash that erupted toward the Korean Peninsula can be confirmed. In addition, the actual volcanic eruption cases and modeling results were analyzed to determine the extent of volcanic ash spread, and a hypothetical scenario was tested to quantify the direct damage of the volcanic ash. From the analysis of the volcanic ash spread through the virtual simulations, it was found that the height of the volcanic ash, the direction of the wind, and wind speed during volcanic eruption were important factors.

scholarly journals Constructing Damage Indices Based on Publicly Available Spatial Data: Exemplified by Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Skoufias ◽  
Eric Strobl ◽  
Thomas Tveit
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
Damage Indicator ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Peak Ground Motion

AbstractThis article demonstrates the construction of earthquake and volcano damage indices using publicly available remote sensing sources and data on the physical characteristics of events. For earthquakes we use peak ground motion maps in conjunction with building type fragility curves to construct a local damage indicator. For volcanoes we employ volcanic ash data as a proxy for local damages. Both indices are then spatially aggregated by taking local economic exposure into account by assessing nightlight intensity derived from satellite images. We demonstrate the use of these indices with a case study of Indonesia, a country frequently exposed to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The results show that the indices capture the areas with the highest damage, and we provide overviews of the modeled aggregated damage for all provinces and districts in Indonesia for the time period 2004 to 2014. The indices were constructed using a combination of software programs—ArcGIS/Python, Matlab, and Stata. We also outline what potential freeware alternatives exist. Finally, for each index we highlight the assumptions and limitations that a potential practitioner needs to be aware of.

scholarly journals Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions and their use for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4333-4351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stohl ◽  
A. J. Prata ◽  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
L. Clarisse ◽  
A. Durant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Dispersion Modeling ◽  
Source Information ◽  
European Area ◽  
Ash Dispersion

Abstract. The April–May, 2010 volcanic eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland caused significant economic and social disruption in Europe whilst state of the art measurements and ash dispersion forecasts were heavily criticized by the aviation industry. Here we demonstrate for the first time that large improvements can be made in quantitative predictions of the fate of volcanic ash emissions, by using an inversion scheme that couples a priori source information and the output of a Lagrangian dispersion model with satellite data to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time. From the inversion, we obtain a total fine ash emission of the eruption of 8.3 ± 4.2 Tg for particles in the size range of 2.8–28 μm diameter. We evaluate the results of our model results with a posteriori ash emissions using independent ground-based, airborne and space-borne measurements both in case studies and statistically. Subsequently, we estimate the area over Europe affected by volcanic ash above certain concentration thresholds relevant for the aviation industry. We find that during three episodes in April and May, volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "Normal" flying zone in up to 14 % (6–16 %), 2 % (1–3 %) and 7 % (4–11 %), respectively, of the European area. For a limit of 2 mg m−3 only two episodes with fractions of 1.5 % (0.2–2.8 %) and 0.9 % (0.1–1.6 %) occurred, while the current "No-Fly" zone criterion of 4 mg m−3 was rarely exceeded. Our results have important ramifications for determining air space closures and for real-time quantitative estimations of ash concentrations. Furthermore, the general nature of our method yields better constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral Imaging Retrieval Using MODIS Satellite Sensors Applied to Volcanic Ash Clouds Monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Arias ◽  
Jose Cifuentes ◽  
Milton Marín ◽  
Fernando Castillo ◽  
Hugo Garcés
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Hyperspectral Images ◽  
High Spectral Resolution ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Basis Vectors

In this paper, we present a method for hyperspectral retrieval using multispectral satellite images. The method consists of the use of training spectral data with a compressive capability. By using principal component analysis (PCA), a proper number of basis vectors are extracted. These vectors are properly combined and weighted by the sensors’ responses from visible MODIS channels, achieving as a result the retrieval of hyperspectral images. Once MODIS channels are used for hyperspectral retrieval, the training spectra are projected over the recovered data, and the ground-based process used for training can be reliably detected. To probe the method, we use only four visible images from MODIS for large-scale ash clouds’ monitoring from volcanic eruptions. A high-spectral resolution data of reflectances from ash was measured in the laboratory. Using PCA, we select four basis vectors, which combined with MODIS sensors responses, allows estimating hyperspectral images. By comparing both the estimated hyperspectral images and the training spectra, it is feasible to identify the presence of ash clouds at a pixel-by-pixel level, even in the presence of water clouds. Finally, by using a radiometric model applied over hyperspectral retrieved data, the relative concentration of the volcanic ash in the cloud is obtained. The performance of the proposed method is compared with the classical method based on temperature differences (using infrared MODIS channels), and the results show an excellent match, outperforming the infrared-based approach. This proposal opens new avenues to increase the potential of multispectral remote systems, which can be even extended to other applications and spectral bands for remote sensing. The results show that the method could play an essential role by providing more accurate information of volcanic ash spatial dispersion, enabling one to prevent several hazards related to volcanic ash where volcanoes’ monitoring is not feasible.

scholarly journals Development of PUFF–Gaussian dispersion model for the prediction of atmospheric distribution of particle concentration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jooyong Lee ◽  
Sungsu Lee ◽  
HyunA Son ◽  
Waon-ho Yi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Gaussian Model ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Lagrangian Model ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Ash Dispersion ◽  
Gaussian Dispersion

AbstractMt. Baekdu’s eruption precursors are continuously observed and have become a global social issue. Volcanic activities in neighboring Japan are also active. There are no direct risks of proximity-related disasters in South Korea from the volcanic eruptions at Japan or Mt. Baekdu; however, severe impacts are expected from the spread of volcanic ash. Numerical analysis models are generally used to predict and analyze the diffusion of volcanic ash, and each numerical analysis model has its own limitations caused by the computational algorithm it employs. In this study, we analyzed the PUFF–UAF model, an ash dispersion model based on the Lagrangian approach, and observed that the number of particles used in tracking substantially affected the results. Even with the presence of millions of particles, the concentration of ash predicted by the PUFF–UAF model does not accurately represent the dispersion. To overcome this deficit and utilize the computational efficiency of the Lagrangian model, we developed a PUFF–Gaussian model to consider the dispersive nature of ash by applying the Gaussian dispersion theory to the results of the PUFF–UAF model. The results of the proposed method were compared with the field measurements from actual volcanic eruptions, and the comparison showed that the proposed method can produce reasonably accurate predictions for ash dispersion.

scholarly journals Simulation Of The Volcanic Ash Dispersion During The June 2019 Sinabung Eruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Rista Hernandi Virgianto ◽  
Alia Rahmi Nasution
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Ash Dispersion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Good Concordance ◽  
Weather Research

The eruption of Sinabung on June 9, 2019, was categorized as a red code in the warning report for flights. Volcanic ash from volcanic eruptions is a serious threat in the world of aviation with the most dangerous ash particles are 6-10 μm and 37 μm in diameter. To enrich our understanding and modeling performances of the volcanic ash dispersion for the Sinabung eruption case, it is necessary to simulate the dispersion of volcanic ash in those particular sizes to see its distribution which can impact flight routes. The method used was the analysis of the direction and dispersion of the particular volcanic ash using Weather Research Forecast-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and compared it with the volcanic ash warning information on flight routes issued by Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAAC)-Darwin. In general, WRF-Chem can simulate the distribution of volcanic ash from the eruption of Sinabung at the two-particle sizes at different heights, and found the difference in the distribution direction of the two groups of the particle sizes. Comparison results with warning information from VAAC-Darwin and previous study, WRF-Chem simulation shows a good concordance in the dispersion direction.

scholarly journals Determination of time- and height-resolved volcanic ash emissions for quantitative ash dispersion modeling: the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 5541-5588 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stohl ◽  
A. J. Prata ◽  
S. Eckhardt ◽  
L. Clarisse ◽  
A. Durant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Dispersion Modeling ◽  
Source Information ◽  
Ash Dispersion

Abstract. The April–May 2010 volcanic eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland caused significant economic and social disruption in Europe whilst state of the art measurements and ash dispersion forecasts were heavily criticized by the aviation industry. Here we demonstrate for the first time that dramatic improvements can be made in quantitative predictions of the fate of volcanic ash emissions, by using an inversion scheme that couples a priori source information and the output of a Lagrangian dispersion model with satellite data to estimate the volcanic ash source strength as a function of altitude and time. From the inversion, we obtain a total fine ash emission of the eruption of 8.3 ± 4.2 Tg for particles in the size range of 2.8–28 μm diameter and extrapolate this to a total ash emission of 11.9 ± 5.9 Tg for the size range of 0.25–250 μm. We evaluate the results of our a posteriori model using independent ground-based, airborne and space-borne measurements both in case studies and statistically. Subsequently, we estimate the area over Europe affected by volcanic ash above certain concentration thresholds relevant for the aviation industry. We find that during three episodes in April and May, volcanic ash concentrations at some altitude in the atmosphere exceeded the limits for the "normal" flying zone in up to 14% (6–16%), 2% (1–3%) and 7% (4–11%), respectively, of the European area. For a limit of 2 mg m−3 only two episodes with fractions of 1.5% (0.2–2.8%) and 0.9% (0.1–1.6%) occurred, while the current "no-fly" zone criterion of 4 mg m−3 was rarely exceeded. Our results have important ramifications for determining air space closures and for real-time quantitative estimations of ash concentrations. Furthermore, the general nature of our method yields better constraints on the distribution and fate of volcanic ash in the Earth system.

EO4D_ash – Earth observation data for detection, discrimination & distribution (4D) of volcanic ash

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Papagiannopoulos ◽  
Lucia Mona ◽  
Claudio Dema ◽  
Vassilis Amiridis ◽  
Anna Gialitaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Earth Observation Data

<p>Volcanic eruptions are a natural disaster with significant impact on human activities. The unprecedented European Volcanic Ash Crisis in 2010 demonstrated the vulnerability of the infrastructure and the need for new approaches to enable stakeholders in the aviation sector to obtain fast and accurate information. Currently, there are many data sources available and cutting-edge technology to provide the means to detect and monitor high impact eruptions. However, the information from multiple data sources is not yet efficiently integrated and aviation-specific products incorporating multi-platform datasets is not in place. To this end, the integration of tailored ground-based, satellite, and model data as well as information from volcanic observatories in Europe is essential. The Pilot EO4D_ash – Earth observation data for detection, discrimination & distribution (4D) of volcanic ash – of the e-shape project aims to strengthen the Earth Observation and in-situ data exploitation and multi-source (satellite, remotely sensed, and ground-based network) data integration  to derive innovation for ash discrimination and monitoring; to enhance the capability of 4D forecasting volcanic ash dispersal and to foster innovation in the decision making processes and mitigate ash related impact and hazard resilience. The overall pilot structure, tailored products, aerosol lidar profile assimilation and study cases will be presented at the conference.</p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong>: This work has been conducted within the framework of the H2020 e-shape (Grant Agreement n. 820852) project.</p>

scholarly journals Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions around the Korean Peninsula: A Long-term Simulation Study for Hypothetical Eruption Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-371
Author(s):  
Kihyun Park ◽  
Byung-Il Min ◽  
Sora Kim ◽  
Jiyoon Kim ◽  
Kyung-Suk Suh
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Dose Assessment ◽  
Ash Transport

To build a response against potential volcanic risks around Korea, we developed a three-dimensional Volcanic Ash Transport and Dispersion Model (VATDM), known as the Lagrangian Atmospheric Dose Assessment System-Volcanic Ash (LADAS-VA) model. Using the LADAS-VA model, we performed numerous simulations for multiple year-round hypothetical eruptions of several representative volcanoes around the Korean peninsula. We analyzed the simulation results and revealed the impacts of hypothetical volcanic eruptions on the Korean peninsula as counting the number of days influenced by the season. Overall simulations for hypothetical volcanic eruptions around the Korean peninsula revealed that the most impactful eruptions would potentially occur during the summer season. Long-term simulations examining hypothetical eruption scenarios at least over a decade must be conducted to enable the analysis of deviations on a year-on-year basis, in comparison with the climatological normals.

scholarly journals The fate of volcanic ash: premature or delayed sedimentation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rossi ◽  
Gholamhossein Bagheri ◽  
Frances Beckett ◽  
Costanza Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Particle Sedimentation ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Travel Distances ◽  
Ash Dispersal

AbstractA large amount of volcanic ash produced during explosive volcanic eruptions has been found to sediment as aggregates of various types that typically reduce the associated residence time in the atmosphere (i.e., premature sedimentation). Nonetheless, speculations exist in the literature that aggregation has the potential to also delay particle sedimentation (rafting effect) even though it has been considered unlikely so far. Here, we present the first theoretical description of rafting that demonstrates how delayed sedimentation may not only occur but is probably more common than previously thought. The fate of volcanic ash is here quantified for all kind of observed aggregates. As an application to the case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland), we also show how rafting can theoretically increase the travel distances of particles between 138–710 μm. These findings have fundamental implications for hazard assessment of volcanic ash dispersal as well as for weather modeling.

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