scholarly journals Sand equivalent as an evaluation of unbound mixtures suitability for road pavement layers.

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (8) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Dariusz Dobrucki ◽  
Łukasz Skotnicki
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Laboratory Examinations ◽  
Equivalent Test ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Equivalent Method ◽  
Mineral Mixtures ◽  
Limiting Values

In the article a review of sand equivalent evaluation methods of mineral mixtures for unbound road pavement layers was shown. Considering that there are various test methods and different evaluation criterions of these materials suitability, the need to develop unified sand equivalent method for aggregates and unbound mixtures in Poland was pointed. The objective method and limiting values of sand equivalent test were suggested. It was done based on laboratory examinations coupled with California bearing ratio tests.

scholarly journals STUDI PERBANDINGAN MENGENAI PERHITUNGAN BESARAN REGANGAN DI LAPISAN SUBGRADE AKIBAT BEBAN RODA KENDARAAN UNTUK JALAN RAYA KELAS I

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Leonardo Lijuwardi ◽  
Gregorius Sandjaja Sentosa
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Layer System ◽  
The Road ◽  
Strain Calculation ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Large Contact Area ◽  
Vehicle Loads ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Road Data ◽  
Pavement Thickness

ABSTRACTMulti-layer systems theory is one of the concepts used in finding out the amount of strain and stress that occurs in the road pavement system due to vehicle loads. The purpose and goal of this study is to analyze the amount of strain that occurs on the pavement systems in Indonesia, especially in the subgrade position. The type of multi-layer system theory used to calculate the amount of strain includes the theory of one layer systems, two-layer systems and three-layer systems with data analyzed in the form of pavement thickness and type of pavement material.Based on this study, the value of strain obtained by the theory of one-layer system in some of the road data reviewed are 533.8658 microstrains, 361.3456 microstrains, 1577.987601 microstrains, 618,012 microstrains and 140.3075 microstrains. For research with two-layers systems, the results obtained are 1116.2920 microstrains, 544.322 microstrains, 1448.0839 microstrains, 734.1844 microstrains and 738.7226 microstrains. For research with three-layers system, results obtained are 72.20275278; 70.80346908; 192.9638366; 123.1150377dan 391.8845636 microstrains. The results with the calculation of one-layer system are very large because the modulus values of the subgrade layers are not reviewed and only pavement thickness is reviewed. As for calculations with the theory of two-layer systems, the results obtained are far greater than one-layer systems, due to the limitations of the graph to find the value of the ratio between thickness and large contact area. Calculation with the theory of three-layers system is a strain calculation which has a much smaller value compared to the theory of one-layer system and two- layer system. This is because this theory divides the calculated pavement layers into three layers, which is in accordance with the flexible pavement system which divides the pavement layers into three layers, so this calculation is the most ideal calculation because it approaches its original condition.ABSTRAKTeori sistem lapis banyak merupakan salah satu konsep yang digunakan dalam mencari tahu besaran regangan dan tegangan yang terjadi pada sistem perkerasan jalan raya akibat beban kendaraan. Maksud dan tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis mengenai besaran regangan yang terjadi pada jalan raya di Indonesia pada lapisan tanah dasar khususnya di posisi permukaan tanah dasar. Adapun jenis teori sistem lapis banyak yang digunakan untuk menghitung besaran regangan tersebut antara lain teori one-layer systems, two-layers systems dan three-layers systems dengan data yang dianalisis berupa tebal perkerasan dan jenis material perkerasan jalan.Berdasarkan penelitian ini, adapun nilai dari regangan yang diperoleh dengan teori one-layer system di beberapa data jalan yang ditinjau, antara lain 533.8658 mikrostrain, 361.3456 mikrostrain, 1577.987601 mikrostrain, 618.012 mikrostrain dan 140.3075 mikrostrain. Untuk penelitian dengan two-layers system diperoleh hasil yaitu 1116.2920 mikrostrain, 544.322 mikrostrain, 1448.0839 mikrostrain, 734.1844 mikrostrain dan 738.7226 mikrostrain. Untuk penelitian dengan three-layers system diperoleh hasil antara lain 72.20275278; 70.80346908; 192.9638366; 123.1150377 dan 391.8845636 mikrostrain. Hasil dengan perhitungan one-layer system sangat besar dikarenakan nilai modulus lapisan dari subgrade tidak ditinjau dan hanya meninjau tebal perkerasan. Adapun untuk perhitungan dengan teori two-layers system, hasil yang diperoleh jauh lebih besar daripada one-layer system, yang disebabkan keterbatasan dari grafik untuk mencari nilai perbandingan antara ketebalan dan luas kontak yang besar. Perhitungan dengan teori three-layers system merupakan perhitungan regangan yang memiliki nilai jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan teori one-layer system dan two-layer systems. Hal ini dikarenakan teori ini membagi lapisan perkerasan yang dihitung menjadi tiga buah lapisan, yang sesuai dengan sistem perkerasan lentur yang membagi lapisan perkerasan menjadi tiga buah lapisan, sehingga perhitungan ini merupakan perhitungan yang paling ideal karena mendekati kondisi aslinya.

scholarly journals Simulation of Temperature Regime of Pavement Layers in Transition Periods of Road Climatic Zone IV

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6142-6148
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Climatic Zone ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Zero Crossing ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Pavement Layers

Pavement icing during short-term night temperature drops leads to deterioration of highway performances and increase in road traffic accidents (RTA) in Krasnodar Krai. Peculiar features of temperature regime in road climatic zone (RCZ) IV are analyzed. The considered climatic zone is characterized by frequent zero crossing temperatures of air and road pavement, sharp short-term temperature drops in nighttime, frequent icing of road pavement. Main factors are highlighted which effect temperature regime of road structures. Mathematical model is presented for prediction of road pavement temperature based on weather forecasts. Possibility to decrease the volume of pavement icing by means of thermophysical properties of pavement layers is analyzed.

Comparison of Sand Patch Test and Multi Laser Profiler in Pavement Surface Measurement

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haryati Yaacob ◽  
Norhidayah Abdul Hassan ◽  
Mohd Rosli Hainin ◽  
Muhammad Fudhail Rosli
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Patch Test ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Surface Measurement ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Pavement Surface ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Sand Patch

Pavement surface texture has been assessed with variety of test methods such as sand patch test and multi laser profiler. In recent years, road administrations face the issues of handling data acquired by totally different methods and the inconsistent correlation between different methods. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine and compare the texture depth value of road pavement measured by different methods namely sand patch test and multi laser profiler. This paper compares the results of two measurement methods for pavement surface macro texture which referred as mean texture depth (MTD). Tests were conducted along North–South Expressway, between km 110.5 and km 107.2 (Southbound). T-test analysis shows that there is statistically significance difference on the result obtained between these methods along emergency lane. However for slow lanes,it was found that there is no significance between sand patch test and laser based measurement. Regression analysis shows that the coefficient of correlation, R obtained from emergency lane is 0.3719 and slow lane is 0.4579. These results generally conclude that there were weak correlations between the result of these two measurement techniques.

Methods to Evaluate Cleaners and Sanitizers

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 1257-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
DALE L. SCHEUSNER
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Cellulose Sponge ◽  
Equivalent Test ◽  
Recovery Methods

Methods to evaluate germicides can be grouped into three categories: standard laboratory tests, in-use tests and simulated-use tests. Standard laboratory methods, such as the Available Chlorine Germicidal Equivalent test, are specifically defined for reproducibility in any laboratory by any operator, but the test results often lack relevance to actual product-use conditions. In-use test methods are relevant to product-use; however, in-use test procedures do not permit proper controls to be included in the organism recovery methods. Contact plates give an estimate of organism numbers which is only 25% of the theoretical number of organisms present. Organism recovery using a swab, cellulose sponge or tube sampler give estimates of organisms ranging from 91 to 111% of theoretical. The tube sampler is a 1-in. length of flexible tubing having a 1-in. interior diameter and a smooth end, which can make a water-tight seal on a flat surface. Simulated use testing yields data which are relevant to actual product-use. A cafeteria tray is soiled, inoculated and cleaned in a manner to simulate actual product-use. This test method permits the necessary controls to be used. Tray-test reproducibility is as good as that of the other recovery methods tested and organism recovery is quantitative. The tray test provides a means for determining biological cleaning where the effect of both cleaning and germicidal activity are measured together.

EVALUATION OF PFWD AS POTENTIAL QUALITY CONTROL TOOL OF PAVEMENT LAYERS

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Kavussi ◽  
Shahaboddin Yasrobi
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Falling Weight Deflectometer ◽  
Drop Mass ◽  
Quality Control Tool ◽  
Plate Size ◽  
Weight Drop ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Falling Weight

Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD) that can be considered as simple equipment is mainly used to measure elastic moduli of pavement unbound layers. This paper evaluates the potential use of PFWD to reliably measure the elastic modulus of pavement layers. To achieve this, PFWD tests were conducted on highway sections selected from different projects in Tehran. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratory tests were also conducted on samples collected during field tests. PFWD testing parameters were varied while performing the field testing. These included drop weight, drop height, plate diameter and position of additional geophones. In addition, PFWD moduli were compared with those obtained from performing FWD testing on the same site. It was found that drop mass and loading plate size affect PFWD modulus significantly. In addition, the results indicated that good correlation exist between PFWD moduli and FWD and CBR results. Santrauka Nešiojamasis krintančio svorio deflektometras PFWD (angl. portable falling weight deflectometer) yra nesudetingas prietaisas, dažniausiai naudojamas kelio dangu nesurištu sluoksniu tamprumo moduliui nustatyti. Straipsnyje apžvelgta, kaip PFWD naudojamas kelio dangu sluoksniu tamprumo moduliams matuoti. Taikant PFWD išbandyti skirtinguose projektuose Teherane (Iranas) panaudoti kelio dangu skerspjūviai. Bandiniams papildomai atlikti Kalifornijos santykinio atsparumo rodiklio CBR (angl. California bearing ratio) nustatymo eksperimentiniai tyrimai. Atliekant lauko tyrimus naudoti skirtingi PFWD bandymu parametrai: krintantis svoris, kritimo aukštis, plokštes skersmuo ir papildomai išdestyti geofonai. PFWD nustatyti tamprumo moduliai palyginti su tamprumo moduliais, išmatuotais naudojant krintančio svorio deflektometra FWD (angl. falling weight deflectometer). Nustatyta, kad PFWD matavimu rezultatams didele itaka turi kritimo mase ir apkrovimo plokštes matmenys. Gauti eksperimentiniu tyrimu rezultatai parode, kad PFWD, FWD ir CBR matavimai gerai koreliuoja tarpusavyje.

scholarly journals Usage of Wood Fly Ash in Stabilization of Unbound Pavement Layers and Soils

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pēteris Šķēls ◽  
Kaspars Bondars ◽  
Raitis Plonis ◽  
Viktors Haritonovs ◽  
Andris Paeglītis
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
California Bearing Ratio ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Soil Modification ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Standard Proctor Test

Modification and stabilization of road structure unbound layers has extensively been studied both at laboratory and field for decades. The most commonly used binders for soil modification and stabilization are cement and quicklime (CaO), but alternative pozzolans and their mixtures are of economical, technical and environmental interest. This study presents soil stabilization with wood fly ash (WFA) at laboratory. Natural sand (Sa), Sa mixtures with 10% and 20% WFA were compacted at optimal water content according to Standard Proctor test LVS EN 13286-2:2012, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tested according to LVS EN 13286-47:2012 for cured samples after 96 hours immersed in water with 2 kg surcharge and after 7 days sealed simultaneously. At the same time also Immediate bearing index was determined for natural soil and their mixture with 10% WFA. Results showed 3.79 times enhancement in CBR values Sa after 7 days curing, justifying that WFA is valuable material for hydraulically bound mixtures.

Exploration Results of Applying Limestone Powder in Crushed-Stone-Sand Mixtures for Road Pavement Layers

2014 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Hakob Gyulzadyan ◽  
Gevorg Voskanyan ◽  
Vigen Ter-Simonyan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Limestone Powder ◽  
Crushed Stone ◽  
Optimal Range ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Cylindrical Samples

This paper presents results of exploration related to C2 and C6 crushed-stone-and-sand ready mixtures strengthened with limestone powder used in road pavement layers. Limestone powder is an industrial waste, which in Ararat region is in big volumes. The samples were taken composed of different fractions of crushed-stone and two types of sand produced from crushed basalt and crushed gravel, and were tested. The composition of ready mixtures meets the requirements of corresponding standard on grain size. To these mixtures limestone powder was added of the percentage range 0-30% of the mixture mass. The main purposes of experimental exploration were to determine the influence of different percentages of limestone powder on compression strength of crushed-stone-and-sand ready mixtures and optimal content of powder. The change of the influence grade was studied by applying different types of sands. Three cylindrical samples were made for each percentage of limestone powder according to a standard method. Compressive strengths of samples have been determined. It was concluded, that the applying limestone powder in C2 and C6 ready mixtures contributes to the cohesion of stone grains as well as to obtaining high indicators of compaction in road pavement layers. The received results allow to arrive to a conclusion that applying limestone powder according to the optimal range distinctly increases the strength characteristics of crushed-stone-sand ready mixtures which in tur contributes the effective implementation of the compacting process. Especially the influence grade is considerable in C6 ready mixtures containing a large amount of crushed stone, as well as in mixtures using sands with smaller fineness modulus.

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