scholarly journals THE RUSSIAN BLACK SEA FLEET AND ITS CONTEMPORARY SKILLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469
Author(s):  
Atanaska Popova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
East West

The Black Sea region is of crucial significance for Europe, being a major crossroads of east-west and south-north corridors.The article provides an overview of the construction and development of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during various historical periods. The focus is on the modernisation and construction of new military capabilities of the fleet, as well as the growth of Russian military power in the Black Sea and southern Russia area, following the annexation of Crimea in 2014. It is summarized an updated information on the Russian Black Sea fleet. The article shows that Russia accelerated militarization in the Black Sea area, which inevitably changes the paradigm of security in the region. This will probably lead to a response from NATO and will in general make the region even more uncertain, as the arms race will deepen. The author makes a prediction that the confrontation between NATO and Russia in the region will deepen. It is summarized that Bulgaria should continue its participation in the implementation of the measures for the adapted front presence of NATO in the Black Sea region.

RUSSIAN MILITARY DIVERSION – MASKIROVKA, USED IN THE BLACK SEA AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Roxana ALEXANDRU ◽  
Valentin-Costinel TOTIR
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
General Framework ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Maritime Environment

Abstract: Taking into consideration the influence this doctrine has, being used in the maritime environment, over the Black Sea riparian countries, we consider that the analysis of its effects is an element of novelty and interest. The research methods used are observation, analysis and description. At the end of this article, we attempted to identify a pattern of the methods used to implement this doctrine in the Black Sea region. To this purpose, in order to identify the doctrine’s general framework, we will take into consideration threats and risks, indications and warnings. Through this approach, we wish to address specialists, researchers and students who want to analyze these issues and develop courses of action, in order to give an optimate response, in the conditions of a maritime or riverine threat.

The Transformation of Ottoman Policies toward the Ottoman Greeks during the First World War

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taner Akçam
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Greek Population ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
First World

This chapter examines how the policy followed against the Ottoman Greeks underwent an important change in November 1914, when the use of widespread violence against the Greeks and their forcible expulsion to Greece were halted. Policies concerning the Greeks during the war years were restricted henceforth to sending some of those living in coastal areas to interior provinces for military reasons. This procedure, connected with Russian military victories at the end of 1916 and throughout 1917, was carried out in a systematic manner, particularly in the Black Sea region. In some areas, massacres of Greeks were observed, but in general the Greek population remained exempt from the policy of deportation and annihilation applied to the Armenians.

scholarly journals Advances on how to strengthen the peace within the Black Sea Region

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Carmen Costea ◽  
Adrian Vasile ◽  
Larisa Mihoreanu ◽  
Adrian Vasile
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Regional Stability ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Sea Area

The reason/motivation for addressing issues related to the Black Sea region is multifaceted and requires adequate explanations which will be refereed to here from Romania’s perspective as, a Black Sea area country by geography, historical background, cultural and social characteristics, is the bridge of economic and cultural changes, peace stability and military safety. Its economy and standard of life is sensible to the various factors and trends originating in the region.This paper aims to offer new perspectives in sustaining the idea of a valuable contribution of whom/what at the regional stability.

About Geopolitical Strategy of NATO in the Black Sea Pool

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
A. V. Ishin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Industrial Structures ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
International Stability ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sea Area

In the article geopolitical strategy of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the Black Sea pool is examined. An author examines instruments and mechanisms of policy of NATO. The special attention is spared the problem of increase of military-strategic pressure from the side of evroatlantic structures. The «ukrainian», «georgian», «romanian», «turkish» factors is examined in the article.Attempts from the side of NATO to use these factors for strengthening of pressure on opponents having no prospects and do damage international relations. Interests of policy of neighbourliness suffer. Thus expressing interests of transnational soldiery, financial and industrial structures, the USA and their allies intrude in other civilization and politic space.An author comes to the conclusion, that experience of the last decade testifies with all evidence about strategic absence of any prospect of attempts of the use of the Black Sea area as a buffer area of isolation and inhibition of Russia. Exactly after the foreign-policy going of Russian diplomacy near development of the Black Sea region is the future.Changing of accents from a geopolitical rivalry and fight for the «spheres of influence» to mutually beneficial partnership and clear distributing of mutual spheres of responsibility for maintenance of international stability opens on principle new prospects and for a wide collaboration in the field of ecology, rational use of natural resources, development of rekreacionnoy infrastructure.

Mother of the Gods: Goddess of Power and Protector of Cities

Numen ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgitte Bøgh
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sea Area

Abstract The article presents a survey of the roles and status of Meter’s cult in the western Black Sea area, her reception in the archaic period, and the subsequent development of the goddess’s characteristics. Based on new scholarship on the goddess’s roles and status in Phrygia, and taking as a starting point an analysis of a selected number of archaeological Meter objects from the Black Sea region, it will be argued that Meter in this area throughout the centuries functioned as, primarily, a goddess of power, a protector of cities, and a goddess of the elite — the very traits that also characterised her cult in Phrygia. Furthermore, it is suggested that Meter, because of these traits, was eagerly embraced by official authorities outside the Black Sea area also, and that hence they were the primary reason for her early presence in Athens and later in Rome.

scholarly journals Black Sea Container Market and Georgia’s Positioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (31) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Irakli Danelia
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Sea Area

Due to the strategically important geographical location, Black Sea region has a key transit function throughout between Europe and Asia. Georgia, which is a part of Black sea area, has a vital transit function for Caucasus Region, as well as for whole New Silk Road area. Nevertheless, still there is no evidence what kind of role and place Georgia has in The Black Sea container market. As the country has ambition to be transit hub for containerizes cargo flows between west and east and is actively involved in the process of formation “One Belt One Road” project, it is very important to identify Country’s current circumstances, capacities and future potential. Because of this, the purpose of the study is to investigate cargo flows and opportunities of the Black Sea container market, level of competitiveness in the area and define Georgia’s positioning in the regional Container market.

scholarly journals Geopolitics of Russian-Turkish Relations in the Black Sea Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Avatkov ◽  
Pavel A. Gudev
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Sea Straits ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Sea Area

The Black Sea region has a special geopolitical significance for at least two states - Russia and Turkey. In order to identify the key factors that complicate regional cooperation between the two countries, the article considers the main problems of Russian-Turkish cooperation in the Black Sea area under the conditions of post-crisis resumption of bilateral relations after the 2015 incident. Regional contradictions between Moscow and Ankara are largely caused by different positions on such issues as Crimeas joining to Russia, the regime of the Black Sea Straits as well as the policy of pan-Turkism pursued by Turkey towards the Turkic-speaking peoples of the region in the strive to form a Turkic world. In conclusion the authors explain the need to further strengthen versatile bilateral cooperation with Turkey and to pay special attention to security and humanitarian fields.

scholarly journals RUSSIA’S GEOPOLITICAL DETERMINATIONS IN THE BLACK SEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-39
Author(s):  
Ilie Răsvan DUMITRU
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Energy Dependency ◽  
South West ◽  
European Policies ◽  
Different Levels

  The present paper analyzes the projection of Russia's economic and military power in the Black Sea region, seen both in terms of its huge resources and as a way of projecting military power in the coastal States and the Eastern Mediterranean. The energy perspective is important in Russia's geopolitics, and the Black Sea region is perceived by it as the point of confluence of several globalist interests, in which Russia desires not only to be a mediator, but the decisive pivot to impose regional policy. Creating an energy dependency of the West on Russian resources represents a well-defined political goal in the Russian strategy. Russian gas is thus becoming a Trojan horse, by which Russia can influence European policies, this energy instrument being complemented by other powerful instruments aimed at undermining or diminishing NATO's role in Eastern Europe. Russian interests are concentrating firstly on the desire to maintain different levels of political and economic influence in each coastal State, to maintain the Black Sea under control for oil or gas exports and other maritime transport through Novorossiysk port as well as preventing a security deficit toward NATO that could threaten the South-West flank of Kremlin. In pursuing these interests, Russia's strategy is based on the use of political, diplomatic, information and economic instruments, which are supported by an increasingly credible military capacity, analyzed and explained in this paper.   Keywords: Russian-Ukrainian war; Crimea; energy weapon; Black Sea

scholarly journals Сurrent Trends in the Interaction Between the Black Sea Littoral States

2021 ◽  
Vol 107 (7) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Diana Ayvazyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maritime Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Political Interaction ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
The Eu

The paper deals with the сurrent peculiarities of the relations between the Black Sea littoral states (Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia and Turkey) with the consideration of the coronavirus pandemic that to some extent has changed the ways of the external interaction. The author analyses the role of the Black Sea region in the political discourse of each littoral state and defines the trends of the economic and military-political interaction between the Black Sea states. It is shown that the pandemic has not led to the alleviation of the confrontation between the littoral states amidst the new common challenge. Neither has it stimulated them to reassess the current challenges and threats to maritime security. On the contrary, during the fight against the pandemic the conflicting nature of their interaction exacerbated under the conditions of the absence of the united strategic basis developed by the littoral states for their policy in the Black Sea region since the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The aspiration of Ukraine and Georgia to obtain military-political advantages in the Black Sea area prevailed with the support of the non-regional actors ‒ the United States, NATO and the EU.

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