scholarly journals Simulasi Energi dan Keekonomian Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) untuk Fungsi Peak Load Shaving pada Bangunan di Lingkungan Kampus ITB

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Irsyad Nashirul Haq ◽  
Justin Pradipta ◽  
Muhamad Riezar Satria Sheba ◽  
Alief Widjoseno Damar Persada ◽  
F.X. Nugroho Soelami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Load ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Cost Of Energy

Pada paper ini, dilakukan simulasi produksi energi dan keekonomian dari sistem PLTS terintegrasi dengan jaringan listrik yang merupakan bagian dari proyek instalasi sistem smart microgrid di bangunan Center for Advanced Sciences (CAS) ITB. Terdapat dua sistem PLTS yang dianalisis yaitu sistem PLTS 40 kWp tanpa baterai, dan sistem PLTS 10 kWp dengan baterai yang terhubung ke beban kritis. Kedua sistem PLTS tersebut dirancang dengan tujuan peak load shaving yang dapat meminimalisir adanya ketidakseimbangan antara produksi energi surya dan permintaan listrik. Kedua sistem dianalisis dengan metoda simulasi berdasarkan aspek energi dan ekonomi menggunakan perangkat lunak PVsyst dan Homer. Dari hasil simulasi sistem PLTS 40 kWp didapatkan nilai performance ratio (PR) sebesar 0,833, renewable fraction (RF) sebesar 18,73%, dan cost of energy (COE) sebesar Rp 1.251,85/kWh yang mana nilai PR dan COE telah memenuhi target bisnis: PR > 0.8 dan COE < Rp 1.467,28/kWh tetapi tidak memenuhi target RF > 35%. Sementara dari hasil simulasi sistem PLTS 10 kWp didapatkan nilai PR sebesar 0,77, RF sebesar 44,38% hingga 52,19% pada rentang depth of discharge 20% - 80%, dan COE sebesar Rp 2.103/kWh hingga Rp 6.315/kWh pada rentang DoD 20% - 80% yang mana hanya nilai RF telah memenuhi target bisnis.

scholarly journals A Techno-Economic Study of 100% Renewable Energy for a Residential Household in China

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Lv ◽  
Zengping Wang ◽  
Wanyu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
Wind Resource

In the context of global warming and energy shortage, this paper discusses the techno-economic feasibility of a residential household based on 100% renewable energy in China. The energy storage life, equipment’s residual value, system shortage capacity and atmospheric pollution emissions were considered comprehensively. A life cycle evaluation model based on the net present value (NPV) was built. Taking a real household as an example, the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is 0.146 $/kW and the unmet load is only 0.86%, which has a big economic advantage when compared with diesel generators. If grid-connected, the system can bring $8079 in 25 years when the LCOE is −0.062 $/kW. The effects of the allowed shortage capacity, renewable energy resources, battery price and the allowed depth of discharge on the economy and energy structure were examined. For example, due to the features of the residential load, the influence of wind resource richness is more obvious than the irradiance. The maximum depth of discharge has less impact on the economy. This paper verifies the techno-economic rationality and feasibility of 100% renewable energy for a household.

Optimal Hybrid Power Energy Systems for Residential Communities in Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar H. A. Dehwah ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Residential Communities ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Cost Of Energy

To meet the increasing energy demand and to shave the peak, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is currently planning to invest more on renewable energy (RE) seeking diversity of energy resources. Through the integration of demand-side management measures and renewable energy distributed generation (DG) systems, the study outlined in this paper aims at investigating the potential of hybrid renewable energy systems in supplying energy demands for residential communities in an oil-rich country. The residential community considered in this study, located in the eastern region of KSA, has an annual electrical usage of 1174 GWh and an electrical peak load of 335 MW that are met solely by the grid. The results of the analyses indicated that the implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency measures (EEMs) reduced the electricity usage by 38% and peak demand by 51% as well as CO2 emissions by 38%. Although the analysis of the hybrid systems showed that purchasing electricity from the grid is the best option with a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $0.1/kWh based on the current renewable energy market and economic conditions of KSA, RE systems can be cost-effective to meet the loads of the residential communities under specific electricity prices and capital cost levels.

scholarly journals Energy storage planning in distribution systems considering life-cycling-usage relationship

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nastaran Hajia
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Expansion Planning ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Asset Planning ◽  
Battery Energy

Asset expansion planning in Distribution System is important and should be expanded to consider utility scale energy storage systems such as batteries, flywheels, compressed air, thermal, etc. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are maturing for utility scale applications and are considered in this thesis for asset planning exercise. Unlike other electromechanical assets such as generators, transformers, motors, feeders, distribution lines, etc., usage parameters such as number of storage cycles and depth of discharge have a dramatic nonlinear effect on the life of Battery Energy Storage Systems. Hence, in the optimal asset planning formulation of electric power distribution systems considering BESS, it is imperative to include their relationship between life in years, number of storage cycles and extent of usage in terms of depth of discharge. A new optimal asset expansion planning formulation and algorithm for distribution systems is developed and presented in this thesis that considers (1) new sources of energy supply, and (2) BESS, while modeling nonlinear relationship life-cycling-usage of BESS. The formulation aims to minimize annualized cost of the optimal expansion plan while satisfying forecasted demand and other distribution system service requirements. The proposed method in this thesis is then used to develop optimal expansion plans for a 6-bus synthetic system and an IEEE 33-bus distribution network. The results show the effect of considering the life-cycling-usage relationship of BESS on optimal asset expansion plans. Further, using sensitivity analysis, the effect of ratio off-peak load to peak load on total asset costs are analyzed and reported.

scholarly journals REAL TIME PRICING BASED POWER SCHEDULING FOR DOMESTIC LOAD IN SMART GRID

2013 ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
HEMANT JOSHI ◽  
V J PANDYA
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Load Condition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Distribution Company ◽  
Automated Meter Reading ◽  
Real Time Pricing ◽  
Save Energy

The concept of shaping domestic and commercial loads can be an effective way of controlling the load profile of a distribution company. Flat energy rates don’t provide incentives to customers to use power as would be optimal from a utility point of view. Price of energy should be fluctuating according to peak or off peak load condition. Smart meters can offer solution to this by allowing sophisticated measurement of consumption and using real time pricing (RTP) signals sent by utility. The consumer can minimize their expenses on energy by adjusting their intelligent appliances operation. Home Energy Controllers (HEC) control appliances at domestic and commercial consumer’s premises to save energy, reduce cost, increase reliability, efficiency and transparency. In this paper different automated meter reading (AMR) technologies and architecture of smart meter are discussed. Appliance scheduling approach is realized here with help of MATLAB simulation to keep the peak power demand for the homes below target value and reduce the cost of energy

scholarly journals Sizing and economic analysis of stand-alone PEM fuel cell systems for residential utilization

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Imam ◽  
A. M. Azmy
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Proton Exchange Membrane ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Exchange Membrane

This study discusses the economic utilization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) based on cost of energy (COE) to supply residential electrical and thermal loads. The fuel cell system is sized using simplified mathematical expressions considering the stack degradation and the system salvage value at the end of its life time. The study is based on a 5 kWh/day residential load with a peak load power of 1300 W. Two scenarios for economic survey are studied. The first scenario is to find the commercial price for each FC component considering that the supply fuel is hydrogen. The other scenario is for a complete FC system commercial price considering that the supply fuel is natural gas. The economic analyses are based on the actual sale prices in the market. The COE of the fuel cell system is compared with previous work by the authors for the same residential ratings but supplied from a stand-alone photo voltaic system (SAPV). The analysis results show that the COE relies heavily on the capital cost of the system.

scholarly journals The potential impact of small-scale flywheel energy storage technology on Uganda’s energy sector

2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Okou ◽  
Adoniya Ben Sebitosi ◽  
Azeem Khan ◽  
Pragasen Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Industry Sector ◽  
Depth Of Discharge ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Home Systems

The energy crisis in Uganda has caused a sharp decline in the growth of the industry sector from 10.8% to 4.5% between 2004/5 and 2005/6. This crisis has escalated the power disruptions, which have had adverse effects on various sectors. While business owners have resorted to importation of fossil fuel generators that have increased the cost of production, others have resorted to battery energy storage systems to cater for short outages, which are limited in life span, depth of discharge, among others. These interventions have, thus, further in-creased the cost of goods and services. In addition, the rural populations using solar home systems incur high battery maintenance and replacement costs. In this paper an electromechanical flywheel battery is proposed as a better alternative in mitigating energy storage problems. It is found that by replacing the battery storage systems with the electromechanical flywheel battery, a saving of up to 35% on cost of energy can be made in the solar home systems and for the industry sector, the power disruptions could be reduced.

scholarly journals Design of Stand-alone Solar-Wind-Hydro Based Hybrid Power System: Case of Rural Village in Malawi

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Sylvester W. Chisale ◽  
Zaki Sari
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
System Combination ◽  
Hybrid Renewable Energy System ◽  
Cost Of Energy

Malawi has current electrification rate of less than 10% for a population of 18 million connected to the grid. The electricity generation company in Malawi (EGENCO) is greatly affected by low water levels making it difficult to satisfy the existing demand of electricity. This makes it difficult for Malawi to extend its National electricity grid. Thus, the aim of the study is to design stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system which is economically and technically feasible with focus on hydropower, wind, solar and battery bank within Dwangwa area. The study area is estimated to have 420 households, commercial and public service load with primary load demand of 5,556.31 kWh/day and peak load of 302.93 kW. River discharge data were collected from ministry of irrigation and water development while solar and wind data were collected from NASA. HOMER modeling tool was used to design a stand-alone system. From simulation results, the best design flow for Dwangwa river is 159 L/s at elevation of 100 metres and the best hybrid system combination was hydropower-wind-solar-battery and converter. The whole hybrid system initial capital cost was $2,662,638 while Net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) were $3,597,197 and $0.134/kWh respectively. However, the cost of electricity in Malawi on the grid is K88.02/kWh ($0.11/kWh) which makes the system expensive. Therefore, the study has shown that the hybrid system is not economically viable. However, Government intervention can help to make the system monetarily acceptable and viable.

scholarly journals Techno-economic-enviro optimization analysis of diesel/PV/wind with pumped hydro storage for Mentawai Island microgrid

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2396-2404
Author(s):  
Syafii Syafii ◽  
Wati Wati ◽  
Rahmad Fahreza
Keyword(s):  
Peak Load ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Optimization Analysis ◽  
Load Demand ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Remote Island ◽  
Solar Inverter ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mentawai Island

This paper presents a techno-economic analysis and environment assessment of hybrid photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and diesel genset (DG) with pumped hydro storage (PHS) for a rural microgrid system. The analysis is carried out for a case study with Mentawai community load demand of 165.44 kWh/day at a peak load of 20.46 kW. The Homer simulation results show that there are eight feasible configurations, which the optimal hybrid system configuration to supply community load is the configuration with PV/DG/PHS. An optimal system has been achieved for the lowest NPC of Indonesian rupiah (IDR) 3,00 B consist of 15 kWp PV modules, 1 unit of PHS and a solar inverter with a size 25 kW. The net present cost and payback period are in accordance with criteria for the economic feasibility analysis method of a project. However, the cost of energy is greater than the electrical utility tariff, but this value can be considered for applications in the remote island area. Therefore, the project still feasible to be implemented. Since the renewable fraction of the system is increased hence this proposed system will have the lowest carbon emission.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Feasibility Assessment of Grid-Connected PV Systems for Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia—A Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir A. Imam ◽  
Yusuf A. Al-Turki ◽  
Sreerama Kumar R.
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Cost Of Energy

This paper presents a techno-economic feasibility evaluation for a grid-connected photovoltaic energy conversion system on the rooftop of a typical residential building in Jeddah, one of the major cities in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, electric energy consumption is the highest in the domestic sector, with 48.1% of the total electricity consumption. As the power generation in Saudi Arabia mainly relies on conventional resources, environmental pollution and energy sustainability are major concerns. To minimize these issues, the Saudi government is in the process of maximizing the utilization of renewable energy resources for power generation. Investing in solar energy in Saudi Arabia is important because the country is witnessing a rapid increase in load demand, with annual growth rates of 6%. In this paper, the system advisor model software for renewable energy modeling has been utilized to perform a techno-economic feasibility analysis of a residential grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system, which is proposed for a typical apartment in Saudi Arabia, on the basis of various key performance indicators, namely: yield factor, capacity factor, performance ratio, levelized cost of energy, net present value, internal rate of return, and payback period. A sensitivity analysis that investigates the impact of varying techno-economic parameters on system performance and feasibility is also discussed. The size of the PV system for a typical Saudi Arabian apartment is estimated to be 12.25 kW. Results have shown that the proposed system can generate 87% of the electricity needs of an apartment. The technical analysis showed that the capacity factor and the performance ratio were 22% and 78% respectively. The levelized cost of energy and net present value revealed competitive figures of 0.0382 $/kWh and $4378, respectively. The investigations indicate that residential PV installations are an effective option for energy management in the country.

scholarly journals Optimization of Hybrid Energy Systems for Rural Electrification

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (05) ◽  
pp. 062-075
Author(s):  
Ekpo Andifiok Aloysius ◽  
Dr Nelson Ogbogu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Optimal System ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Cost Of Energy

This study is an optimization of hybrid energy system in Nigeria, the energy requirement of Ikot Inyang rural community is satisfied after carrying out the design and simulation of different variables, the optimal systems were a system that consisted of 5 wind turbines, solar models and a diesel generator as energy sources. Ikot Inyang is a rural community located in Akwa Ibom state, South-South Nigeria, the community is connected to the national electricity network (grid) but the power supply is rarely consistent. The load estimate analysis showed that Ikot Inyang had peak load 58.62kW and peak energy demand per day as 670.65kWh. Eight (8) different design plans were considered and simulations were carried out using HOMER software. Several factors were used to determine the most optimal system, which includes the Net Present Cost, Levelized Cost of Energy, Renewable Fraction and system emissions. This was carried out for the 25 years project life time. The design plans were made of stand-alone systems as well as combination of many generating sources with battery included in some systems, various simulations were carried out. HOMER Presented the most technical and economical solution to meet the load demand at the least Net Present Cost, least Levelized Cost of Energy and allowable Renewable fraction. The most optimal solution for Ikot Inyang involved a combination of a 50Kw diesel generator, 5 Bergey Excel 10 wind turbine, 134kW solar model, 204 strings of Hoppecke 12 OPzS 1500 battery and 2 Leonics MTP-413F 25kW converter. The dispatch method used for this system was the Load Following dispatch method. This method produced at least Net Present Cost of $1.7M (N349.36M), Levelized Cost of Energy of $0.228 (N74.74), considerably high Renewable Fraction of 84.7%, When this result was compared with a diesel generator only system, it showed 77.2% reduction in the diesel saving fuel cost. Comparison with a design plan consisting of diesel generator only showed that 202,155kg of carbon dioxide is saved per year and 1,262kg of carbon monoxide is saved per year when making use of the most optimal system design.

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