scholarly journals Virtual Migration through Online Freelancing: Evidence from Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrab Bakhtiar ◽  
Abu Shonchoy ◽  
Muhammad Meki ◽  
Simon Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Financial Contracts ◽  
Online Marketplace ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Training Cost ◽  
Exciting Potential

Youth unemployment is a major issue in many developing countries, particularly in locations not well connected with large urban markets. A limited number of available job opportunities in urban centres may reduce the benefit of policies that encourage rural–urban migration. In this project, we investigated the feasibility of ‘virtual migration’, by training rural youth in Bangladesh to become online freelancers, enabling them to export their labour services to a global online marketplace. We did this by setting up a ‘freelancing incubator’, which provided the necessary workspace and infrastructure – specifically, high-speed internet connectivity and computers. Close mentoring was also provided to participants to assist in navigating the competitive online marketplace. We show the exciting potential of online work for improving the incomes of poor youth in developing countries. We also highlight the constraints to this type of work: financing constraints for the high training cost, access to the necessary work infrastructure, and soft skills requirements to succeed in the market. We also shed light on some promising possibilities for innovative financial contracts and for ‘freelancing incubators’ or ‘virtual exporting companies’ to assist students in their sourcing of work and skills development.

scholarly journals There Is No Place like Home! How Willing Are Young Adults to Move to Find a Job?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7494
Author(s):  
Julia Weiss ◽  
Livio Ferrante ◽  
Mariano Soler-Porta
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Persistent Problem ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Job Opportunities

The European Union (EU) has undergone significant economic crises in recent years. Therein, young people were amongst the hardest hit groups, with youth unemployment rising as high as 50% in some member states. Particularly high rates of youth unemployment were often observed in rural areas, where labour market supply in relation to demand were notably divergent. One of the core pillars of the EU’s agenda is to tackle the persistent problem of youth unemployment. Since the recent crisis, this has been via the “Youth on the Move” initiative, which involves the promotion of intra- and international mobility of young adults in order to gain access to job opportunities. However, what has received little attention so far is the question of what the general willingness of young adults to move is like, and to what extent this varies, for example, depending upon the area they live in. This paper therefore asks if rural youth differ from youth in urban areas in relation to their willingness to move for a job within their country or to another country. Moreover, what influences the general willingness to be mobile? Based on the Cultural Pathways to Economic Self-Sufficiency and Entrepreneurship (CUPESSE) Survey, which includes data on 18–35-year-olds in a sample of 11 European countries, it is shown that living in a rural area is strongly associated with the willingness to move. Furthermore, it shows that rural youth are more willing to move within the country but less willing to move to another country. Based on the presentation of the various factors, which promote or curb mobility readiness, the results make it clear that the success of EU initiatives depends on the preferences and willingness of the target group in question.

INFORMAL DISCUSSION. HIGH SPEED RAILWAYS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-118
Author(s):  
RH BUSBY ◽  
CWH HAY ◽  
GA HUGHES ◽  
DE MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Informal Discussion

Youth Employment

2017 ◽  
pp. 20-39
Author(s):  
Şenol Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Youth Employment ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Labour Market Policies ◽  
The World

Youth employment has been a challenge with gradual acceleration from beginning of 1990s. It also has been exacerbated by latest global crises. Besides, as a fact mutually having a fostering relation with it, increasing rate of inactive population among the youth has caused to soar worry about the matter. Although youth unemployment is a common problem for developed and developing countries, it differs in these countries in terms of formation, intensity and solution way. In two decades countries around the world have implemented particular policies against the matter accordance to action plans prescribed by international organizations such as ILO, OECD and EU. Even though, there has been some partial improvements as a result of economic and labour market policies, there is a long way to solve the problem significantly and to decrease the anxiety down to reasonable level. Therefore, the countries must continuously monitor and analyze their conditions and create integrated policies suited to socio-economic conjuncture.

The Elusive Last Mile to the Internet

2011 ◽  
pp. 540-560
Author(s):  
V. Sridhar ◽  
Piyush Jain
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Service Level ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Service Level Agreements ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Mission Critical

This case highlights the challenges faced by organizations in developing countries in getting reliable, high-speed Internet access to support their mission critical web enabled information systems. The case prescribes various measures to optimally use the constrained bandwidth available from service providers. The challenges in defining and monitoring appropriate service level agreements with the service providers are discussed.

Entrepreneurial Business Ethics and Good Governance

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-147
Author(s):  
Jayrusha Ramasamy Gurayah ◽  
Jayrusha Ramasamy Gurayah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

Small medium enterprises (SMEs) have proven and are known to be one of the biggest contributors to the economy of developing countries. Evidence shows that SMEs provide a number of job opportunities, which results in unemployment reduction, poverty eradication, and a bigger boost towards other economic activities. However, most SME entrepreneurs face an array of problems such as access to funding, building up international connections, getting appropriate knowledge and access to adequate technology. These issues are then further intensified by the lack of proper governance and the avoidance of business ethics by most SME entrepreneurs. Over the past years, the number of SMEs has grown drastically in developing countries (Nigeria, Algeria, Brazil, and Vietnam), which has also resulted in an increase in competition within the sector. This has given rise to the need to install the strategies of corporate governance with the aim of strengthening the competitiveness of SMEs.

scholarly journals Diversification of Livestock-Keeping Smallholders in Mountainous Rural Regions of Azerbaijan and Georgia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Regina Neudert ◽  
Naiba Allahverdiyeva ◽  
Niyaz Mammadov ◽  
Alexandre Didebulidze ◽  
Volker Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Household Incomes

Diversified livelihoods combining farming, livestock keeping and non-farm income are characteristic of many rural households worldwide. For the Central Asian and Caucasian region, livestock keeping is especially important in terms of land use and socio-cultural heritage. We contribute to the literature with data from the under-researched Caucasus region and investigate: (i) the extent of diversification in smallholder households; (ii) the role of livestock keeping in diversification; (iii) the influence of household-specific and location-specific variables and diversification on household income. Based on a dataset of 303 households, we calculate contribution margins for the main agricultural activities, household income, and diversification indices and analyze the influence of diversification, asset and location variables on household income with a regression model. Household income is generally diversified and a combination of four income sources (crops, livestock, poultry/bees and social benefits) was the most frequent. The econometric analysis shows that higher household incomes are positively correlated with higher household land and livestock assets, the presence of non-farm work and social benefit income sources and with an increasing specialization as measured by the diversification index. For enhancing rural household incomes and slowing down rural-urban migration, the development of non-farm job opportunities is recommended.

scholarly journals Composting: A Better Solution for Managing Nepal’s Increasing Solid Waste

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Shreesti Raj Lohani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
National Level ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Job Opportunities

 In developing countries like ours, environmental factors are not given that priority while managing solid waste. Poor planning and management is continuously resulting to environmental degradation and ecological imbalance. Composting, which is a traditional yet sustainable and environment friendly way of managing solid waste is being neglected. In this article, I have first tried to put forward the existing situation of waste management and waste disposal practices in our county and then to explain about how composting is being practiced in today’s scenario. I made field study in Sawal Bahal and Teku area and also referred to published information for this paper. I have tried to highlight the fact that composting, with a little effort from government side and each individual involved, it can prove to be a very effective means of managing solid waste. This practice will definitely help to boost the economic activities of the country. The later part of the paper explains the benefits of composting for each individual level to national level. Various factors whether it be environmental upgradation to new job opportunities or for best agricultural practices, composting can prove beneficial for all.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 215-220 

Korea’s Foreign Direct Investment in the Automotive Industry in China

China Report ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungmin Lee ◽  
Jai S. Mah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Korean Firm ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of foreign-invested enterprises in the development of China’s automotive industry. It particularly focuses on the case of foreign direct investment (FDI) by a Korean firm, namely, the Hyundai Motor Company, in China. The Chinese government’s policy regarding the automotive industry allowed China’s domestic manufacturers to benefit from technology transfer, as foreign firms were not allowed to invest exclusively in China without a partnership. The contribution of Korea’s investment in China’s automotive industry would comprise the creation of job opportunities, technology transfer and the development of the automobile parts industry. Korea’s investment in the automotive industry of China has policy implications for China and other developing countries trying to expand their technology-intensive industries.

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