Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Risiko Kecelakaan Lalu lintas pada Siswa SMA di Kota Kupang Tahun 2019

The development of increasingly modern times with increasingly dense mobilization rates causes traffic accidents to increase, especially among high school students. Traffic accidents occur due to several factors, that are human factors, environmental factors, and vehicle factors. This study aimed to analyze factors related to the risk of traffic accidents in, Kupang city in 2019. This research used quantitative methods, with analytic methods, using a cross-sectional approach. The selection of samples used simple random sampling method and sample in this study is 84 students spread over three high schools, in Kupang. The results showed that there was a relationship between driving behavior with traffic accidents on high school students in Kupang with the value of p value = 0.003, there was no relationship between the factors of vehicles with traffic accidents on high school students in Kupang with the value of p value = 0.285 and there was a relationship between environmental factors and traffic accidents on high school students in Kupang with a value of p value = 0.002). The researcher proposes suggestions for high school students in Kupang City to pay more attention to driving behavior, as well as the conditions of the road being traversed. for officers who are authorized to be able to improve guidance and outreach, and strict rules and sanctions to create a conducive traffic situation, to reduce traffic accidents.

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Cyberbullying Dan Interaksi Sosial Pada Remaja Kelas XI SMA Di Surabaya

Adi Husada Nursing Journal ◽

10.37036/ahnj.v6i1.163 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Chindy Maria Orizani ◽

Monica Ganadhi The

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Correlation Study ◽

Rank Test ◽

P Value ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Technology, information, and communication are growing rapidly making it easy for teens to communicate through social media even for negative things like cyberbullying. Victims of cyberbullying receiving unpleasant treatment experience difficulties in their psychological development, impacting on the inability of a teenager to interact socially well. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of cyberbullying with social interaction in high school class XI teenagers in Surabaya. The study uses a correlation study design and cross sectional approach. The population of the study was 142 high school students in class XI, 105 samples were taken by simple random sampling. The results showed a low incidence of cyberbullying with moderate social interactions of 42 respondents (40%). Spearman Rank Test results obtained no correlation between cyberbullying and social interaction, p value = 0.516 and r = -0.064. Teenagers are expected to understand the impact of cyberbullying and be more responsive to cyberbullying events that occur around them. Parents and schools can provide education on how to use technology wisely Keywords: cyberbullying, social interaction, adolescent.

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Is Social Interaction Related to the Event of Nomophobia in High School Students in Semarang?

Jurnal Keperawatan Jiwa ◽

10.26714/jkj.8.4.2020.383-390 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 383

Author(s):

Ahya Sari Dian Nitami ◽

Betie Febriana ◽

Dwi Heppy Rochmawati

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

P Value ◽

School Students

Teens in one day of care often lose smartphones more than 34 times a day and feel fear and anxiety when their smartphones, smartphones have a negative impact on adolescents which can result in decreased social skills. The purpose of this study was to see the relationship between interaction interactions with the incidence of nomophobia among high school students in Semarang. This research uses quantitative methods. The researcher used simple random sampling technique with questionnaire to 178 students as the respondents. The results obtained from statistical tests using the Chi-Square formula. Based on the results of the analysis obtained that from 178 research respondents, 128 respondents aged 16 years (71.9%) and 108 women (60.7%), Most social people were in the high category 102 people (57.3%) and the most nomophobia was in the moderate nomophobia category 133 people (74.7%). There is no relationship between social interaction and the incidence of nomophobia among SMA N 10 Semarang students (p value> 0.05).

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CORELATION BETWEEN PORNOGRAPHIC MEDIA AND INFLUENCE OF PEERS WITH UNSAFE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENT OF SOUTH SUMATERA

Jurnal NERS ◽

10.20473/jn.v11i22016.210-212 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 210

Author(s):

Murdiningsih Murdiningsih ◽

Rosnani Rosnani ◽

Hidayat Arifin

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Sexual Behavior ◽

High School Students ◽

Observational Research ◽

Premarital Sex ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Adolescent Sexual Behavior ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: The problems associated with unsafe sexual behavior in adolescents are caused by premarital sexual intercourse with a partner of their own age. One of the problems caused by premarital sex is a pregnancy outside of marriage. Increased incidence of premarital sex is caused by the development through media depictions of sex scenes in the form of television, magazines, video clips, online media, and films. In Musi Banyuasin there are 7754 high school students, many students have dropped out of school because they get pregnant before marriage so that in adolescence their parents are forced to marry or have abortions. The aim study is determined the factors associated with unsafe sexual behavior in adolescents in high school. Method: Observational research with cross sectional and quantitative approach. The population is high school students. Sampling technique was using multistage random sampling obtained 393 samples. Bivariate analysis, chi-square Result: the result showed a correlation between the influence of peers with adolescent sexual behavior has p-value (0,000). There was no relationship between media pornography with sexual behavior because the result more than p-value (0,05). Conclusion: Necessary to be given knowledge and assistance to adolescents about positively and creatively thing and supervision of parents to their children in order to have a friends and avoid unsafe sexual behavior. Key words: The Influence of Peers, Pornographic Media, Unsafe Sexual, Adolescent

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Sikap Mempengaruhi Niat Berhenti Merokok pada Remaja SMA di Kota Bima

JURNAL PROMOSI KESEHATAN INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jpki.12.1.78-91 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 78

Author(s):

Dzul Akmal ◽

Bagoes Widjanarko ◽

Priyadi Nugraha

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Stop Smoking ◽

Quitting Smoking

ABSTRAKPerokok dari kalangan remaja Indonesia terdiri dari 24,1% remaja pria dan 4,0% remaja wanita. Dari data WHO terhadap perokok di Indonesia memperlihatkan bahwa prevalensi perokok laki-laki jauh lebih tinggi dari pada perokok wanita. Angka perokok semakin meningkat, tetapi tanpa disadari bahwa banyak perokok memiliki keinginan untuk berhenti merokok. Intensi merupakan prediktor utama terjadinya perilaku. Intensi berhenti merokok merupakan penentu keberhasilan berhenti merokok pada siswa SMA.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor–faktor yang mempengaruhi niat berhenti merokok pada siswa SMA di Kota Bima. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional study dengan jumlah populasi 2147 siswa didapatkan sampel penelitian 326 siswa. Penentuan sampel dengan teknik Proportional Random Sampling. Analisis statistik yang digunakan yaitu analisis univariat, analisis bivariate dan multivariat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya 16% responden yang memiliki niat yang kuat untuk berhenti merokok. Variabel yang paling dominan berpengaruh terhadap niat berhenti merokok yaitu sikap (OR=3,516). Variabel yang berhubungan niat berhenti merokok adalah pengetahuan (p-value=0,043), sikap (p-value=0,002), norma subjektif (p-value=0,002), persepsi kontrol perilaku (p-value=0,002). Sekolah diharapkan mampu mendidik siswanya yang merokok dan memberi perhatian ekstra kepada siswa agar mampu memunculkan niat berhenti merokok dari dalam dirinya sendiri tanpa ada paksaan orang lain untuk berhenti merokok.Kata Kunci : Intensi, Berhenti Merokok, Remaja SMA Attitude affects the intention to stop smoking in adolescents in Bima City; Teen smokers from Indonesia ie 24.1% of boys and 4.0% of young women. Of the WHO data on smokers in Indonesia showed that the prevalence of male smokers is much higher than in female smokers. Smoking rates is growing, but without realizing that many smokers have a desire to quitting smoking. Intention is a major predictor of the behavior. Intention to quit smoking is the determinant of the success of quitting high school students.The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that influence the intention to stop smoking in high school students in Kota Bima. This quantitative research using the croos sectional approach study with the population as much as the 2147 people and samples 326 respondents. Technique sampling is Proportional Random Sampling. The analysis used univariat, bivariat, multivariat analysis.Keywords : Attention, stop smoking, high school teens

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Knowledge of, and attitudes towards, Voluntary HIV Counselling and Testing services amongst adolescent high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Curationis ◽

10.4102/curationis.v35i1.103 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abraham A. Gatta ◽

Gloria Thupayagale-Tshweneagae

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Study Data ◽

Capital City ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Based ◽

Hiv Counselling And Testing

Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VHCT) is one of the key strategies in the prevention of HIV in Ethiopia. However, utilisation of the VHCT services amongst adolescents has been reported as low by previous studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents’ knowledge and attitudes towards VHCT services amongst adolescents attending high school in Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional school-based design using quantitative methods was employed to attain the objectives of the study. Data collection was done using self-administered structured questionnaires amongst 378 adolescent high school students. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that 75.7% of students are aware of the voluntary HIV counselling and testing services; 62.2% use the services and suggested that VHCT services should be located in schools and youth clubs for better access by adolescents. Thirty-two percent of respondents rated themselves at risk of HIV infection and 35.2% were not willing to disclose their HIVpositive status to anybody. The findings of the study clearly indicate a need for a more accessible voluntary HIV counselling and testing services for adolescents.

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HUBUNGAN PROGRAM KONSELING PIK-R DENGAN PERILAKU MENYIMPANG ANAK TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN DASAR DI SMPN N 3 BOYOLALI

Jurnal Kebidanan ◽

10.35872/jurkeb.v12i02.395 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

pp. 231

Author(s):

Triani Yuliastanti ◽

Mega Puspita Ria

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Junior High School ◽

Deviant Behavior ◽

Junior High ◽

P Value ◽

Counseling Program ◽

School Students ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional

ABSTRAKLatar belakang penelitian ini adalah terjadinya permasalahan yang sangat kompleks pada remaja, bahwa sebanyak 28% remaja perempuan dan 24% remaja laki-laki meminum minuman beralkohol sebelum usia 15 tahun. Sekitar 2,8% remaja 15-19 tahun terlibat penyalahgunaan NAPZA. 0,7% perempuan dan 4,5% laki-laki umur 15-19 tahun melakukan seks pranikah. Sekitar 32,1% remaja perempuan dan 36,5% remaja laki-laki mulai pacaran saat mereka belum berusia 15 tahun, Dari data di Puskesmas Boyolali II, bahwa anak-anak yang duduk dibangku SMP masih sangat mudah untuk dipengaruhi terutama dari lingkungan(Puskesmas Boyolali II, 2019), SMP N 3 Boyolali merupakan wilayah kerja Puskesmas II Boyolali merupakan sasaran untuk program PIK R. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan program konseling PIK-R dengan perilaku menyimpang anak SMPN 3. Design penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional.Populasi berjumlah 224 responden.Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 36 responden. Alat pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis Univariatdan Bivariat. Hasil analisis data menggunakan Chi-Square dengan program komputer diperoleh hasil p-value 0.008 (<0.05). Didapatkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara program konseling PIK-R dengan perilaku menyimpang anak SMPN 3. Kesimpulan bahwa program konseling PIK-R dilaksanakan terencana, terstruktur dengan materi yang mudah dipahami, responden yang memiliki perilaku menyimpang 44,4% baik dari anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Remaja yang masih memiliki perilaku menyimpang yaitu siswa-siswi yang mengikuti program konseling PIK-R <2x. Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan remaja dilingkungan SMPN3 Boyolali dapat menerima informasi yang baik melalui Program PIK-RKata Kunci : Program PIK-R, Perilaku menyimpang. COMPARATION PIK-R COUNSELLING PROGRAM WITH DEVIATE BEHAVIOR OF JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTABSTRACTThe Background of this research is the occurrence of a complex and diverse problem in adolescents, that as many as 28% of adolescent girls and 24% of adolescent boys drink alcoholic drink before the age of 15 years. Approximately 2,8% of adolescent 15-19 years are involved in drug abuse. 0,7% of woman and 4,5% of men aged 15-19 years had premarital sex. Around 32,1% of adolescent girl and 36,5% of adolescent boy start dating when they are not yet 15 years old. The aim to explore comparation of PIK-R counselig program with deviant behavior junior high school students. A cross sectional quantitative study was used to measured 36 respondens aged 11-13 years. Data collection tool using questionnaires and analyzed using univariat and bivariat analysis.The result of data analysis using Chi-Square with a computer program, obtained p-value 0.008 (<0.05). There is a significant relationship between the PIK-R counseling program with deviant behavior of junior high school students.So it can be concluded PIK-R counseling program carried out planned, structured with theory the easy in understand, respondent which has deviant behavior 44,4% of man and of woman. Adolescent still has deviant behavior that is student follow PIK-R counseling program <2x. The results of this study, it is expected that adolescents in Boyolali Junior High School can receive good information through PIK-R.Keywords : Program PIK-R, Deviate behavior.

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Pengetahuan dan Perilaku Safety Riding Siswa SMA

HOLISTIK JURNAL KESEHATAN ◽

10.33024/hjk.v14i4.3502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 564-572

Author(s):

Indri Wahyuningsih ◽

Syahra Ramdana

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Traffic Safety ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

P Value ◽

Spearman Rank Correlation ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Safe Driving ◽

Spearman Rank

Knowledge and Safety Riding Behavior Among High School StudentsBackground: Young people are the most involved in traffic accidents in Indonesia, because of the risky driving style. High school students belong to one of the young age groups with an average age of 15-18 years. To ensure traffic safety, a safety riding program was established which includes disciplinary behavior in driving rules and procedures. Own behavior is influenced by factors, one of which is knowledge. Knowledge as a stimulus or stimulus and becomes the basis for action.Purpose: To find the relationship between knowledge and safety riding behavior among high school students.Method: This study used an analytical observational method with a cross sectional approach, and a simple radom sampling technique. The sample was obtained as many as 164 respondents. Then the data were analyzed using spearman rank correlation with a significance level of 5%.Results: Most of the respondents have good knowledge (67.1%), as well as behavior, the majority of respondents have safe driving behavior (82.9%). The results of the spearman rank correlation analysis showed a p-value of 0.120 or greater than a significance of 5% (p> 0.05).Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between knowledge and safety riding behavior.Keywords: Knowledge; Safety riding behavior; High school studentsPendahuluan: Kalangan usia muda merupakan yang paling banyak terlibat kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas di Indonesia, diakibatkan gaya berkendara yang beresiko. Siswa SMA termasuk salah satu kelompok usia muda dengan usia rata-rata 15-18 tahun. Untuk menjamin keselamatan lalu lintas, dibentuk program safety riding yang mencakup perilaku disiplin dalam aturan dan tatacara berkendara. Perilaku sendiri dipengaruhi faktor pembentuk salah satunya pengetahuan. Pengetahuan sebagai ransangan atau stimulus dan menjadi dasar dalam bertindak. Tujuan: penelitian ini ingin mencari hubungan pengetahuan dengan perilaku safety riding pada siswa SMA.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional, dan teknik sampling simple radom sampling. Sampel diperoleh sebanyak 164 responden. Kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan korelasi spearman rank dengan tingkat kemaknaan 5%.Hasil: Sebagian besar responden memiliki pengetahuan dengan kategori baik (67,1%), begitupun dengan perilaku, mayoritas responden memiliki perilaku berkendara aman (82,9%). Hasil analisis korelasi spearman rank didapatkan p-value 0,120 atau lebih besar dari kemaknaan 5% (p>0,05).Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan signifikan antara pengetahuan dengan perilaku safety riding.

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Stress Management on Senior High School Students in Semarang

Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research ◽

10.37287/ijghr.v3i1.373 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 73-80

Author(s):

Dwi Heppy Rochmawati ◽

Wigyo Susanto ◽

Hetty Catur Ellyawati

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Stress Management ◽

Stress Level ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

School Students ◽

Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ◽

Harmful Effects

Stress is a mental emotional disorder faced by a person due to pressure. Such pressure arises from the failure of individuals to fulfill their needs or wants. The pressure felt by someone can come from within or from outside of themselves. Individuals who experience stress need proper management, so as not to cause further harmful effects. One of the stress management method is by providing 5-finger technique therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the 5-finger technique on the high school students’ stress level in Semarang. This study used a Quasi-Experiment Pretest-Posttest design without a control group. The instrument used was a 5-finger technique therapy worksheet, while the stress level was measured using the DASS-42 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale). Approximately 90 respondents were chosen through simple random sampling and met the including criteria. The data analysis was conducted by using Mann Whitney statistical test, obtaining p-value <0.05 (0.00) was obtained with a decrease in the respondents’ stress level. The results showed that the 5-finger technique reduced the respondents’ stress level.

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Analisa pola asuh orang tua dengan harga diri pada siswa/siswi Sekolah Menengah Atas

HOLISTIK JURNAL KESEHATAN ◽

10.33024/hjk.v15i1.1604 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 147-157

Author(s):

Lolita Sary ◽

Teguh Pribadi ◽

Mardhatilah Hasdianasari

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Authoritarian Parenting ◽

Permissive Parenting

Analysis of patterns of parenting and self-esteem among high school studentsBackground: Low self-esteem is a feeling of worthlessness. Family is one factor that determines an adolescent's personality. The form of adult parenting improves the child's personality when he is an adult.Purpose: To an analysis of patterns of parenting and self-esteem among high school studentsMethod: Quantitative research with time research in a cross-sectional study. The population in this study were grade X high school students at Bandar Lampung in 2019 with a sample of 198 respondents. The instrument of data collection in this study used a questionnaire. Data analysis using Chi-Square test.Results: The findings, most of the respondents were male, namely 173 (87.4%), respondents who had low self-esteem were 70 (35.4%), felt that their father was dominant in providing care 135 (68.2%), respondents Those who feel they have authoritarian parenting are 33 (16.7%), permissive parenting is 27 (13.6%), neglected parenting is 44 (22.2%), undemocratic parenting is 104 (82.5%) and (p-value = 0.000 and OR = 4.143), (p-value = 0.984), (p-value = 0.00 and OR = 4.100), (p-value = 0.000 and OR = 7.556).Conclusion: There is a relationship between authoritarian parenting, neglect, and self-esteem among high school students. There is no relationship between permissive parenting and self-esteem among high school students. Suggestions: School management and psychological counseling to pay attention more to the importance of parenting that deserves high self-esteem in adolescents.Keywords: Patterns of parenting; Self-esteem; High school studentsPendahuluan: Harga diri rendah adalah perasaan tidak berharga, tidak berarti dan rendah diri yang berkepanjangan akibat evaluasi yang negatif terhadap diri sendiri atau kemampuan diri. Keluarga merupakan salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi kepribadian seorang remaja. Bentuk pola asuh orangtua mempengaruhi pembentukan kepribadian anak saat dia dewasa.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan harga diri pada siswa di SMK “A” Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2019.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan waktu dalam penelitian ini secara cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X di SMK A Bandar Lampung pada tahun 2019 dengan jumlah sampel 198 orang. Instrumen pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner. Analisa data menggunakan uji Chi Square.Hasil: Sebagian besar responden merupakan laki-laki yaitu sebanyak 173 orang (87,4%), responden yang mengalami harga diri rendah sebanyak 70 orang (35,4%), orangtua responden yang dominan dalam pemberian pola asuh adalah bapak yaitu 135 orang (68,2%), responden yang memiliki pola asuh otoriter sebanyak 33 orang (16,7%), pola asuh permisif sebanyak 27 orang (13,6%), pola asuh diabaikan sebanyak 44 orang (22,2%), pola asuh demokratis sebanyak 94 orang (47,5%) dan (p-value = 0,000 dan OR= 4,143), (p-value = 0,984), (p-value = 0,000 dan OR= 4,100), (p-value = 0,000 dan OR= 7,556).Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan pola asuh otoriter, diabaikan dan demokratis dengan harga diri pada siswa di SMK “A” Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2019. Tidak terdapat hubungan pola asuh permisif dengan harga diri pada siswa di SMK “A” Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2019. Saran : Dalam penelitian ini diharapkan orangtua lebih memahami tentang pentingnya pola asuh yang tepat agar terbentuk harga diri yang tinggi pada anak remaja.

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Comparison of Musculoskeletal Disorder Risk based on Gender in High School Students

Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.15294/kemas.v16i1.21610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Putri Winda Lestari ◽

Yunita Sari Purba ◽

Agung Cahyono Tribuwono

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Musculoskeletal Disorder ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

School Students ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Aged Children ◽

School Time ◽

Chi Square Test

In Indonesia, there is a tendency for the emergence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in school-aged children. MSDs can cause disruption of daily activities, such as lost school time. Individual factors such as sex can be the cause of MSDs. This study aims to determine how much gender differences affect the risk of musculoskeletal disorder. The design of this research was analytic observative with cross-sectional approach. The population is all high school students in the Kec. Kramat Jati East Jakarta as many as 4,708 students. The research sample was 370 class XI students. Samples were taken by simple random sampling. The independent variable is gender while the dependent variable is MSDs. Retrieval of data by filling out the Nordic Body Map questionnaire. Data were processed univariately and bivariately with chi-square test. The results showed that there was a relationship between sex and musculoskeletal disorder. The value of p = 0,000 with a PR value = 1,131 and 95% CI = 1,051 - 1,217 which shows that female are more at risk 1,131 times having musculoskeletal disorder compared to male.

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