scholarly journals The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (03) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
TOMASZ KALAK ◽  
ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA ◽  
DARIA WIECZOREK ◽  
RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI ◽  
JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK
Keyword(s):  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Detergent Concentration ◽  
Laundry Detergents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cielab System ◽  
L1 And L2

The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties

scholarly journals The effect of N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate addition on washing properties of liquid laundry detergents

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (03) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
TOMASZ KALAK ◽  
ALEKSANDRA GAŁKA ◽  
DARIA WIECZOREK ◽  
RYSZARD CIERPISZEWSKI ◽  
JOANNA PIEPIÓRKA-STEPUK
Keyword(s):  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Detergent Concentration ◽  
Laundry Detergents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cielab System ◽  
L1 And L2

The use of colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system to determine detergency of commercial liquid laundrydetergents before and after modification with SB3C14 sulfobetaine (N-tetradecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) is presented. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was usedin washing tests under the following conditions: temperature 40°C, rotational speed 200 rpm, 30 minute washing cycle,water hardness 5.35 mval/l, the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/l. The physicochemical analysis ofcolour, form, odour, pH, density, viscosity and content of anionic surfactants showed compliance with the manufacturers’declarations. The studies demonstrated that with increasing laundry detergent concentration a gradual increase indetergency occurred. At the highest tested concentrations of 50 g/L, detergency of 18.1% and 22.2% for cheaper L1 andmore expensive L2 products was achieved, respectively. Modification with the 5% addition of the zwitterionicsulfobetaine SB3C14 led to an improvement of the washing properties by 4.7% on average. At a concentration of 50 g/l,the modified L1 and L2 solutions demonstrated the highest detergency equal to 22.8% and 35.3%, respectively. Thisproves the existence of synergistic effect by the interaction of all ingredients in the solutions with higher concentrations.Microscopic analysis of EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing processes showed no serious damage to the fibres,only the presence of slight fraying of individual ones. The results suggest that the SB3C14 sulfobetaine can besuccessfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its very favourable surface properties

Improvement of washing properties of liquid laundry detergents by modification with N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate sulfobetaine

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-129
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kalak ◽  
Krzysztof Gąsior ◽  
Daria Wieczorek ◽  
Ryszard Cierpiszewski
Keyword(s):  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Laundry Detergents ◽  
Good Surface ◽  
Foaming Power ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cielab System ◽  
Color Form

Detergency of commercial liquid detergents before and after modification with SB3C16 (5%, m/m) sulfobetaine (N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate) was examined using colorimetric analysis based on a CIELab system. The EMPA 101 standard cotton fabric soiled with carbon black and olive oil was used in washing tests under the following experimental conditions: the concentration of liquid laundry detergents 1.25–50 g/L, 30 min washing cycle, water hardness 5.35 mval/L, 40℃, 200 rpm. Results of physicochemical analysis of color, form, odor, pH, viscosity, density and content of anionic surfactants in detergents, as well as construction parameters of tested cotton fabrics, showed compliance with the requirements of standards and manufacturers’ declarations. The studies revealed that increasing the concentration of laundry detergent solutions caused a gradual increase in foaming power and detergency. Modification with SB3C16 positively improved washing ability and the maximum values were achieved at 23.7% (m-L1, 50 g/L) and 37% (m-L2, 40–45 g/L), respectively. Detergency efficiency was improved by 6.86% (m-L1) and 10.72% (m-L2) on average. EMPA 101 fabrics before and after washing were subjected to microscopic observations, which showed no serious damage to the fibers, but only slight loosening of individual fibers. In summary, the results clearly indicate that SB3C16 sulfobetaine favorably improves washing performance and can be successfully used in liquid laundry detergents due to its good surface properties.

scholarly journals Changes in prolonged sedentary behaviour across the transition to retirement

2020 ◽  
pp. oemed-2020-106532
Author(s):  
Kristin Suorsa ◽  
Anna Pulakka ◽  
Tuija Leskinen ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Retirement Transition ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Transition To Retirement ◽  
Daily Total

BackgroundProlonged sedentary behaviour is associated with a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases. This longitudinal study examined changes in daily total, prolonged (≥30 min) and highly prolonged (≥60 min) sedentary time across the transition to retirement by gender and occupational status.MethodsWe included 689 aging workers (mean (SD) age before retirement 63.2 (1.6) years, 85% women) from the Finnish Retirement and Aging Study (FIREA). Sedentary time was measured annually using a wrist-worn triaxial ActiGraph accelerometer before and after retirement with on average 3.4 (range 2–4) measurement points.ResultsWomen increased daily total sedentary time by 22 min (95% CI 13 to 31), prolonged sedentary time by 34 min (95% CI 27 to 42) and highly prolonged sedentary time by 15 min (95% CI 11 to 20) in the transition to retirement, and remained at the higher level of sedentary time years after retirement. The highest increase in total and prolonged sedentary time was observed among women retiring from manual occupations. Men had more total and prolonged sedentary time compared with women before and after retirement. Although no changes in men’s sedentary time were observed during the retirement transition, there was a gradual increase of 33 min (95% CI 6 to 60) in prolonged sedentary time from pre-retirement years to post-retirement years.ConclusionThe transition to retirement was accompanied by an abrupt increase in prolonged sedentary time in women but a more gradual increase in men. The retirement transition may be a suitable time period for interventions aiming to decrease sedentary behaviour.

Potential of a Novel Thermotolerant Lipase Bacillus stearothermophilus nr22 (Lip.nr-22) as Additive in High Temperature Operated-Neutral pH Liquid Detergent

2017 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 136-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Raikhan Nik Him ◽  
Nurul Shafika Azmi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Detergent Formulation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Detergent Concentration ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Commercial Detergents

Enzyme-added detergent must have the capability to operate at high temperature to support the enzyme proteins to clean soiled-fabrics at optimum conditions. Lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus nr22 (Lip.nr-22) has improved the oil removal from soiled-cotton fabric by 38.8-51.4% in 4 types of local commercial detergents. The later was the oil removal from an unrevealed detergent. The optimum conditions were 108U/ml Lip.nr-22 in 0.1M, pH 7.0, washing temperature and washing time interval as 80°C and 40 min, respectively; shaking wash at 300 rpm and percentage of detergent concentration as 0.5. Lip.nr-22 is a very potential enzyme in high temperature-neutral pH operated laundry detergent formulations. It has exhibited a very excellent thermostability at 80°C, was very stable with surfactants, commercial detergents as well as with oxidizing agents (H2O2, NaBO3H2O and NaClO). Lip.nr-22 as additive in detergent formulation is a promise for better detergent formulation.

Synthesis of Cr-Doped Sphene Ceramic Pigments by Spray Drying

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stoyanova ◽  
F. Matteucci ◽  
Anna L. Costa ◽  
M. Dondi ◽  
F.J. Carda
Keyword(s):  
Spray Drying ◽  
Thermal Evolution ◽  
Ceramic Pigments ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Powder Morphology ◽  
Ceramic Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
State Process ◽  
Cielab System

Ceramic pigments with Cr-doped sphene structure (CaSn1-xCrxSiO5, CaTi1-xCrxSiO5) were synthesized by both spray drying an aqueous solution of precursor salts plus further calcining the resulting powders and conventional ceramic method. The thermal evolution of products was studied by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). The powder morphology and chemical composition were analyzed by SEM-EDX. The color efficiency of pigments was evaluated by colorimetric analysis (CIELab system). Results showed that the spray drying process decreased the maximum firing temperature and increased the color efficiency of Cr-doped sphene pigments therefore enhancing a higher reactivity of powders compared with the solid state process.

scholarly journals Newly Synthesized N-Substituted Thiosemicarbazone as a Potential Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.14) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
N Z. Nor Hashim ◽  
K Kassim ◽  
F H. Zaidon
Keyword(s):  
Mild Steel ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Potentiodynamic Polarization ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Langmuir Adsorption ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
L1 And L2

Two N-substituted thiosemicarbazone derivatives namely as 2-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide and 2-benzylidene-N-phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide (L1 and L2, respectively) have been tested as corrosion inhibitors on mild steel in 1 M HCl. The ligands were synthesized and investigated using potentiodynamic polarization (PD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).  The obtained results indicated that inhibition efficiency, (IE, %) L1 increased with increasing inhibitor concentrations which behaved as a good corrosion inhibitor compared to L2. The synthesized ligands were successfully characterized by melting point, elemental analysis (C, H, N, and S), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The excellent inhibition effectiveness for both compounds on mild steel before and after immersion in 1 M HCl solution containing 40 ppm of L1 and L2 were also verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on potentiodynamic polarization results, it can be concluded that all investigated compounds are mixed-type inhibitors and obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. 

Variabilities of Surface Water Quality of Degraded Post-mining Areas in Bytom

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 318-331
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Czajkowska ◽  
Łukasz Gawor
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Mining Areas

In the paper there is presented an evaluation of variability of surface water quality (reservoirs and watercourses), on the area of degraded post-mining area in Bytom. The physicochemical analysis of water and compared with archival data obtained in 2009 and 2014. There were done analysis of following parameters: reaction, total content of substances dissolved in water, water hardness and the content of: Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4- ions as well as Fe and Mn. The examined surface waters were characterised by high content of solutes. Anions were dominated by chlorides, the sodium proved to be the dominating cation, the examined water samples were characterised by high concentration of sulphates. In all analyzed reservoirs, permissible concentrations of chlorides and sulphates were exceeded. In all sample points there was observed a decrease of pH value in long term period, the concentration of chlorides lowered, however concentrations of sulphates increased in the majority of sampling points.

An Overview of the Use of XRD as a Tool in the Total Analysis of Powdered Household Laundry Detergents

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 485-492
Author(s):  
Margaret M. King ◽  
Evelyn M. Sabino
Keyword(s):  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Laundry Detergents ◽  
Total Analysis ◽  
Laundry Products ◽  
Detergent Builders ◽  
Competitive Product

Manufacturers of household laundry products and laundry detergent builders want to know the exact formularies used in prospective customers' and competitive product lines. No convenient source exists for this information because published formularies are numerous and differ widely, (See Table 1.)

scholarly journals The ice-breaker effect: singing mediates fast social bonding

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 150221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiluned Pearce ◽  
Jacques Launay ◽  
Robin I. M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Over Time

It has been proposed that singing evolved to facilitate social cohesion. However, it remains unclear whether bonding arises out of properties intrinsic to singing or whether any social engagement can have a similar effect. Furthermore, previous research has used one-off singing sessions without exploring the emergence of social bonding over time. In this semi-naturalistic study, we followed newly formed singing and non-singing (crafts or creative writing) adult education classes over seven months. Participants rated their closeness to their group and their affect, and were given a proxy measure of endorphin release, before and after their class, at three timepoints (months 1, 3 and 7). We show that although singers and non-singers felt equally connected by timepoint 3, singers experienced much faster bonding: singers demonstrated a significantly greater increase in closeness at timepoint 1, but the more gradual increase shown by non-singers caught up over time. This represents the first evidence for an ‘ice-breaker effect’ of singing in promoting fast cohesion between unfamiliar individuals, which bypasses the need for personal knowledge of group members gained through prolonged interaction. We argue that singing may have evolved to quickly bond large human groups of relative strangers, potentially through encouraging willingness to coordinate by enhancing positive affect.

scholarly journals Enhancing Patient Compliance for Usage of Laundry Detergents Free of Dyes and Perfumes: Potential Impact of Better Cleaning Performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary B Johnson ◽  
Elaine Cella ◽  
Amanda Pessler ◽  
Dan B Dillard ◽  
Andy Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Patient Compliance ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Laundry Detergent ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Sensitive Skin ◽  
Laundry Detergents ◽  
Cleaning Performance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Reported Data

Sensitive skin, an often self-reported condition, is characterized by an unpleasant sensory experience to a variety of consumer products. Certain ingredients in consumer products, such fragrances and dyes, are believed to exacerbate skin sensitivities. Due to an increased prevalence of people reporting sensitive skin, a variety of consumer products are formulated for people with this condition. A segment of commercially marketed laundry detergents, commonly known as free detergents, have been formulated without dyes and perfumes to accommodate skin sensitivities. In the US and Canada respectively, 80% and 97% of dermatologist recommend the use of free detergents for their patients with sensitive skin. However, consumers have expressed dissatisfaction with free detergents, with 39% reporting they are not satisfied with their free detergent’s cleaning performance. When people switch from the leading free laundry detergent, they will switch to a non-free detergent 60% of the time, going against dermatologist recommendations and potentially further aggravating their skin sensitivities. Recently, a survey of US households with sensitive skin showed that 98.8% said that they would be more likely to consistently use a detergent that cleans better. Herein are reported data showing Tide Pods Free & Gentle outperformed other free detergents in cleaning across a wide variety of laundry stains and in SEM visual analysis of soil residues on fibers.  It is postulated that the better cleaning detergent may help drive patient compliance with dermatologist recommendations for usage of a free detergent for their patients with sensitive skin.

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