scholarly journals SPECTRAL and SOURCE PARAMETERS of CRIMEAN-BLACK SEA EARTHQUAKES

2020 ◽  
pp. 250-262
Author(s):  
B. Pustovitenko ◽  
E. Eredzhepov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Stress Drop ◽  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Dislocation Model ◽  
Tensile Forces ◽  
The Individual

The spectral and dynamic source parameters (М0, r0, , , ησ, , ū, Eu and Mw) of 13 Crimean earthquakes with КП = 7.2–11.2 (Mw=2.6–4.1), restored by 123 amplitude spectra of longitudinal and transverse seismic waves recorded by digital regional seismic stations is shown. Approximation of the spectra and the source dynamic parameters calculation based on their parameters is performed in the framework of the Brune dislocation model. Four to seven station definitions participated in the averaging of focal parameters, which ensured a small standard deviation, the scattering degree index of the individual estimates. The best convergence of the station definitions is obtained for the radius of a circular dislocation. The highest values of dynamic para-meters have been obtained for the perceptible earthquake on March 2 with КП=11.2, and the lowest values have been obtained for its weak aftershock on April 6 with КП = 7.2. Within the total range of energies the value of the stress drop does not exceed = 106Pa(10 bar), and the apparent stress drop does not exceed ησ<3∙105Pa (3 bar). The average values of seismic moments and circular dislocation radius within the errors of their deter-mination match the average long-term correlations of the parameters on the earthquake energy level obtained by the analog recording.For the strongest earthquakes on March 2 with Mwreg=4.1 and October 18 with Mwreg=3.8 solutions of the focal mechanisms were obtained. The March 2 earthquake occurred in the central part of the region near the South Coast of Crimea under the action of horizontal tensile forces oriented near the latitude. The type of movement in the focus is a obligue slip with predominance of a normal component over a strike-slip. The earthquake on October 18 occurred in the central part of the Black Sea basin in condition of sublatitudinal compression and submeridional extension. Type of movement in the source is a pure strike-slip. For the main shock on March 2 and its six aftershocks, energy spectra according to the data of Alushta station and their main parameters are given. The analysis of obtained results is given.

scholarly journals SOURCE PARAMETERS of CRIMEAN-BLACK SEA EARTHQUAKES in 2015

2021 ◽  
pp. 226-236
Author(s):  
B. Pustovitenko ◽  
E. Eredzhepov
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Waves ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Dislocation Model ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Velocity Models ◽  
Amplitude Spectra ◽  
Tensile Forces ◽  
Dynamic Source

The spectral and dynamic source parameters (М0, r0, , , ησ, , u, Eu and Mw) of 16 Crimean earthquakes with КП=6.5–10.8, restored by amplitude spectra of compression and shear seismic waves recorded by digital regional seismic stations are analyzed. Approximation of the spectra and source parameters calculation is performed in the framework of the Brune dislocation model. The highest values of dynamic parameters (М0, r0, , , ησ, u, EU и Mw) are obtained for the earthquakes on June 13 and August 16 with h=11 km, h=7 km respectively and КП=10.8, which occurred in the Azov-Kuban and Kerch-Anapa areas. The radiation friction r for all earthquakes had a negative value, pointing to a complex slide of the rupture in the source. Within the whole energy range, the average value of the released stress did not exceed Δσ=8∙105 PA (8 bar) and apparent stress ησ <11∙105 PA (11 bar). For most 2015 earthquakes, the average M0 и r0 values were within the confidence intervals of long-term dependencies M0(КП), r0(КП). The values of r0 were evenly distributed concerning the regression r0(КП) and М0 is mostly located below the average according to М0 (КП). The maximum deviations of M0 from the long-term М0(КП) dependence were obtained for the most strong earthquakes on June 13 and August 16 with КП=10.8. These deviations can be associated with participation in average M0 of the "Sevastopol" station data which give low values of М0 and possible errors in determining the focal depths influencing the choice of environment velocity models to calculate М0. For the most strong earthquake of August 16 with Мw=3.8, which occurred in the Kerch-Anapa region, a solution of focal mechanism was obtained. The earthquake occurred under the action of horizontal latitudinal tensile forces. The type of movement in the source is an oblique normal fault. Both nodal planes have near-meridional (STKNP1=167°) and near-diagonal (STKNP2=336°) strike.

scholarly journals History and prospects of research of the Black Sea estuaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
V.O. YEMELIANOV ◽  
T.B. KULAHA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Water Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Individual

Black Sea estuaries are phenomenon of geological nature and are not only an important component of the Black Sea geoecosystem, but also they are important component of local and regional ecological, socioeconomic systems of the coastal territory of Ukraine. Affecting the livelihoods and wellbeing of the population of these systems, estuaries from ancient times have attracted the attention of researchers. Unfortunately, the ecological status of these reservoirs has been worsening over the last decades because of the complex of reasons that require comprehensive study, analysis, development and implementation of a specific system of action, which cannot be realized without knowing at least the major milestones in the history of the research of these unique formations. Based on the published materials, information on the history of studies of estuaries of the northwestern Black Sea coast has been systematized. The history of the research has been reproduced in chronological order for the largest estuaries of the Black Sea, taking into account the current level of their study and identifying the main problems regarding their ecological status. The article gives a brief description of the current conditions and status of the largest Black Sea estuaries and some facts from the history of their research. In order to preserve the natural value of estuaries for their further research and rational use, the authors propose to use the methodology, the basic component of which is the geoecosystem paradigm, and henceforth study each estuary as a complete geoecological system taking into account all its components (subsystems), elements and conditions, which affect the formation and functioning of all components and the system as a whole. Geoecosystem paradigm together with a certain ecological and economic approach will allow to study in detail the geoecological conditions of water area of estuaries and adjacent territories, to evaluate their geoecological systems in terms of the prospects for their provision of certain services to the individual and / or society. Geoecosystem paradigm also allows to draw conclusions on optimizing the use of resources of these estuaries.

the claim that if anything of the sort had occurred I would have brought a plea in bar of action against him, but that I should come to court with this plea and demonstrate to you both that I have done this man no wrong and that his prosecution of me is illegal. [2] If Pantainetos had suffered any of the wrongs of which he is now complaining, he would clearly have brought a suit at once during the period when our business dealings took place, since these suits are monthly and we were both in town, and when all mankind are in the habit of showing their indignation right at the moment of their wrongs rather than after a delay. Since he has suffered no wrong – as you too will (I’m sure) affirm when you hear what happened – but is plaguing me from the confidence aroused by his success in the suit against Euergos, the only course left for me is to prove in your court, judges, that I am not in any way guilty and provide witness for my statements in an attempt to save myself. [3] My request to all of you will be modest and fair: to hear me with goodwill on the issue of my barring plea and to pay attention to the whole of my case. For though many suits have taken place in the city, I think it will be found that no-one has brought a suit more shameless or more unscrupulous than the one he has dared to lodge and bring to court. I shall give you as brief an account as I am able of all our dealings from the beginning. [4] Euergos and I loaned one hundred and five mnai to Pantainetos here, judges, on the security of a processing plant among the mine workings at Maroneia and thirty slaves. Forty-five mnai of the loan were mine, while one talent belonged to Euergos. As it happened, Pantainetos owed a talent to Mnesikles of Kollytos and forty-five mnai to Phileas of Eleusis and Pleistor. [5] The individual who sold the processing plant and the slaves to us was Mnesikles (he was the one who had bought the property for Pantainetos from Telemachos, its former owner), and Pantainetos leased it from us for the interest accruing on the money, one hundred and five drachmas per month. We made a contract in which were written the terms of the lease and a right for Pantainetos to redeem the property from us within a stated time. [6] Once this had been completed in the month of Elaphebolion in the archonship of Theophilos, I sailed off to the Black Sea, while this man and Euergos were here. As to their dealings with each other while I was away, I could not say. For their versions do not agree with each other, nor does Pantainetos’ version always agree with itself. Sometimes he says he was evicted

2002 ◽  
pp. 173-187
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Mine Workings ◽  
Stated Time ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

Spatio-temporal variations of source parameters in the nucleation zone of the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.1 L'Aquila Earthquake

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Di Giovambattista ◽  
Giovanna Calderoni ◽  
Antonio Rovelli
Keyword(s):  
Stress Drop ◽  
Main Shock ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Dynamic Strength ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Apparent Stress ◽  
L’Aquila Earthquake ◽  
Focal Volume ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Individual

&lt;p&gt;We present the results of Brune stress drop (&amp;#8710;&amp;#963;) and apparent stress (&amp;#964;a) variability of &amp;#160;earthquakes located in a small zone adjacent to the hypocenter of the damaging Mw 6.1 L'Aquila earthquake. Their magnitude ranges between &amp;#160;2.7 and 4.1. Interevent variability of stress drop and apparent stress results in a factor of 10, well beyond the individual&amp;#8208;event uncertainty. Radiation efficiency &amp;#951;sw = &amp;#964;a/&amp;#8710;&amp;#963; varies mostly between 0.1 and 0.2, but decreases in the days immediately before and after the main shock to values as low as 0.06. This may be related to the migration of the events occurring in those days into a focal volume with higher dynamic strength. The temporal change of &amp;#951;sw might be interpreted as a spatial variation due to the earthquake migration into the locked portion of the fault originating the main shock. Furthermore, no variation in stress drop and apparent stress can be observed between foreshocks and aftershocks but the smallest and largest &amp;#8710;&amp;#963; result in a good correlation with the largest and smallest b&amp;#8208;values respectively, as already documented in literature in the rupture nucleation volume of large earthquakes.&lt;/p&gt;

Junction of deep structures of the Carpatho-Balkan region with those of the Black and Adriatic Seas

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Subbotin ◽  
V. B. Sollogub ◽  
D. Prosen ◽  
T. Dragasevic ◽  
E. Mituch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Moho Discontinuity ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Deep Seismic Soundings ◽  
Basaltic Layer ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Deep Fractures

Deep crustal structures have been studied on the territory of southeastern Europe by means of deep seismic soundings (DSS), and a topographic scheme of the Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity has been compiled.Crustal thickness varies from 20–25 km in the Black Sea Depression and the Pannonian Middle Massif to 50–55 km in the Crimea, Carpathians, and Dinarides. Mountain 'roots' have been revealed along the Moho discontinuity and 'antiroots' along the 'basaltic' layer surface in the highland areas. Different relationships between the Moho discontinuity and the Conrad and basement surfaces are established, from the conformable to the inverse. Different types of crust are distinguished, characterized by different thicknesses of the individual layers as well as by deep fractures causing a block structure.The depressions of the Black and Adriatic Seas are characterized by the presence of intensive positive gravity anomalies, which are due to zones of subcrustal substance of higher density and thinning of the crust owing to a smaller thickness of the 'basaltic' or 'granitic' layers. The smaller thickness of the crust or its individual layers is associated with vertical and horizontal movements of the crust, which had resulted in over-thrusts, overthrust sheets, etc.The earth's crust of a continental type is contiguous with a sub-oceanic crust of the Black and Adriatic Seas along the deep fractures. The main fracture in the Black Sea is found near the south coast of the Crimean Peninsula, and the second one in the zone of a wedging out of the 'granitic' layer. The crustal region between these fractures should be related to an intermediate type.

scholarly journals COLORIST SPACE OF THE STORY “THE BLACK SEA” BY K. PAUSTOVSKY

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Tatyana SIVOVA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Color Space ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Color Term ◽  
Color Spectrum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Color And Light ◽  
Informative Component

e article is devoted to the reconstruction of the fragment of K. Paustovsky’s coloristic picture of the world on the basis of the story “The Black Sea”. The color range used by the writer to create a color continuum is revealed. The color spectrum is presented as a field structure with 4 zones, the zoning is based on quantitative and qualitative characteristic and demonstrates the uniqueness of the writer's idiostyle: starting from the area around field core, the informative component of color term gives way to the figurative one; the connection of color and light is indissoluble; the color terms functionality, which is primarily oriented towards the visualization of space, time and a person in them, reveals the dialectical interrelation of color, light, space and time. The color spectrum dominants (black, white, red). They reflect the individual author's color preferences: the dominance of black; the constant opposition black – white, indicating the writer's romantic worldview; and the standard of Russian color language perception. Based on spatial and color nominations combination, the coloristic space of the story is reconstructed. It is represented with spaces: archaeological, “world of things”, military, air navigation, city and house spaces, sea navigation, necropolis space, natural, creative, man spaces. The dominants are the space of nature, man, sea navigation. The specificity of time coloristic visualization, which in many cases becomes possible due to the spatial and temporal coordinates intersection, is identified. Thus, the dialectical interrelation of color, space and time in the story – its color chronotope – is manifested.

scholarly journals COLORIST SPACE OF THE STORY “THE BLACK SEA” BY K. PAUSTOVSKY

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-25
Author(s):  
Tatyana SIVOVA
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Color Space ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Color Term ◽  
Color Spectrum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Color And Light ◽  
Informative Component

e article is devoted to the reconstruction of the fragment of K. Paustovsky’s coloristic picture of the world on the basis of the story “The Black Sea”. The color range used by the writer to create a color continuum is revealed. The color spectrum is presented as a field structure with 4 zones, the zoning is based on quantitative and qualitative characteristic and demonstrates the uniqueness of the writer's idiostyle: starting from the area around field core, the informative component of color term gives way to the figurative one; the connection of color and light is indissoluble; the color terms functionality, which is primarily oriented towards the visualization of space, time and a person in them, reveals the dialectical interrelation of color, light, space and time. The color spectrum dominants (black, white, red). They reflect the individual author's color preferences: the dominance of black; the constant opposition black – white, indicating the writer's romantic worldview; and the standard of Russian color language perception. Based on spatial and color nominations combination, the coloristic space of the story is reconstructed. It is represented with spaces: archaeological, “world of things”, military, air navigation, city and house spaces, sea navigation, necropolis space, natural, creative, man spaces. The dominants are the space of nature, man, sea navigation. The specificity of time coloristic visualization, which in many cases becomes possible due to the spatial and temporal coordinates intersection, is identified. Thus, the dialectical interrelation of color, space and time in the story – its color chronotope – is manifested.

Palaeostress analysis of Tertiary post-collisional structures in the Western Pontides, northern Turkey

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
GÜRSEL SUNAL ◽  
OKAN TÜYSÜZ
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Late Eocene ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Arc Magmatism ◽  
Thrust Faults ◽  
Thrust Belt ◽  
Fold And Thrust Belt ◽  
Oceanic Spreading ◽  
Back Arc

Fingerprints of the opening of the Western Black Sea Basin and collision of Pontides and Sakarya Continent along the Intra-Pontide suture can be traced in the area between Cide (Kastamonu) and Kurucaşile (Bartin) in northern Turkey, along the southern coast of the Black Sea. The Western Black Sea Basin is an oceanic basin opened as a back-arc basin of the northward-subducting Intra-Pontide Ocean. Basement units related to this opening are represented by Lower Cretaceous and older units. The first arc magmatism related to this subduction began during Turonian times. Coeval with this magmatism, back-arc extension affected the region and caused development of horst-graben topography. This extensional period resulted in the break-up of continental crust and the oceanic spreading in the Western Black Sea Basin during Late Santonian times. During the Late Campanian–Early Maastrichtian period, the Sakarya Continent and Pontides collided and arc magmatism on the Pontides ended. After this collision, the Western Pontides thickened, imbricated and developed a mainly N-vergent foreland fold and thrust belt character since Late Eocene–Oligocene times. The palaeostress directions calculated from thrust faults of this foreland fold and thrust belt are 4.6°/156.6° for σ1, 6.4°/66.1° for σ2, and 83.2°/261.9° for σ3. The nature of the imbrication indicates that it was a northward prograding foreland system connected to a floor thrust (detachment) fault at the bottom. Field observations on curved slickenfibres support the theory that the thrust faults of this imbricated structure have transformed to oblique thrusts and strike-slip faults over time.

scholarly journals BLACK SEA SECURITY: THE ROMANIAN PERSPECTIVE NATO- EU INTEROPERABILITY, A DIVION OF LABOUR

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga R. CHIRIAC ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
World Order ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
State Actor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Eu

The current world order is under scrutiny. The 2014 illegal annexation of Crimea and the conflict in Eastern Ukraine have marked a turning point in international affairs: a state actor used force against another sovereign state to gain a territorial victory in order to advance its own geopolitical interests. Since then all major building blocks of the system, mainly the multilateral institutions such as the UN and NATO have been scrutinized and their effectiveness has been questioned. The significance of the individual nation state is gaining again in significance. It is more important than ever to find ways to repair transatlantic discord and to deepen cooperation between NATO and the EU, to recalibrate the strategic bedrock of the alliance and to reposition the transatlantic defence community in a way that facilitates effective defence and deterrence. It is the aim of the article to define and contextualize the Romanian official strategic vision and to outline how it in fact successfully synergies its membership in NATO and in the EU with bilateral partnerships in order to achieve its strategic goals as well as to contribute to the transatlantic cause. The paper starts by introducing the theoretical framework, mainly structural realism. Next, it defines the Romanian strategic view, it contextualizes it and it correlates the strategic priorities to the Black Sea area. The article focuses on EU NATO complementarity through a Romanian strategic lens by focusing on interoperability and crisis readiness in the Black Sea, an area of existential significance to the Romanian national interest. Finally, the conclusions underscore how the Romanian strategic paradigm creates an auspicious medium in order for NATO - EU complementarity and deeper cooperation to occur.

scholarly journals Identification of some fiber characteristics in Rosa sp. and Nerium oleander L. wood grown under different ecological conditions

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 5862-5874
Author(s):  
Nurcan Yigit ◽  
Zuhal Mutevelli ◽  
Hakan Sevik ◽  
Saadettin Murat Onat ◽  
Halil Baris Ozel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Climate Type ◽  
Species Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rosa Species

Climate-dependent changes in wood anatomical characteristics were studied for Rosa sp. and Nerium oleander sp. grown in phytosociological areas. For this purpose, wood samples were taken from the individual wood species grown in Antalya, Eskisehir, and Kastamonu provenances, where Terrestrial, Black Sea, and Mediterranean climate types prevail, and 11 anatomical characters were identified or calculated. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the climate has large effects on the characteristics that are the subject of the study and that each characteristic is at a higher level in individuals grown in areas where different climate types prevail. The highest values in Rosa species were obtained in the individuals grown under Terrestrial climate type in all characteristics except for LW (lumen widths), EC (elasticity coefficients), and FF (F-Factors.) Whereas in Nerium oleander, the highest values were obtained in individuals grown in the Mediterranean climate type in FL (fibre lengths), LW (lumen widths), FR (felting ratios), and EC (elasticity coefficients). For the same species type, in the Terrestrial climate, RIJID (rigidity coefficients), MUHT (Muhlstep ratios), and RUNK (Runkel ratios), and in the Black Sea climate DWT (double wall thicknesses) and WT (wall thicknesses) characteristics had high values.

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