scholarly journals Consolidating Democracy in Kenya (1920-1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Julius Gathogo
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Process ◽  
British Government ◽  
Legislative Council ◽  
The Road ◽  
The People ◽  
Universal Suffrage ◽  
General Elections ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Minority Ethnic

Kenya became a Crown Colony of the British government on 23 July 1920. Before then, 1895 to 1919, it was a protectorate of the British Government. Between 1887 to 1895, Scot William Mackinnon (1823-1893), under the auspices of his chartered company, Imperial British East Africa (IBEA), was running Kenya on behalf of the British Government. This article sets out to trace the road to democracy in colonial Kenya, though with a bias to electoral contests, from 1920 to 1963. While democracy and/or democratic culture is broader than mere electioneering, the article considers electoral processes as critical steps in consolidating democratic gains, as societies now find an opportunity to replace bad leaders and eventually installs a crop of leadership that resonates well with their pains, dreams, fears and joys. With its own elected leaders, the article hypothesizes, a society has a critical foundation because elected people are ordinarily meant to address cutting-edge issues facing a given society. Such concerns may include: poverty, corruption, racism, marginalization of minority, ethnic bigotry, economic rejuvenation, gender justice, and health of the people among other disquiets. Methodologically, the article focusses more on the 1920 and the 1957 general elections. This is due to their unique positioning in the Kenyan historiography. In 1920, for instance, a semblance of democracy was witnessed in Kenya when the European-Settler-Farmers’ inspired elections took place, after their earlier protests in 1911. They were protesting against the mere nomination of leaders to the Legislative Council (Parliament) since 1906 when the first Parliament was instituted in Kenya’s history. Although Eliud Wambu Mathu became the first African to be nominated to the Legislative Council in 1944, this was seen as a mere drop in the big Ocean, as Africans had not been allowed to vote or usher in their own leaders through universal suffrage. The year 1957 provided that opportunity even though they (Africans) remained a tiny minority in the Legislative Council until the 1963 general elections which ushered in Kenya’s independence. What other setbacks did the Kenyan democratic process encounter; and how were the democratic gains consolidated? While the article does not intend to focus on the voice of religious societies, or the lack of it, it is worthwhile to concede that a democratic process is an all-inclusive enterprise that invites all cadres to “come and build the barricading wall” for all of us.

A Study of Three Early Political Parties in Singapore, 1945–1955

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeo Kim Wah
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
British Government ◽  
Executive Council ◽  
Legislative Council ◽  
The People ◽  
Universal Suffrage ◽  
The Government ◽  
Democratic Elections

Singapore became a distinct crown colony in 1946. Two years later the British Government began to introduce constitutional reforms in the island in accordance with its pledge in 1943 to foster the growth of “(Malaya's) capacity for self-government within the British Empire”. This colonial tutelage assumed two forms. Firstly, the government started to prepare for a fully elected legislature through which to transfer power to the people in the future. Secondly, the people were trained to work a system of democratic elections based on universal suffrage for all British and (after 1948) British Protected Subjects. The process, however, was fairly slow with the result that the governmental system of a normal crown colony remained basically intact in Singapore until 1955. Assisted by an advisory executive council and a legislative council, the governor continued to rule the colony with almost unlimited powers, subject only to the control of the Secretary of State for the Colonies at Whitehall. The legislature did not even have an elected majority until the Rendel Constitution was introduced in April 1955. Under this new constitution, the Labour Front-Alliance coalition government became the first elected government to assume office with a considerable degree of power in its hands.

scholarly journals Consolidating Democracy in Kenya (1920-1963)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Julius Gathogo
Keyword(s):  
Cutting Edge ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
The Road ◽  
The People ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Elected Leaders ◽  
Minority Ethnic

This article sets out to trace the road to democracy in the colonial Kenya, though with a bias to electoral contests, from 1920 to 1963. With its own elected leaders, the article hypothesizes, a society has a critical foundation because elected people are ordinarily meant to address cutting-edge issues facing a given society. Such concerns would include: socio-economic concerns such as poverty, corruption, racism, marginalization of minority, ethnic bigotry, economic rejuvenation, gender justice, and health of the people among other concerns. Methodologically, the article focusses more on the 1920 and the 1957 general elections. This is due to their unique positioning in the Kenyan historiography. In 1920, for instance, a semblance of democracy was witnessed in Kenya when the European-Settler-Farmers’ inspired elections took place, after their earlier protests in 1911.

scholarly journals The Road Less Travelled: Reading dr. Izzeldein Abuelaish’s I Shall Not Hate as Responsible Response to Trauma

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Chakravorty
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Intrusive Memories ◽  
The Road ◽  
The People ◽  
Institutional Forces ◽  
The Media ◽  
To Come

The political and cultural contexts are very important to the experience of trauma (individual or communal), and yet, ultimately every reaction to an event is unique, depending largely on individual positioning and psychic history. ‘True’ versions of traumatic historical events, with minimum contamination or distortion by any specific ideology or unreliable memory, are needed; if these narratives are to have long-term value. Unfortunately, most often the ‘social discourse’ surrounding these is manipulated by institutional forces (including the media) and the main experience gets either downplayed or sensationalised. By focussing on the journey of the Palestinian doctor, Dr. Izzeldin Abuelaish, this essay attempts to highlight such responsible responses to trauma. Dr. Abuelaish, even after growing up in a refugee camp in Gaza, or after witnessing the death of his three daughters by Israeli tank shells that hit his home, rather than seeking revenge or letting intrusive memories fill him with eternal hatred, continues his humanitarian call for the people of the region to come together, promoting understanding, respect, and peace. His experiences, some of which was captured live on TV, and later penned down in his memoir I Shall Not Hate; and his life choices and activities since the tragedy are the best example how unconventional individual reactions can have largescale repercussions; and hence needs to be chronicled. Dominick LaCapra had pointed out that trauma often leads to distorted identity-formation, where either the subject-position of ‘victim’ or ‘perpetrator’ becomes prominent; “wherein one is possessed by the past and tends to repeat it compulsively” (Representing the Holocaust 12). But this article seeks to reveal how, when some individuals find within themselves to rise above such binaries, and tell their stories sensitively yet objectively- they accelerate the healing process, both for themselves and the community.

scholarly journals SEEKING REFUGE IN AL-NAS SURAH PHONOLOGICAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 493-503
Author(s):  
Azza Adnan Ahmed EZZAT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Movement ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
To Come ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
The Voice

General linguistics study (phonology, morphology, grammar, syntax, and semantics), as for our study, it dealt with that as a whole; Because we believe that it is useless to separate it in order to uncover the rhetoric of the text, starting with the effect of the sounds in the voice and rhythm in terms of their numbers, qualities, letters exits, and phonemic syllables, within the effect of abstract morphological formulas and augmenting their various connotations in harmony with the grammatical structures and methods, and ending with the meaning of used expressions instead of their synonyms in which the sounds and formulas change, Through the percentage of the qualities of the sounds and phonemes, and we showed their effect on the meaning and context, to come out with an unquestionable result: Every sound, every word, every form, and every combination was not arbitrarily mentioned in the surah. Because we found that none of them did not contradict the other, but supported it and increased its strength, and it is nice for the meaning to be drawn sometimes in the form of the mouth when uttering the sound, as in the whispered voice of (Seen) that is repetitively repeated in the breaks of the verses, it is a voice that a person cannot utter while he is open-mouthed Its repetition in the surah is in harmony with the whispered whispers with which the people of crimes and intrigues are afraid, and the low percentage of the strong voices expresses the removal of distress, worry and distress, and the extension of the wav sound in the word (I seek refuge) is proportional to the shape of the mouth when blowing after seeking refuge. As for the high or low percentage of phonemic syllables in harmony with meaning and context, it appears, for example, in the fourth and fifth verses, as for the decrease in the percentage of the open syllable in the fourth verse ("From the evil of the whisperer who withdraws) to (0%). So, it harmonizes with the lack of rapid movement, and depicts the whisperer with its dysfunction and its stillness with its movement, because the rapid movement does not correspond to the whisperer, this is supported purely by the use of the form of exaggeration (active), which depicts the exaggeration of the obsessive chicks. On the other hand, we see the increase in movement and its speed, with the increase in the percentage of open syllables in the fifth verse (Who whispers in the breasts of mankind) to (41.6%) with the use of the verb waswasah in the present tense that used to show repetition, so the percentage of open syllables in both short and long forms increased to (66.6%) and that is the highest proportion of these two sections in the surah. Because this movement is what is excluded from it.

scholarly journals Newspaper Coverage of Issue-based Political Statements and Campaigns in Nigeria’s Electoral Process (November 2018 – February 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-86
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ikpgegbu ◽  
Walter Ihejirika
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Newspaper Coverage ◽  
Electoral Process ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
The People ◽  
The Press ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Setting Theory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Voice

The electoral process in Nigeria is now more dynamic than in earlier years because of the nature of competitions among politicians. In a bid to sell candidates and woo voters, political parties engage in election campaigns during which statements are made. Campaigns ought to address issues of public importance, but in some instances the comments are mere expressions of personal sentiments. The press is not just the fourth estate of the realm but also the voice of the people to report issues for voters’ enlightenment. This paper examined newspaper coverage of issue-based political statements and campaigns in Nigeria’s 2019 electoral process. Two theoretical frameworks for the study were Agenda Setting Theory and Development Media Theory. The study was both quantitative and qualitative, covering newspaper reports from two national dailies, Vanguard and The Punch. A total of 76 editions were studied using the content analysis research design, with quoted statements buttressing the argument. The data were presented with frequency tables and analysed through simple percentages. There were 116 reports on the subject in the dailies. The paper found out that while there were coverage over some national issues like restructuring, security, corruption, economy, and electricity, the greater volume of political statements were not issue-based. There is the need for the press to pay less attention on matters that would not serve to educate voters adequately. The study recommends that the press use the editorials to canvass for issue-based comments. The study also contributed to knowledge as the seminal analysis of political statements in 2019 general elections.

Suicidal Behavior in Black South Africans

Crisis ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourens Schlebusch ◽  
Naseema B.M. Vawda ◽  
Brenda A. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
South African Society ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Care Facilities ◽  
Black South Africans ◽  
To Come

Summary: In the past suicidal behavior among Black South Africans has been largely underresearched. Earlier studies among the other main ethnic groups in the country showed suicidal behavior in those groups to be a serious problem. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent research on suicidal behavior in Black South Africans. The results indicate an apparent increase in suicidal behavior in this group. Several explanations are offered for the change in suicidal behavior in the reported clinical populations. This includes past difficulties for all South Africans to access health care facilities in the Apartheid (legal racial separation) era, and present difficulties of post-Apartheid transformation the South African society is undergoing, as the people struggle to come to terms with the deleterious effects of the former South African racial policies, related socio-cultural, socio-economic, and other pressures.

The Open Society and the Democracy to Come: Bergson, Deleuze and Guattari

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Baugh
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Open Society ◽  
Minor Literature ◽  
Deleuze And Guattari ◽  
The People ◽  
To Come ◽  
Polar Opposite ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Gain Access

In Bergsonism, Deleuze refers to Bergson's concept of an ‘open society’, which would be a ‘society of creators’ who gain access to the ‘open creative totality’ through acting and creating. Deleuze and Guattari's political philosophy is oriented toward the goal of such an open society. This would be a democracy, but not in the sense of the rule of the actually existing people, but the rule of ‘the people to come,’ for in the actually existing situation, such a people is ‘lacking’. When the people becomes a society of creators, the result is a society open to the future, creativity and the new. Their openness and creative freedom is the polar opposite of the conformism and ‘herd mentality’ condemned by Deleuze and Nietzsche, a mentality which is the basis of all narrow nationalisms (of ethnicity, race, religion and creed). It is the freedom of creating and commanding, not the Kantian freedom to obey Reason and the State. This paper uses Bergson's The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, and Deleuze and Guattari's Kafka: For a Minor Literature, A Thousand Plateaus and What is Philosophy? to sketch Deleuze and Guattari's conception of the open society and of a democracy that remains ‘to come’.

‘Sometimes you need to think outside their boxes’: An Examination of the Voice of Black Minority Ethnic Women in Post-Devolution Scotland

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-444
Author(s):  
Josephine Casserly
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Minority Ethnic

This article explores the voice of black minority ethnic (BME) women in devolved Scotland. Particular attention is given to examining multicultural policies and devolved political processes and how these impact on the position of BME women in the political life of Scotland. The study is based on secondary analysis of existing survey and focus group data, and primary data drawn from qualitative interviews conducted with a sample of respondents from political and non-governmental organisations. Drawing on feminist theories of multiculturalism, culture is perceived as dynamic and contested and the research depicts BME women as agents engaged in shaping Scotland and their own cultures. The findings show that devolution has created a political opportunity structure more favourable to the voices of BME women. However, this voice remains quiet and is limited by barriers within and outside of BME communities. The research also highlights the role of third sector organisations in enabling the voice of BME women. The author concludes by arguing that successive devolved governments’ promotion of multiculturalism in Scotland has benefited BME women but with important limitations.

MURAL, KEKUATAN MODAL, DAN MASYARAKAT

DeKaVe ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Annasher
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
The People ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mural Art ◽  
The City ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Special Region

Broadly speaking, this paper discusses the phenomenon of murals that are now spread in Yogyakarta Special Region, especially the city of Yogyakarta. Mural painting is an art with a media wall that has the elements of communication, so the mural is also referred to as the art of visual communication. Media is a media wall closest to the community, because the distance between the media with the audience is not limited by anything, direct and open, so the mural is often used as media to convey ideas, the idea of ??community, also called the media the voice of the people. Location of mural art in situations of public spatial proved inviting the owners of capital to use such means, in this case is the mural. Manufacturers of various products began racing the race to put on this wall media, as time goes by without realizing the essence of the actual mural art was forced to turn to the commercial essence, the only benefit some parties only, the power of public spaces gradually occupied by the owners of capital, they hopes that the community can view the contents of messages and can obtain information for the products offered. it brings motivation and cognitive and affective simultaneously in the community.Keywords: Mural, Public Space, and Society.

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