scholarly journals Geoecological preconditions for the development of wind energy of Iceland

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-351
Author(s):  
Maria Yalbacheva
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Optimal Placement ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Among the sustainable development goals set by the United Nations, one notable is “the production and consumption of low-cost and clean electricity”. One of the worldwide leaders in this field is Iceland, which in an effort to gain energy independence has reached a share of 99 % of the country’s total electricity production from renewable energy sources. At the same time, the share of wind energy resources is only 0.05 %, although the island territory has exceptional wind energy potential. It was not until 2018, that the government approved the realization of a large-scale project of establishing a network of wind farms as a part of a plan to lay a high-voltage cable along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean to export electricity to Europe. However, a comprehensive geographical analysis of promising areas for the location of wind farms has yet to be carried out. In addition, when assessing territories across the world, the parameters usually taken into account are meteorological and economic only. Environmental factors and the degree of impact on nature are often disregarded. Thus, the aim of this work is the assessment of the territory of Iceland for the optimal placement of wind farms based on a set of indicators, including meteorological, geological and geomorphological, socio-economic and environmental parameters. The absence of such a comprehensive analysis for the territories of Iceland determines the relevance of the study. The study resulted in a map, which shows that 10 % of the territory of Iceland is extremely favorable for construction of the network of wind power stations. This will help the government to ensure the economic benefits of selling energy to the UK and continental Europe without harming the environment. What is even more important, the method used to assess the potential of the island’s territories by various environmental parameters (quantitative and qualitative) can be applied not only to Iceland but also to any region of the world.

Wind Power: History, State, and Prospects

Vestnik MEI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Eduard M. Perminov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Instrument Making ◽  
The World

Many countries around the world began to actively develop renewable energy after the energy crisis of the mid 1970s, when commercial technologies for its use emerged, and nowadays, progress in this field develops much more rapidly than it was expected a decade ago. Modern technologies of using renewable energy sources (RES) are attractive owing to their advantages: they are widely available and inexhaustible; they feature smaller pollution of the environment; their use helps save traditional nonrenewable fossil energy resources; they involve the use of modern high technologies; in addition, they help create new skilled jobs. Russia, despite its large reserves of oil, gas, and coal, is also interested in using RES as an important means of diversifying the country's fuel and energy balance, energy saving, and improving energy security and efficiency with centralized and decentralized supply of power to all regions of the country. This is especially important for regions that face big problems with ensuring reliable and high-quality supply of power. One of the most important areas of renewable energy is wind energy; according to different estimates, it can provide up to 50% or more of the future energy consumption. An attempt is made to estimate the history, state, and prospects for development of the world and domestic wind power industry. The development stages and the role of domestic and industry science, and also the possibilities of the domestic production facilities and ways of improving it are shown. In the course of restructuring and reorganizing the domestic economy, research and development structures, the domestic industry constructing power machinery and equipment, radio electronics, instrument making, and other industries that form the basis for RES and, in particular, wind power, were destroyed to a significant extent. The potential of wind energy, as well as that of other RES that are "not traditional" for the Russian energy sector, has not been fully employed as yet, although in principle, they can solve many energy problems. This is also due to the fact that the current price level in the wholesale electricity market is lower than the net cost of electricity generated by means of RES. This is especially important in solving matters concerned with arrangement of decentralized power supply in Russia, with its vast territory, poorly developed infrastructure, and the world's harshest climate, in which, according to various estimates, from 50 to 70% of the territory is not covered by reliable guaranteed power supply. The problems of successful and efficient development of RES, including wind energy, should become the most important issues already in the near future, and it should be noted that positive steps in this direction have been taken in recent years. At the same time, it should be understood that RES are not an alternative to the "traditional large-scale" power industry, but rather complement it, occupying its own very specific niche.

scholarly journals ВЛИЯНИЕ «ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ» НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ КАЗАХСТАНА

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Лактионова Н. В. ◽  
Изтаева А. А.
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The Government

Kazakhstan has a huge potential for the use of renewable energy sources, while being the state with the highest rates of greenhouse gas emissions in Central Asia. Despite significant economic, social and environmental benefits, the share of renewable energy in Kazakhstan's electricity production remains low, at 1.1% in 2017. The government intends to increase this figure to 50% by 2050. While Kazakhstan is experiencing some difficulties in diversifying its economy and energy resources, the inclusive concept of green growth is particularly important for the country.The adopted Strategy Kazakhstan 2050: A New Political Course of the Established State «Strategy - 2050» sets clear guidelines for building a sustainable and efficient economic model based on the country’s transition to a green development path.The article analyzes the current status of the transition to «green economy» including the development of renewable energy, green building, environmentally friendly transport, waste management, sustainable and efficient organic agriculture, and rational use of water resources. The scientific article focuses on the key risks, problems and obstacles to the development of the «green economy» in Kazakhstan, as well as offers recommendations and measures to solve existing problems. In addition, the article examines the methods of the government's transition to a «green economy», within which the planned tasks of a large-scale transition to a «green economy» are to be fulfilled.The article can be useful for those who are interested in sustainable economic growth: the government, energy companies, investors in the field of renewable energy and society as a whole.

Grabbing Life by the Ballot: Creating an Effective Ballot through Design

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Product Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Ballot Design ◽  
The Government ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Undergraduate Thesis

This presentation, reflecting a politics undergraduate thesis, will explore the design process behind the ballots that voters use in democratic elections around the world. Ballots are an inherently political objects, and in many cases, the most direct line of communication a citizen has to the government of their country. As such, the design of the ballot affects the legitimacy of higher level electoral and democratic institutions. This project argues that by co-opting the language of product design, a universal ballot design process would make more efficient ballots across the globe.   Product design starts with a brainstorming stage that explores at the user, the goal of the object, and the context of its use to create an effective design. By applying these observations to the process of designing a ballot, each electoral commission can produce a more effective ballot. Currently there is no standardization for ballot design other than ensuring that electoral commissions tried to make it “friendly.” By examining cases of bad ballot design, it is possible to see what element of the design process was missed or misused to create a process that corrects for these mistakes. This project examines poorly designed ballots in Florida, Scotland, and Colombia to explore the large-scale effects these small design choices make, and how to fix them. 

Simulation of Flow Field on a Large Scale Wind Turbine

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Janajreh ◽  
C. Ghenai
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Capital Costs

Large scale wind turbines and wind farms continue to evolve mounting 94.1GW of the electrical grid capacity in 2007 and expected to reach 160.0GW in 2010 according to World Wind Energy Association. They commence to play a vital role in the quest for renewable and sustainable energy. They are impressive structures of human responsiveness to, and awareness of, the depleting fossil fuel resources. Early generation wind turbines (windmills) were used as kinetic energy transformers and today generate 1/5 of the Denmark’s electricity and planned to double the current German grid capacity by reaching 12.5% by year 2010. Wind energy is plentiful (72 TW is estimated to be commercially viable) and clean while their intensive capital costs and maintenance fees still bar their widespread deployment in the developing world. Additionally, there are technological challenges in the rotor operating characteristics, fatigue load, and noise in meeting reliability and safety standards. Newer inventions, e.g., downstream wind turbines and flapping rotor blades, are sought to absorb a larger portion of the cost attributable to unrestrained lower cost yaw mechanisms, reduction in the moving parts, and noise reduction thereby reducing maintenance. In this work, numerical analysis of the downstream wind turbine blade is conducted. In particular, the interaction between the tower and the rotor passage is investigated. Circular cross sectional tower and aerofoil shapes are considered in a staggered configuration and under cross-stream motion. The resulting blade static pressure and aerodynamic forces are investigated at different incident wind angles and wind speeds. Comparison of the flow field results against the conventional upstream wind turbine is also conducted. The wind flow is considered to be transient, incompressible, viscous Navier-Stokes and turbulent. The k-ε model is utilized as the turbulence closure. The passage of the rotor blade is governed by ALE and is represented numerically as a sliding mesh against the upstream fixed tower domain. Both the blade and tower cross sections are padded with a boundary layer mesh to accurately capture the viscous forces while several levels of refinement were implemented throughout the domain to assess and avoid the mesh dependence.

scholarly journals Renewable energy sources in future energy balance of the republic of Kazakhstan

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 03006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekzhan Mukatov ◽  
Ravil Khabibullin
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Republic

The article describes the main factors determining the development of renewable energy sources in the world. The assessment of the applicability of foreign RES development strategies to Kazakhstan’s energy system has been made. The main tasks facing Kazakhstan’s energy system with large-scale implementation of renewable energy were formulated. On the basis of the analysis and performed calculations recommendations and basic principles have been made on development strategy of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

scholarly journals Robustness Comparison of Synthetic Inertia Strategies for Doubly Fed Induction Generators under Different Operating Conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Andrade Souza ◽  
Renan R. dos Santos ◽  
Manoelito C. N. Filho ◽  
Daniel Barbosa ◽  
Luciano Sales Barros
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wind Condition ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Parameter Uncertainties ◽  
Doubly Fed ◽  
Frequency Behavior

Due to the increasing penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as wind energy in electrical grids, Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) participation in primary control is becoming required including the Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based WECS. High integration of large scale DFIG-based WECS brings new challenges to their primary control support, and more strongly due to the wind condition and grid parameter uncertainties. One of the most used types of control strategy for DFIG-based WECS primary support is the synthetic inertia, however, robustness of these techniques have not been tested. In this work three synthetic inertia control strategies will be tested under different operating conditions of wind speed, frequency and voltage sag. For testing the DFIG-based WECS, it was modeled on ATP including its control systems and the results quantified the controllers robustness on the tested controllers with respect to transient frequency behavior.

scholarly journals Optimization of Wind Turbine Interconnections in an Offshore Wind Farm Using Metaheuristic Algorithms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakib El Mokhi ◽  
Adnane Addaim
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Network Routing ◽  
Metaheuristic Algorithms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms

Wind energy is currently one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world. For this reason, research on methods to render wind farms more energy efficient is reasonable. The optimization of wind turbine positions within wind farms makes the exploitation of wind energy more efficient and the wind farms more competitive with other energy resources. The investment costs alone for substation and electrical infrastructure for offshore wind farms run around 15–30% of the total investment costs of the project, which are considered high. Optimizing the substation location can reduce these costs, which also minimizes the overall cable length within the wind farm. In parallel, optimizing the cable routing can provide an additional benefit by finding the optimal grid network routing. In this article, the authors show the procedure on how to create an optimized wind farm already in the design phase using metaheuristic algorithms. Besides the optimization of wind turbine positions for more energy efficiency, the optimization methods of the substation location and the cable routing for the collector system to avoid cable losses are also presented.

Modelling and Control of the Hydraulically Actuated Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Pitch System

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Venkaiah ◽  
B. K. Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
The World

Abstract The advantages of renewable energy sources are available freely in nature, inexhaustible, produce either no or little pollution and low gestation period. Among all renewable energy sources, wind energy has become one of the leading resources for power production in the world as well as in the India. According to WWEA, the wind turbine installation capacity in the world has been reached over 539.291GW by the end of 2017. The entire wind power installed capacity by the end of 2017 covers more than 5% of global demand of electricity. In India, the present wind power installation capacity on October, 2017 was over 32.7GW and wind energy contribution is 55% of the total renewable energy capacity in the country. Inspite of having sharp growth rate in wind in India, only a fraction of wind energy has been tapped until now out of 302 GW wind potential which is available above 100 m height on shore. Practical horizontal axis wind turbine converts kinetic energy in the wind into useful energy by using airfoil blades. Blade element momentum (BEM) theory becomes very popular due to its simplicity in mathematical calculation as well as accuracy. Hydraulic pitch actuation system has certain advantages due to its versatility, ability to produce constant force and torque irrespective of the disturbances outside of the system, ease and accuracy of control, simplicity, safety and economy. In the present study a semi rotary actuator has been utilized for turbine pitch actuation. In order to extract maximum power from available wind, fractional order PID controller (FOPID) has been developed for pitch control of wind turbine rotor blade. The performances of PID as well as FOPID controller have been compared with available wind data. The performance of FOPID controller was satisfactory compare to PID controller.

scholarly journals Out-of-Control COVID-19 Pandemic Hampers the Nationalism

2020 ◽  
pp. 147892992097352
Author(s):  
Aly Hiko ◽  
Austin Horng-En Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Early studies show that the COVID-19 pandemic causes the rally-around-the-flag effect and increases the level of nationalism among the voters after the outbreak. However, how long does this boost last? Voters may cognitively withdraw their identification to the beloved country if the pandemic is rampant in where they live as well as when the government fails to address it thoroughly. We conducted a pre-registered MTurk experiment (n = 606) on 20 April 2020, in the United States—3 months after the first confirmed case and weeks after the large-scale lockdown. Results show that US subjects who were primed of the COVID-19 in the United States significantly decreased their level of nationalism, especially among Democrats. In contrast, the priming of “COVID-19 in the world” has no effect. The negative impact of COVID-19 on nationalism could be explained by enough time as people could observe and evaluate the government’s performance after the outbreak through the partisan lens.

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