Motives and Barriers of Female Entrepreneurship in the Kurdistan Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-69
Author(s):  
Fatima Osman ◽  
Noralfishah Sulaiman ◽  
Uzair Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Kurdish Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The involvement of Kurdish women in nationalistic revolutions has left many astonished. Kurdistan's history is enriched with many women that have had leadership roles in political, religious, and even military positions. This research examined the life of modern working women in Kurdistan that have turned to entrepreneurship to break from societal ties in addition to expressing their creativity and unique skills while continuing to meet their responsibilities as daughters, wives, and mothers. The purpose of this research was to answer questions regarding the motives of female entrepreneurs as well as the general and gender-based barriers that female entrepreneurs face in the Region. According to Al-silefanee (2019), the entrepreneurial ecosystem consists of two significant elements, the entrepreneur and the environment in which the entrepreneur operates. Regardless of how new the idea of entrepreneurship is to KRI, the region has the chance to build-up the entrepreneurship ecosystem by encouraging entrepreneurship through the development of an environment that facilitates entrepreneurial youth and initiate economic growth. Keywords: Female Entrepreneurship; Online Businesses; Entrepreneurship Motives.

Indian Female Entrepreneurs as Catalysts for Economic Growth and Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyali Ghosh ◽  
Reena Cheruvalath
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Economic Growth And Development ◽  
Proper Training ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
The Many ◽  
Cultural Constraints

Female entrepreneurs are increasingly being considered to be an important catalyst for economic growth and development in India, as they are contributing substantially to employment generation, and, as such, female entrepreneurship has become an area of research interest over the past few years. This paper furthers this research by making a theoretical study of the current status of female entrepreneurs in the country. It discusses the many challenges they face, focusing on their level of education and socio-cultural constraints. It also suggests some solutions to overcome such barriers. These include giving them proper training, developing an entrepreneurial attitude in them, ‘attributional augmenting’, understanding their entrepreneurial motivation, and, most importantly, removing the discriminating social customs imposed on them.

scholarly journals Gender Inequalities and the Effects of Feminine Artworks on Public Spaces: A Dialogue

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-167
Author(s):  
Hooshmand Alizadeh ◽  
Josef Kohlbacher ◽  
Rozhen Kamal Mohammed-Amin ◽  
Tabin Latif Raouf
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Street Art ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Kurdish Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The City

Feminist street art aims to transform patriarchal spaces into places of gendered resistance by asserting a feminist presence in the city. Considering this, as well as women’s social life, their struggle against lingering forces of patriarchy, and relating features of inequality (domestic violence), there was a feminist installation artwork by the young Kurdish artist Tara Abdulla that shook the city of Sulaimani in Iraqi Kurdistan on 26 October 2020. She had prepared a 4,800‐meter‐long washing line covered with the clothes of 99,678 Kurdish women who were survivors of sexual and gender‐based violence. They installed it along the busiest street of the city (Salim Street). She used this piece of feminine to express her reaction to the Kurdish society regarding, the abuse that goes on silently, behind closed doors. She also aimed towards normalizing women’s bodies. After the installation, she received many controversial reactions. As her artwork was a pioneering project in line with feminist issues in Kurdistan which preoccupied the city for quite a while, the aim of this article is to investigate the diverse effects of her work on the current dialogue regarding gender inequality in the Kurdish society. To do this, we used the research method of content analysis on big data (Facebook comments) to investigate the public reactions of a larger number of locals. The Feminine effectively exposed some of the deep‐rooted cultural, religious, and social barriers in addressing gender inequalities and silent sexual violence issues in the modern Kurdish patriarchal society.

Female entrepreneurship in the Baltics: formal and informal context

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanita Rugina
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Baltic

Purpose This paper aims to review female entrepreneurship in a (post) transition context, analysing its almost three-decade development in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Little research has focussed to date on female entrepreneurship in the Baltic countries. Using an institutional perspective, this paper aims to explain the unique interplay of formal and informal contexts that have shaped the development of female entrepreneurship in (post-) transition contexts. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on an institutional reading and analysis of secondary data: statistical data, international reports and previous studies on female entrepreneurs. Findings There are more than 130,000 female entrepreneurs in the Baltic countries who share many common features and challenges. While the formal entrepreneurship environment is considered to be very developed in the Baltic countries, women are under-represented among the population of entrepreneurs, and there is gender-based sectoral segregation of female entrepreneurs in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This indicates a need to recognise the diversity of patterns in entrepreneurial development, reflecting different inheritances from the Soviet past and the inertial character of some informal institutions, not to mention the differences in the pace of change during the transition period following the Soviet era. Practical implications This research can be used for academics, professionals, researchers and policymakers working in the fields of small business and entrepreneurship. Its data can furthermore be used to develop evidence-based policy and actions that would foster the participation of women in entrepreneurship in Baltic countries. Originality/value So far, little research has focussed on female entrepreneurship in the Baltic countries. The paper attempts to investigate that Baltic countries with their history of emphasis on gender equality on one hand and the award-winning business and entrepreneurship system on the other hand demonstrate relatively low levels of women’s entrepreneurship. This paper aims to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship, illustrating how entrepreneurship is linked to its social context.

scholarly journals The heterogeneous landscape of innovation in female led-businesses – cross-country comparisons

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adina Filculescu
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Public Support ◽  
High Growth ◽  
International Programs ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women Business Owners ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Female led-businesses are nowadays regarded as a vehicle for worldwide economic and social wellbeing. Seen as a mechanism for better social inclusion, empowerment, wide institutional change and local economic development, female entrepreneurship has been the focus of many scholarly pursuits. However, one field in which the interest in female-led businesses has been somewhat overlooked and overshadowed by other topics is the field of innovation studies. There are various national and international programs meant to increase the level of innovativeness of female-led businesses and there are reports presenting somewhat contradictory results in which women business owners are portrayed either as more innovative or at a disadvantage when it comes to the resources needed for innovation in comparison to their male counterparts. Thus, this study seeks to disentangle the various aspects which affect the landscape of innovation in female led-businesses by focusing on the way in which the national contexts creates opportunities or barriers for innovation. Based on the qualitative data provided by the GEM 2012 Adult Population Survey, we show that, in the case of the six countries included in the sample, the landscape is highly heterogeneous and that macrolevel indicators such as percentage of female entrepreneurs, public support for high growth female entrepreneurship and gender equality are not capable of fully explaining the innovation behavior of female-led businesses. The results presented here contribute to advancing the research on innovation and female entrepreneurship by opening up new avenues for research which will renounce the paradigm of an ideal type of female-led business, and start to seriously take into consideration the heterogeneity of these businesses and of the landscapes in which they operate.

scholarly journals EXPLORING THE FACTORS PF WOMEN ENTERPRENEURES IN PAKISTAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhtiar Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

Purpose- Female entrepreneurship is a famous building block of economy pay .it technique to create employment that could pay back to self-growth which ultimately leads to economic gr0w. it is smarty contracting With various economic and social barrier round the Globe. Economic inequality and jobless are main concerns to Pakistan in present days. Entrepreneurship s an asset which is able to climate all evil linked with economic prosperity In equalities and job creation. The prime focus of this investigation was to determine the social, cultural and economic insinuations of Women entrepreneurship and also determine the basis and motivational features obstructions and gender biasness. Methodology- This research S Exploratory in nature. Based on quantities data collected through a questionnaire from 250 female entrepreneurs from the whole Sind. Research hypotheses were Tested using one sample t-test though SPSS 17. Findings- The findings revealed that large number of women entrepreneurs begun their business with great motivation in raising monetary level monetary levels & their Finding institutions procedures they fail to achieve their objectives Statistical investigation indicate is an important between experience of business of the female entrepreneurs and their views about women entrepreneurship. Practical Implication- The findings are helpful for Government Financial & Not for Profit 0rganiszation to devise strategies to promote women entrepreneurship in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Female Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth: An Institutional Theory Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
Ansar Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Creativity And Innovation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Sources

Women are untapped resources for economic growth. Female entrepreneurs, like their male counterparts, can boast the economic growth of a country. Women owned business creates jobs which results in poverty alleviation and eradication of unemployment. Similarly, women entrepreneurs add diversity to the entrepreneurial mix of a country. Female entrepreneurs intensify competition through creativity and innovation. However, the institutional profile and overall business environment of any country have significant role in women business start-ups. This study attempts to provide a plausible account on how women entrepreneurs increase economic development of a country. It is proposed that women entrepreneurs enhance the national competitiveness level which leads to rapid economic growth. Moreover, the relationship between female entrepreneurship and national competiveness level is moderated by overall business environment of the country. To test this framework, data was collected from different sources. The results of regression analysis support the research hypotheses.

Gender-Based Differences in Entrepreneurial Behaviour

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Galloway ◽  
Wendy Brown ◽  
Pia Arenius
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Business Growth ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
Domestic Roles

In most countries the rate of female entrepreneurship is around half of that for males. In an era when the vast majority of the modern world has legislative and practical gender equality in terms of economic opportunity, a common question for studies of entrepreneurship is why female rates consistently lag behind those of males. Using results obtained in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2000, this paper addresses that question by analysing rates of entrepreneurship amongst males and females in two European countries of similar size: Finland and Scotland. Differences and similarities in types and characteristics of female entrepreneurs and female-owned businesses in the two countries are also investigated, as are culture, attitudes to entrepreneurship and public support systems (including education). This comparative study suggests that female entrepreneurship often comprises unique circumstances and characteristics, such as differences (from males) in motivations for startup and for business growth, and limited variation in industry sectors entered. The study also shows that female business owners tend to maintain traditional domestic roles alongside their professional ones. While further research is necessary, it is clear that if rates of female entrepreneurship are to increase, as is identified as a priority in both Finland and Scotland (Ministry of Trade and Industry, Finland, 2000; Scottish Enterprise, 2001), greater account should be taken of the different profile female entrepreneurs can have from males, as well as specific socio-cultural and institutionalized constraints to female enterprise.

scholarly journals Gender Power and Family Decision in an Extended Solowian Economic Growth Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Wei-Bin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Family Behavior ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Family Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Fixed Distribution

The purpose of this paper is to deal with dynamic interdependence between economic growth and family-based behavior. The decision unit on consumption and saving is the family which is composed of the husband and the wife. The model endogenously determines national growth, family goods, family wealth, and gender-differentiated consumption and labor supply with fixed distribution of power between the husband and the wife. The model is based on synthesizing a few approaches in economics. The growth mechanism and economic structure are based on a generalized Solowian growth model. The household behavior is based on Zhang’s concept of disposable income and utility. The power distribution is referred to the collective approach by Basu (2006). We first develop the model and study dynamic behavior of the model. We conduct comparative dynamic analyses to demonstrate how economic growth interacts with family behavior by allowing exogenous changes in gender power distribution, gender-based preferences and human capital, and national technological changes.

scholarly journals EXPLORING THE FACTORS PF WOMEN ENTERPRENEURES IN PAKISTAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhtiar Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender

Purpose- Female entrepreneurship is a famous building block of economy pay .it technique to create employment that could pay back to self-growth which ultimately leads to economic gr0w. it is smarty contracting With various economic and social barrier round the Globe. Economic inequality and jobless are main concerns to Pakistan in present days. Entrepreneurship s an asset which is able to climate all evil linked with economic prosperity In equalities and job creation. The prime focus of this investigation was to determine the social, cultural and economic insinuations of Women entrepreneurship and also determine the basis and motivational features obstructions and gender biasness. Methodology- This research S Exploratory in nature. Based on quantities data collected through a questionnaire from 250 female entrepreneurs from the whole Sind. Research hypotheses were Tested using one sample t-test though SPSS 17. Findings- The findings revealed that large number of women entrepreneurs begun their business with great motivation in raising monetary level monetary levels & their Finding institutions procedures they fail to achieve their objectives Statistical investigation indicate is an important between experience of business of the female entrepreneurs and their views about women entrepreneurship. Practical Implication- The findings are helpful for Government Financial &Not for Profit 0rganiszation to devise strategies to promote women entrepreneurship in Pakistan.

scholarly journals The Global Rise of Female Entrepreneurship: Introducing the Self- Elevation Hypothesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Falih M. Alsaaty ◽  
Hany H. Makhlouf
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Self ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Current State ◽  
Undesirable State ◽  
Global Entrepreneurship ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Social Importance

Female entrepreneurs are fast increasing in number, and economic and social importance. In addition to their impressive rate of growth in the United States over the last few decades, their growth has been noted in many countries, particularly in Australia, Britain, Denmark, The Netherlands, France, Iceland, Sweden, Finland, and Norway, according to the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute (GEDI). This trend is likely to continue, and even to accelerate, with changes in societal attitudes and old stereotypes as well as with the improvement in female education, and women’s rights and gender equality laws. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) provide an overview of the growth and current state of female entrepreneurship, (2) survey the relevant literature, and (3) introduce the “self-Elevation” hypothesis that points to the inner needs that propel some women to attempt to raise their status by establishing new businesses. We propose this hypothesis in the hope that it would be a subject of future scholarly research and debate. It is important to add that, for this study, we define “self-elevation” as the individual’s inner drive to move or contribute to the movement from an undesirable state of affair to a more desirable one, like a better financial standing, and a more prosperous community.

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