scholarly journals FRIEDRICH HÖLDERLIN's AESTHETICS BETWEEN PLATO AND KANT (TO THE QUESTION OF FORMATION OF THE CATEGORIES OF THE BEAUTIFUL AND SUBLIME)

Author(s):  
I.B. ч I.B. Kazakova

The article analyzes the aesthetic views of Friedrich Hölderlin, and, first, his understanding of the categories of the Beautiful and Sublime. Particular attention is paid to the comparison of Hölderlin's views with the aesthetic teachings of Plato and Immanuel Kant, who had a great influence on the German poet. The author of the article concludes that Hölderlin sought to unite the Platonian and Kantian understanding of beauty, seeing the similarity between the concepts of Plato and Kant in the question of the source of the beautiful. The central for aesthetics of Hölderlin was the problem of combining the spheres of aesthetic and ethical, to solve which he relied on the idea of Kant about beautiful as a symbol of the moral good and the Teaching of Plato on the climbing of the soul to the Good. Hölderlin pays less attention to the theoretical development of the category of the Sublime than to the comprehension of the category of the Beautiful, however, in his writings, the Sublime is present implicitly, and Hölderlin's understanding of this category is close, on the one hand, to Platonian, bringing together the Beautiful and the Sublime, and, on the other, to Kantian understanding, which brings the Sublime together with the idea of infinity, God and the sphere of morality. The conclusions to which Hölderlin comes, are far from Platonism, and from Kantianism. The poet concludes about the central and leading role of poetry and poetic gift in the knowledge of the world, which should be aesthetic. This indicates a romantic way to interpret Hölderlin's aesthetic concepts of Plato and Kant.

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137
Author(s):  
John H. Zammito

Abstract Robert Doran claims that the sublime is all about transcendence transferred from the religious to the aesthetic domain of experience. Taken in this philosophical rather than stylistic sense, it proved crucial for the development of modern subjectivity. Doran traces the issue from Longinus through the decisive reception of Nicolas Boileau, who first distinguished le sublime from le style sublime, on to an extended engagement with Immanuel Kant. In all this he seeks its place in the rise of the modern bourgeois subject. The social-historical connections tend to be a bit overstated, first, with regard to Boileau and the idea of the honnête homme, and especially with the claim that “Burke treats aesthetic concepts as proxies for sociopolitical categories.” It is not fruitful for an understanding of Kant, either. This weakens his powerful argument for the philosophical significance of the sublime in modern thought.


Author(s):  
Bart Vandenabeele

Schopenhauer explores the paradoxical nature of the aesthetic experience of the sublime in a richer way than his predecessors did by rightfully emphasizing the prominent role of the aesthetic object and the ultimately affirmative character of the pleasurable experience it offers. Unlike Kant, Schopenhauer’s doctrine of the sublime does not appeal to the superiority of human reason over nature but affirms the ultimately “superhuman” unity of the world, of which the human being is merely a puny fragment. The author focuses on Schopenhauer’s treatment of the experience of the sublime in nature and argues that Schopenhauer makes two distinct attempts to resolve the paradox of the sublime and that Schopenhauer’s second attempt, which has been neglected in the literature, establishes the sublime as a viable aesthetic concept with profound significance.


Adam alemi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (86) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
G. Solovieva

Ethical and aesthetic consciousness is considered in the article as a single phenomenon with a priority of the ethical component. The analysis is carried out in comparative studies of two methods: consideration of the topic in the mirror of modern literature of Kazakhstan as a form of public consciousness and study of the same problem in the mirror of sociological material. These approaches complement each other and make it possible to identify two levels of social consciousness in the ethical and aesthetic dimension: the existing and the due. Sociology enables analysis at the first level. Literature combines both the one and the other, emphasizing the level of due, transformation of reality and resolution of the indicated contradictions. As a result, it was found that the key construct of the ethical and aesthetic consciousness of Kazakhstanis is the idea of cohesion and unity of all ethnic groups with the leading role of the Kazakh people. This idea has the deepest moral meaning and at the same time has the status of beauty, i.e. character aesthetic. Discord is always ugly. Whereas, unity in its essence is beautiful, showing a combination of good and beauty.


1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Christin Kocher-Schmid

AbstractBiodiversity is not exclusively a product of pristine natural processes but is also, to a considerable degree, caused by human activities. This is demonstrated by a detailed inspection of the use and classification of plants by the people of Nokopo village in the Finisterre Range of Papua New Guinea. Nokopo people recognise and value biodiversity on all its levels - genetic diversity, species diversity and diversity of ecosystems - and their activities enhance overall biodiversity. This can be partly explained by the usefulness biodiversity has to them, in terms of resource access and other utilitarian considerations. On the other hand, aesthetic concepts and values make a significant contribution. Both these intrinsically interwoven components - the utilitarian and the aesthetic component respectively - form the base for understanding the major role humans play in creating and maintaining biodiversity, the role of keystone species enhancing overall biodiversity in a given ecosystem.


2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-409
Author(s):  
MILES LARMER

ABSTRACTZambia's unsuccessful coup attempt in 1980 was initiated by members of the country's intellectual and business elite, who had played a leading role in the postcolonial civil service and state bureaucracy, but who became disillusioned with the takeover of the state by the ruling party before and after the declaration of the one-party state in 1972. Among their number was Valentine Musakanya, one of those convicted for the coup attempt. Using Musakanya's biographical and other writings, this article explores his intellectual trajectory from head of the civil service to political prisoner. In so doing, it investigates the role of life writing in aiding understanding of the postcolonial political history of Africa.


A number of dangerous tendencies that generate turbulence of social relations lead to active desocialization of people. Among these tendencies are: leading role of pragmatics, transformation of the ideal of culture; “spirit of haste”, modification of communicative and ethical norms, digital addiction, digital dementia, digital autism, problems connected with the ecology of language and culture, destruction of the desire to obtain the cultural values, etc. All of these factors restrict, destroy and, eventually, make impossible the most important form of human interaction − communication. The effectiveness of communication is ensured, in particular, by the amount of knowledge provided by the so-called communicative disciplines. Knowledge of the linguistic norms and general rules of communication guarantees its success and, thus, on the one hand, meets the high requirements of the communicative competence of a modern person, and on the other hand, actively allows to resist the aforecited dangerous social tendencies. This determines the priority of communicative disciplines in modern education, in particular, practical stylistics and culture of speech. The article debunks the stereotypes about communicative disciplines as “secondary” row ones; demonstrates the multidirectionality of these ideas and modern educational requirements, which are formed as “the request of the modern time”. Specific measures are outlined to actualize the teaching of practical stylistics and culture of speech in modern educational programs. An attempt is made to draw the attention of the philological community to the crisis in teaching communicative disciplines and its possible consequences.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Dr Syed Abdul Majid Ghouri

The Chapter of Fatiha is conceived as one of the paramount chapters of the Holy Qur’an; rather, it is unprecedented one in the sense that not a similar chapter has been revealed in any of revealed Books including the Qur’an itself. Also, as many prophetic traditions have been narrated with regard to its virtues as not narrated concerning any other chapter; the objectives of this chapter have extensively been discussed more than other chapter; and this chapter is characterized by having many names more than all other chapters. Moreover, this chapter, despite of being conciseness, comprises of three types of Tawhid (Oneness of God); namely, Oneness in terms of Lordship, Oneness in terms of Divinity, and Oneness in terms of Names and Attributes. Similarly, this chapter is characterized with many other features: such as the role of this chapter in attracting benefits and removing harms, healing of deceased, (getting divine) guidance, and fulfilling necessities. In addition to this, the Qur’an begins with this chapter. It is stated that it is one of the basic elements of the prayer without which prayer does not stand valid. It, by all means, indicates to the sublime nature, great features and magnificent virtues that this chapter holds. This work analyses the prophetic traditions narrated concerning this chapter and focuses over its objectives, names, virtues and characteristics in the light of authentic prophetic traditions. Meanwhile, the researcher adopts hybrid methodology: namely inductive one and critical one. On the one hand, critical method is adopted for searching and gathering all relevant traditions that discuss in one way or another this chapter; and, on the other hand, inductive method is adopted for analyzing the relevant traditions and drawing significant conclusions therefrom. At the end, a conclusion is added that contains several important remarks which have been drawn while this study.


2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
György Fogarasi

Abstract The 18th-century notion of the picturesque is somewhat lesser known as compared to the more celebrated categories of the beautiful and the sublime, even though it may not only help us critically reflect upon modern perceptions of the landscape, but it may also provide us a unique way to link the field of aesthetic speculation with questions of technology and economy. The article will focus on two of the major theoreticians of the picturesque (William Gilpin and Uvedale Price) and will examine their ideas in relation to Edmund Burke’s aesthetics on the one hand, and contemporary tendencies in landscape gardening (as represented by Lancelot “Capability” Brown and Humphry Repton) on the other. Such an investigation may shed light on the multiple shifts in the perception of nature and the sense of naturalness during the long 18th century, as well as on the pictorial and theatrical aspects of landscape design. But examples of the Claude glass, the ha-ha, and Humphry Repton’s Red Books may also indicate the role of technological innovations and economic interests, and thereby the relevancy of the very discourse of the picturesque to more modern or even postmodern artistic, cultural, and medial developments.


2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Masturin Masturin

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>:<em> The role of women  seems still  to be a discourse that becomes a debate among the  feminist theoreticians. Something that becomes the crucial problem is how to position the role of women in contemporary Islamic societies. Through a thematic interpretation approach, this paper tried to describe the role of women in Islamic societies in the post-modern era. Discourse and gender movement had a great influence on Muslim society. The demands on the role of women were not only related to the role of freedom of their activities in the domestic realm but also related to the public domain. The Qur'an was present not in the empty time and but rather to respond to a variety of community activities in place in which it was revealed. He - the Qu’ran - had an idealistic normative values that should be believed, held and executed. The text data of the Qu’ran could be illustrated by a triadic system depicting the role of women and their relationships with the Lord, the roles and relationships of women in the family; and the roles and relationships in the community, including the Islamic community. Islam, as a religion, on the one hand was not only as a pure idea that was absolute and universal, but on the other hand, it was also as a product of the ideas that are not only relative but also limited. However, with its relativity and limitation as the product of the thought, it was still able to show the distinction of its egalitarian with the concept built by modern-secular feminism movement through the principle of parity.</em></p><p dir="RTL"><strong>الملخص</strong> :أصبحت المرأة موضوع نقاش بين مفكّرات النسوية إلى الآن. القضية المهمّة هي كيف يكون دور المرأة في المجتمع المسلم المعاصر. حاولت هذه الدراسة – بمدخل التفسير الموضوعي – تصوير دور المرأة في المجتمع المسلم في العصر بعد الحداثة. الحركة والأفكار  عن الجنس لها أثرها في المجتمع المسلم. اقتضاءات المرأة ليس فقط عن حريّة العمل في الأسرة لكن كذلك في المجتمع. وإن القرآن لاينزل في ثقافة مجتمع فارغة، لكنّه يستجيب شتى الأنشطة والأعمال قام بها المجتمع الذي نزل فيه. والقرآن فيه تعاليم وقيم أدبية شاملة كاملة التي يجب الاعتقاد بها والتمسك بها والعمل بها. والنصوص القرآنية تمثّل ترياديك التي تصوّر دور المرأة وعلاقتها بالله، دورها وعلاقتها بالأسرة، ودورها في المجتمع وخاصة المجتمع المسلم. والإسلام ككونه آراء أصيلة وهو عام ومطلق، لكن لكونه نتائج أفكار فهو غير مطلق ومحدّد. ولكن بكونه مثل هذا، استطاع أن يكون فارقا واضحا بينه وبين المفهومات التي أتت بها الحركة النسوية  المعاصرة العلمانية عن طريق الأساس بارتاس.</p><p><strong>Abstrak:<em> </em></strong><em>Peran perempuan merupakan diskursus yang masih jadi perbincangan teoritisi feminis. Hal yang menjadi problem krusial adalah bagaimana memposisikan peran perempuan dalam masyarakat Islam kekinian. Melalui pendekatan tafsir tematik, tulisan ini mencoba untuk mendiskripsikan peran perempuan dalam masyarakat Islam di era post-modern. Wacana dan gerakan gender memiliki pengaruh besar bagi masyarakat Islam. Tuntutan peran tidak saja terkait kebebasan beraktifitas di ranah domestik tetapi juga terkait dengan ranah publik. Al-Qur’an hadir tidak dalam ruang dan waktu yang hampa, melainkan merespon beragam aktifitas masyarakat di tempat ia diturunkan. Ia – al-Qur’an – memiliki tata nilai normatif-idealitik yang harus diyakini, dipegang teguh dan dijalankan. Data-data teks al-Qur’an, dapat diilustrasikan dengan sebuah triadik yang menggambarkan peran perempuan dan relasinya dengan Tuhan; peran dan relasi perempuan dalam keluarga; dan peran dan relasinya dalam masyarakat termasuk masyarakat Islam. Islam, sebagai sebuah agama, di satu sisi merupakan ide murni karenanya absolut dan universal, namun di sisi yang lain, ia merupakan hasil pemikiran yang tidak saja relatif tetapi juga terbatas. Namun dengan kerelatifan dan keterbatasan hasil pemikiran itu, ia tetap mampu menunjukkan distingsi egaliteriannya dengan konsepsi yang dibangun gerakan feminism modern-sekuler melalui prinsip paritas.                            </em></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>tafsir, domestik, publik, absolut, sub-ordinat, paritas.</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek R. Ford ◽  
Tyson E. Lewis

As social movements amplify across the globe, activists and researchers are increasingly interested in the pedagogies of revolutionary transformation. To provide a rich resource for political educators and organizers, this article formulates what we call an (un)communicative communist pedagogy that is oriented against communicative capitalism. We show that there is a taut connection between capitalism and democracy that consists of a shared logic, pedagogy, and aesthetic that revolves around communication, inclusion, and transparency. Without grasping this aesthetic connection, anticapitalist struggles are reduced to liberal reforms that end up reinforcing and deepening capitalist production relations. To break out of this trap, we block together several political, philosophical, and aesthetic theories that might otherwise be thought of as mutually exclusive. In particular, we return to Immanuel Kant and his theory of the beautiful and the sublime to make a case that connections between capitalism and democracy rest on an unexamined aesthetic of the beautiful. To sever this link, and thus to push democratic struggles for equality toward a communist horizon, we suggest a new alignment between radical politics and aesthetics of the sublime via the Communist Party. Importantly, we find in the work of Jean-François Lyotard the point of intersection between communist pedagogy and sublime aesthetics. In closing, we read this aesthetic communist pedagogy through a communist study group in the Jim Crow South. What we find is a different aesthetic relationship between self and world that is not prefigured in various forms of liberal reformism. Rather, an excessive surplus is discovered that presses beyond the boundaries of what can be known and what can be imaginatively figured, provoking a sense of ineffable sublimity or political opacity. We call this excess the aesthetic dimension of (un)communicative communism.


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