SERVIÇOS ECOSSISTÊMICOS: ABORDAGEM TEÓRICO-CONCEITUAL NA PERSPECTIVA DA GEOGRAFIA FÍSICA

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-539
Author(s):  
Nayara Marques Santos ◽  
Denise Santos Saldanha ◽  
Diógenes Félix Da Silva Costa ◽  
Zuleide Maria Carvalho Lima
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
De Se ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Survey Review ◽  
Object Of Study

Os processos ecológicos dos ecossistemas são responsáveis pelo funcionamento dos sistemas ambientais e prestação de serviços para manutenção do bem-estar humano, denominados de Serviços Ecossistêmicos (SE). Compreender as interrelações entre processos e funções dos ecossistemas para os serviços prestados à sociedade, apresenta-se como um desafio para a Geografia, posto que está ciência tem como objeto de estudo a relação do homem com a natureza considerando a dinâmica espacial em que o primeiro está inserido. A presente proposta teve como objetivo discutir como a ciência geográfica embasa e contribui de forma teórico-metodológica para a discussão da dinâmica espacial dos Serviços Ecossistêmicos. O principal procedimento metodológico utilizado foi o levantamento, revisão e análise de material bibliográfico referente a temática abordada. Os conceitos, teorias e métodos presentes na Geografia podem contribuir em diferentes perspectivas para análise, identificação e classificação dos SE, como por exemplo, o conceito de paisagem e as abordagens das teorias Geossistêmica e da Ecologia da Paisagem. Desse modo, é notória a necessidade da integração de abordagens dentro do estudo dos Serviços Ecossistêmicos, visto a complexidade que envolve a dinâmica entre os ecossistemas e a sociedade.Palavras-chave: Geossistema, Ecossistema, Paisagem. ABSTRACTEcological processes of ecosystems are controlled by the functioning of environmental systems and the provision of human well-being services, called Ecosystem Services (SE). Understanding the interrelationships between processes and functions of ecosystems for services rendered to society presents itself as a challenge for Geography, since this science has as object of study the relation of man to nature considering the spatial dynamics in which the first it's inserted. The present proposal had as objective to discuss how the geographic science bases and contributes in a theoretical-methodological way for the discussion of the spatial dynamics of the Ecosystem Services. The main methodological procedure used was the survey, review and analysis of bibliographic material referring to the subject matter. The concepts, theories and methods present in Geography can contribute in different perspectives for the analysis, identification and classification of SE, such as the concept of landscape and the approaches of Geosystemic and Landscape Ecology. Thus, the need for the integration of approaches within the Ecosystem Services study is notorious, since the complexity involved in the dynamics between ecosystems and society.Keywords: Geosystem, Ecosystem, Landscape. RESUMENLos procesos ecológicos del ecosistema son responsables del funcionamiento de los sistemas ambientales y de la provisión de servicios para el mantenimiento del bienestar humano, llamados Servicios del Ecosistema (SE). Comprender las interrelaciones entre los procesos y las funciones del ecosistema para los servicios prestados a la sociedad es un desafío para la Geografía, ya que esta ciencia tiene como objeto de estudio la relación entre el hombre y la naturaleza considerando la dinámica espacial en la que el primero está insertado. El propósito de esta propuesta es discutir cómo la ciencia geográfica sustenta y contribuye de manera teórica y metodológica a la discusión de la dinámica espacial de los Servicios de los Ecosistemas. El principal procedimiento metodológico utilizado fue la encuesta, revisión y análisis de material bibliográfico relacionado con el tema abordado. Los conceptos, teorías y métodos presentes en Geografía pueden contribuir en diferentes perspectivas para el análisis, identificación y clasificación de SE, como el concepto de paisaje y los enfoques de las teorías geosistémicas y la ecología del paisaje. Por lo tanto, la necesidad de integrar enfoques en el estudio de los servicios de los ecosistemas es notoria, dada la complejidad que implica la dinámica entre los ecosistemas y la sociedad.Palabra clave: Geosistema, Ecosistema, Paisaje.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Spatial Dynamics and Interactions among Multiple Ecosystem Services to Promote Effective Policy Making across Mediterranean Island Landscapes

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Lorilla ◽  
Konstantinos Poirazidis ◽  
Stamatis Kalogirou ◽  
Vassilis Detsis ◽  
Aristotelis Martinis
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Ionian Islands ◽  
Trade Offs

To manage multiple ecosystem services (ES) effectively, it is essential to understand how the dynamics of ES maintain healthy ecosystems to avoid potential negative impacts on human well-being in the context of sustainable development. In particular, the Ionian Islands in the central Mediterranean are characterized by high natural, ecological, and recreational value; however, the intensification of human activities over time has resulted in the loss of natural ecosystems, which might have negatively impacted ES. Here, we aimed to assess and understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of ES supply and how these components interact across the Ionian Islands to optimize future ES provision and mitigate current trade-offs. We quantified multiple ecosystem services and analyzed their interactions at a temporal scale across the four prefectures of the Ionian Islands. Seven ES were quantified covering all three ES sections (provisioning, regulating and maintenance, and cultural) of the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). ES interactions were investigated by analyzing ES relationships, identifying ES bundles (sets of ES that repeatedly occur together across space and time), and specifying ES occurrence within bundles. The three ES groups exhibited similar patterns on some islands, but differed on islands with areas of high recreation in parallel to low provisioning and regulating ES. Temporal variations showed both stability and changes to the supply of ES, as well as in the interactions among them. Different patterns among the islands were caused by the degree of mixing between natural vegetation and olive orchards. This study identified seven ES bundles that had distinct compositions and magnitudes, with both unique and common bundles being found among the islands. The olive grove bundle delivered the most ES, while the non-vegetated bundle delivered negligible amounts of ES. Spatial and temporal variation in ES appear to be determined by agriculture, land abandonment, and increasing tourism, as well as the occurrence of fires. Knowledge about the spatial dynamics and interactions among ES could provide information for stakeholders and decision-making processes to develop appropriate sustainable management of the ecosystems on the Ionian Islands to secure ecological, social, and economic resilience.

Part VI The Law of Property, 29 The Distinction Between Movables and Immovables

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torremans Paul
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

This chapter examines the distinction between movables and immovables under English private international law. The first task of the court in a private international law case when required to rule on the question of a proprietary or possessory nature is to decide whether the item of property in dispute is movable or immovable. The legal system that will be applicable to the case depends on this preliminary decision. This chapter first considers the classification of the subject matter of ownership into movables and immovables by the law of the situs before looking at some examples relating to mortgages, trusts for sale, and annuities. It also discusses the relevance of the distinction between realty and personalty and concludes by explaining the distinction between tangible and intangible movables.

Subjects of Tax Relations: Features of Legal Status and Classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2024
Author(s):  
Liubov M. KАSIANENKO ◽  
Nataliа I. ATAMANCHUK ◽  
Olena O. BOIKO-SLOBOZHAN ◽  
Olena V. SHAKIROVA ◽  
Sergiy O. DANILOV
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Subject

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned upon the fact that nowadays, both tax law theory and the current tax legislation fail to provide a single, unified definition of the concept of ‘subject of tax relations’. Furthermore, there is no clear criteria for the division of subjects of tax relations into types, which makes it impossible to establish the exact scope of participants in tax relations, and to determine the level of their tax legal personality. The purpose of this paper is to determine the scope of participants in tax relations, to analyze and clarify the legal status of established subjects and determine the functions that they perform in tax legal relations, as well as, on the basis of the results obtained, to construct a detailed classification of subjects of tax relations. The key method of scientific research is the method of scientific modelling, because in this article, on the basis of the analysis of existing scientific positions and provisions of legislation, the authors build their own theoretical model of the subject matter, formulate a conceptual apparatus and offer their practical application. This paper examines the subjects of tax relations, examines their types, outlines the limits of their legal personality in tax relations. The analysis of national legislation and various scientific approaches provides for the classification of subjects of tax relations, the legal status and the role they play in the tax mechanism are determined. The paper develops proposals for practical content to improve the provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine on subjects of tax relations, provides author's definitions of the concept of ‘subjects of tax relations’. The provisions, conclusions, proposals and recommendations formulated in this paper can be used in: lawmaking – to improve and adopt new regulations, to amend existing legislation, to adapt them to the best European and international models; the law enforcement – to improve tax relations with the participation of public authorities; scientific research – for further study of financial and legal issues of participation of public authorities in budget relations; educational process – when teaching the subjects ‘Financial Law’, ‘Tax Law’, ‘Administrative Law’, ‘Topical Problems of Financial Law of Ukraine’ and related training courses.  

scholarly journals The concept of a certain forensic technique and its types

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
S. O. Knizhenko
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Contemporary Development ◽  
Scientific Ideas ◽  
Group Species

The forensic technique is one of the sections of forensic science which task is to develop recommendations for the effective investigation of certain types of crimes. Nowadays there is no consensus among scholars about the concept of a certain forensic technique, its types, structure and tasks. The objective of the work is to determine the concept of a certain forensic technique and its types, taking into account the contemporary development of scientific ideas about criminalistics. The author of the article has revealed the modern tasks of a certain forensic technique, has determined the sphere of distribution of forensic recommendations. The classification of methods of investigation of certain types of crimes has been offered taking into account the taxonomy, which will lead the construction, implementation of new and modernization of existing forensic techniques to a new level. It has been noted that the current development of criminalistics leads to the need to apply forensic recommendations both at the stage of pre-trial investigation, and during the judicial review of criminal proceedings. In this regard, one of the tasks of a certain forensic technique is the development of methodological recommendations not only for investigators, but also for prosecutors, judges. A certain forensic technique in the opinion of the author is the system of typed criminalistic recommendations in a certain form stipulated by investigative (court) situations and by the subject matter of proving regarding the most appropriate complexes of procedural actions, operative and search activities and tactical operations, their combination with the use of technical and forensic means and tactical methods according to the type of crimes aimed at the effective detection, consolidation, evaluation and use of evidence in criminal proceedings. Types of certain forensic techniques are allocated on various features, which take into account both criminal and criminalistic criteria and make up the following levels: group, species, generic, intergeneric (complex).

scholarly journals Enterprise in the Country Areas of Lower Silesiain the Condition of Market Competition

Equilibrium ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-92
Author(s):  
Irena Kropsz
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Profound Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lower Silesia

The aim behind the search of the new possibilities of development of enterprise is to match the market competition and lead an effective promotion of products. The essential condition is also a profound knowledge of the market on which a particular company operates. The study relates to the analyses of 200 companies working in the country areas of the Lower Silesian province. The subject matter of the analyses concerned the ways of competing and the form of promotion; additionally, the researchers identified the kind of the market on which activities are lead, and their main recipients; moreover, the competition of different firms was estimated and the classification of barriers of enterprise development in Lower Silesia was carried out.

scholarly journals Aprendiendo a través de la enseñanza: programa enfocado a la enseñanza de la lógica de programación desde etapas tempranas en escuelas públicas apoyado por aprendizaje-servicio.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Service Learning ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Technical Training ◽  
Pedagogical Model ◽  
Design Activities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Academic Year

Teachers’own experiences allows them to select appropriate strategies and learning methodologies to design activities that would allow students to stay motivated and achieve the learning objectives of the course. This represents a challenge with the new generation of students that are easily distracted, have little tolerance and patience , and are used to solving problems quickly by simply looking up the information required through an internet search. Before starting the academic year, teachers have to take into account the necessary technological resources to use, in addition to having r edesigned a course according to the institutional pedagogical model, without ignoring their experience in the subject matter. Incorporating the paradigm of learning through teaching, linking it with the service learning methodology and various challenging activities, has an impact not only on technical training but also on the all around education of the students. Better results are achieved in terms of efficiency, effectiveness and quality, as well as boosting students’ commitment and well being, thus esta blishing a good correlation between the student's interests and what we expect them to learn. The main protagonists are the students who teach and learn during the semester, gradually growing in knowledge, managing to construct knowledge themselves thanks to the activities carried out in class, at home and those associated with the service, whilst also benefitting a community with certain needs.

scholarly journals School-House Relationships on Different Stages of Children and Teenagers (Youth) Development

Pedagogika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Bednarska
Keyword(s):  
Youth Development ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Subject

The school-house relationships have great impact on the quality of the educational process. This article is to draw an attention to those relationships, taking into consideration particularly different relations between the teacher and the parent regarding the stage of development of the student, who is the subject of this issue. It seems that the awareness of parents and teachers of the subject matter of this relationship, on what they should focus, especially what tasks they should perform for the child’s sake and his well being, can significantly improve not only school-house relationships, but above all things, it can generally improve the situation of the child at school which he or she attends.

Kinds of freshwater and their relation to ecosystem services and human well-being

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1229-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakeel Hayat ◽  
Joyeeta Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Ecological Systems ◽  
The Subject

The concept of ecosystem services (ESS) has evolved as a link between society and the environment and is recognized by both natural and social scientists. While this concept is increasingly being developed and applied to various ecological systems, it has not been defined specifically for different kinds of water. As water circulation is crucial for large-scale services, such as climatic and hydrological regulation at global and regional scales, water provides specific ecological and anthropogenic services needed for a myriad of chemical, biological, and social needs. Various scholars mostly deal with one specific kind of water, while efforts at water governance need to understand that water passes through different phases and geographical locations providing different services at multiple scales within social-ecological systems. Hence, this paper addresses the question: what are the ESS of different kinds of freshwater and how are these services linked to human well-being? This paper investigates the literature on the subject to create a taxonomy of the kinds of water and their relations to ESS and human well-being. The paper concludes by identifying the implications for governing different kinds of water in order to enhance the potential for optimizing the ESS provided by water in its different phases.

Scientific Literature and the Classification of the Sciences

1958 ◽  
Vol 2 (19) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
H. D. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Decimal Point ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Decimal System ◽  
Word Classification ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The word “classification” is used here in its sense of “the result of classifying” rather than the action of so doing. Since the resulting classification has special reference to the subject-matter of science as a whole, it is natural to turn to the scientific literature of various periods for an indication of how this classification has been developed. For sake of comparison, reference may be made to one of the modern systems of library classification. In the Dewey Decimal System the numbers 550 to 559 are allotted to Geology and 560 to 569 to Palaeontology. By placing numbers to the right of the decimal point, further sub-divisions may be made, for example, 560·942 is classed as Palaeon-tology of England. Thus a number is available for every reasonable demand of classification. The present purpose is to trace the natural evolution of the various branches of science, in contrast to the mechanical process of providing a classification of scientific literature for ease of reference. An example may make this distinction clearer.

scholarly journals Biogas originated from residual biomass in ecosystem services

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladis Maria Backes Bühring ◽  
Vicente Celestino Pires Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Energy Product ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Provisioning Services

Human demand for the provisioning services of the ecosystem has been rising and shows the existence of trade-offs in their generation. Brazil is a great producer of agricultural commodities and animal protein, which generates a large amount of residual biomass throughout the production process, especially animal highly polluting waste concentrated in small areas. Ecosystems provide a wide range of services that are of fundamental importance to the well-being, health, subsistence and survival of human beings. The impacts of the waste generated by confined animals can degrade the ecosystem and reduce the services it can supply. Using waste to generate biogas does not require direct resources from the ecosystems to generate energy. In this context, it is an energy product classified as a provisioning service and, at the same time, an ecosystem regulating service, as it mitigates undesirable effects in the environment. The main goal of the classification of biogas as an ecosystem service is to explore its contributions to the ecosystem and to human well-being.

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