scholarly journals Uji Resistensi Bakteri terhadap Arsen yang di Isolasi dari Sedimen di Muara Sungai Totok

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessalonicha J. Rompis ◽  
Widdhi Bodhi ◽  
Fona Budiarso
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Arsenic Resistant Bacteria

Abstract: Arsenic is still used in lots of human activities that results in environmental pollution. Arsenic is also found in nature in a small quantity. Gold mining industry is one of the human activities that uses arsenic. Mining waste that is not managed properly can inflict environmental pollution and harms the human health due to its toxic-substance content. This study was aimed to isolate and identify bacteria in the soil sediment obtained from the estuary area of Totok River, Southeast Minahasa and tested the bacteria's resistance levels to arsenic. Bacteria were isolated from sediment samples from the estuary area of Totok River, and the isolated bacteria were grown in agar media containing arsenic trioxide. Bacteria identification were perfomed by using morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The results showed that bacteria grew successfully in 10 isolates; 2 isolates were Gram negative bacteria and 8 isolates were Gram positives bacteria. All isolates showed no motility. Identification of bacteria revealed four genera: Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter sp, and Escherichia sp that were resistant to arsenic 1000 ppm. Conclusion: There were 4 genera of arsenic-resistant bacteria identified in the sediment of the estuary area of Totok River, as follows: Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter sp, and Escherichia sp. All of them were resistant to arsenic 1000 ppm.Keywords: sediment, arsenic-resistant bacteria Abstrak: Arsen (As) masih banyak ditemukan dalam kegiatan manusia yang berakibat pencemaran terhadap lingkungan. Arsen juga dapat ditemukan di alam secara alami namun dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Industri pertambangan emas merupakan salah satu kegiatan manusia yang menggunakan arsen. Limbah pertambangan yang tidak dikelola dengan baik dapat mencemari lingkungan dan mengganggu kesehatan manusia karena berpotensi mengandung racun yang berbahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri resisten arsen serta tingkat resistensinya yang terdapat pada sedimen di muara Sungai Totok Kecamatan Ratatotok Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara Sulawesi Utara. Bakteri diisolasi dari sedimen di muara sungai Totok dan ditumbuhkan pada media agar yang mengandung arsen trioksida. Identifikasi dari bakteri yang tumbuh menggunakan uji fisiologi, uji morfologi dan uji biokimia. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 10 isolat dengan bakteri yang berhasil tumbuh, yaitu 2 isolat bakteri Gram negatif dan 8 isolat bakteri Gram positif. Semua isolat tidak menunjukkan adanya motilitas dan dapat dikategorikan ke dalam empat kelompok genus yaitu Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter sp, dan Escherichia sp. Keempat genus bakteri ini resisten terhadap arsen hingga konsentrasi 1000 ppm. Simpulan: Terdapat empat genus bakteri resisten arsen yang teridentifikasi dalam sedimen di muara Sungai Totok, yaitu Bacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter sp, dan Escherichia sp. Kesemuanya resisten terhadap arsen hingga konsentrasi 1000 ppm.Kata kunci: sedimen, bakteri resisten arsen

scholarly journals Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Resisten Arsen pada Sedimen di Pesisir Laut Buyat Tahun 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Pantow ◽  
Billy J. Kepel ◽  
. Fatimawali
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Arsenic Resistant Bacteria

Abstract: Metals are very important and widely used in many aspects of human life, however, they can cause environmental pollution which is harmful to life. Arsenic is a very toxic metal that can cause kidney damage and is responsible to various chronic health problems, especially cancer. The coastal area of Buyat Sea in North Sulawesi Province has a high level of activity in mining industry. The mining waste results in environmental pollution due to arsenic release, thus triggers the occurence of arsenic-resistant bacteria. This study was aimed to determine whether there were arsenic-resistant bacteria in soil sediment originated from the coastal area of Buyat Sea and to identify the types of arsenic-resistant bacteria. This was a descriptive explorative study. Samples of soil sediment were obtained from one point on the coastal area of Buyat Sea. The results showed that there were 10 isolates of arsenic-resistant bacteria. There were five genera of bacteria that were resistant to arsenic, namely Escherichia, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus. Conclusion: In the coastal area of Buyat Sea, five genera of arsenic-resistant bacteria were identified, as follows: Escherichia, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus.Keywords: arsenic, sediment, arsenic-resistant bacteria Abstrak: Logam sangat penting dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia walaupun dapat mencemari lingkungan dan berbahaya bagi kehidupan. Arsen merupakan logam berat yang sangat bersifat toksik dan dapat merusak ginjal serta bertanggung jawab terhadap berbagai gangguan kesehatan kronis, termasuk kanker. Daerah pesisir Buyat laut di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara memiliki tingkat aktivitas yang tinggi dalam bidang industri pertambangan. Limbah pertambangan mengakibatkan terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan oleh karena pelepasan arsen yang dapat memicu terjadinya bakteri resisten arsen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat bakteri resisten arsen pada sedimen yang berasal dari daerah pesisir laut Buyat dan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis bakteri resisten arsen yang ditemukan. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif eksploratif. Sampel penelitian ialah sedimen tanah di satu titik di pesisir laut Buyat. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 9 isolat bakteri resisten arsen dan ditemukan lima genus bakteri yang resisten terhadap arsen yaitu Escherichia, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Staphylococcus, dan Bacillus. Simpulan: Di daerah pesisir laut Buyat ditemukan bakteri resisten arsen pada sedimen yaitu genus Escherichia, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Staphylococcus, dan Bacillus.Kata kunci: arsen, sedimen tanah, bakteri

scholarly journals Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Resisten Arsen pada Sedimen Tanah di Pesisir Pantai Ratatotok

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muh. I. Hidayat ◽  
Aaltje Manampiring ◽  
Billy J. Kepel
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Bacterial Genus ◽  
Soil Sediment ◽  
Arsenic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Remediation Process ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Bioremediation Agent

Abstract: Arsenic is classified chemically as a metalloid which has both properties of metal and nonmetal. Production and application of arsenic in industries such as mining is a source of enviromental pollution. Therefore, agents for remediation process are needed. Arsenic resistant bacteria become a target of many studies related to its utilization as bioremediation agent. This study was aimed to obtain arsenic resistant bacteria identificated from soil sediment in the coastal area of Ratatotok Beach. This was an explorative descriptive study. Samples were colonies of arsenic resistant bacteria found in the soil sediment of the coastal area of Ratatotok Beach. The results of arsenic-resistant test showed that there were arsenic-resistant bacteria in every concentration. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests obtained four arsenic-resistant bacterial genus, namely Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Hafnia, and Enterobacter. Conclusion: Four genera of arsenic-resistant bacteria identified in the sediment of the coastal area of Ratatotok Beach, as follows: Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Hafnia, and Enterobacter.Keywords: arsenic, sediment, arsenic resistant bacteria Abstrak: Arsenik diklasifikasikan secara kimia sebagai metaloid yaitu memiliki kedua sifat logam dan bukan logam. Produksi dan penggunaan arsen di dalam kegiatan industri seperti industri pertambangan, merupakan salah satu sumber pencemarannya di lingkungan. Arsen merupakan polutan bagi lingkungan sehingga diperlukan suatu agen untuk proses remediasi. Bakteri resisten arsen menjadi target dari banyak penelitian dalam rangka pemanfaatannya sebagai agen bioremediasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis bakteri resisten arsen yang teridentifikasi pada sedimen tanah di pesisir pantai Ratatotok. Jenis penelitian yaitu dekriptif eksploratif. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu koloni bakteri resisten arsen yang terdapat dalam sedimen tanah pesisir pantai Ratatotok. Hasil uji resistensi arsen mendapatkan adanta bakteri resisten arsen pada setiap konsentrasi uji. Setelah dilakukan uji morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokomia didapatkan empat genus bakteri yang resisten terhadap arsen: Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Hafnia, dan Enterobacter. Simpulan: Terdapat empat genus bakteri resisten arsen yang teridentifikasi dalam sedimen tanah pesisir pantai Ratatotok, yaitu Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Hafnia, dan Enterobacter.Keyword: arsen, sedimen tanah pesisir, bakteri resisten arsen

scholarly journals Isolasi Bakteri Resisten Arsen pada Sedimen Tanah di Muara Sungai Buyat

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana C. Nainggolan ◽  
. Fatimawali ◽  
Widdhi Bodhi
Keyword(s):  
River Sediment ◽  
Mining Waste ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Identification ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Arsenic Stress ◽  
Arsenic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Abstract: Arsenic, a toxic element to the body, is commonly found in mining waste. Buyat is known as a mining location (especially gold mine) which dumps mining waste in the form of tailings into the sea through the Buyat River. A mine should process the degradation of waste from a very toxic form into a less toxic form before disposing the waste into the sea. However, this process is often overlooked by artisanal miner because it consumes considerable production cost. Waste containing toxic arsenic gradually accumulates into sediments in the ocean, so bacteria in the environment begin to develop a mechanism of resistance to arsenic. This study was aimed to determine the types of arsenic-resistant bacteria isolated from sediment at Buyat estuary using conventional bacterial identification methods, including morpho-logical, physiological, and biochemical tests. Nine bacterial isolates were treated with arsenic stress at 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm, 300 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm. The results showed several bacteria that could grow even in conditions containing as much as 1000 ppm of arsenic, namely Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas, Clostridium, Bacillus, Hafnia, and Escherichia. Conclusion: In the sediment of Buyat estuary we found seven genera of bacteria, as follows: Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas, Clostridium, Bacillus, Hafnia and Escherichia.Keywords: Arsenic-resistant bacteria, Buyat River, sediment, As2O3Abstrak: Arsen ialah salah satu jenis unsur yang bersifat toksik bagi tubuh dan merupakan salah satu hasil limbah pertambangan. Buyat merupakan salah satu lokasi pertambangan (terutama tambang emas) yang membuang limbah pertambangannya berupa tailings ke laut. Limbah tersebut dialirkan melalui Sungai Buyat. Pertambangan yang resmi harus melakukan proses degradasi arsen dari yang sangat toksik menjadi kurang toksik terlebih dahulu sebelum membuang limbah ke laut, namun proses ini sering diabaikan oleh pertambangan rakyat karena memakan biaya produksi yang cukup besar. Limbah yang mengandung arsen toksik lama-kelamaan terakumulasi menjadi sedimen di laut, sehingga bakteri di lingkungan tersebut mulai mengembangkan mekanisme resistensi terhadap arsen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis bakteri resisten arsen yang diisolasi dari sedimen di muara Sungai Buyat menggunakan metode identifikasi bakteri konvensional. Terdapat 9 isolat bakteri yang diberi perlakuan stres arsen pada 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm, 300 ppm, 500 ppm, dan 1000 ppm. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan beberapa jenis bakteri yang dapat bertumbuh bahkan pada kondisi mengandung arsen sebanyak 1000 ppm, yaitu genus Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas, Clostridium, Bacillus, Hafnia, dan Escherichia. Simpulan: Pada sedimen tanah di muara Sungai Buyat diidentifikasi tujuh genus bakteri, yaitu Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Aeromonas, Clostridium, Bacillus, Hafnia, dan Escherichia.Kata kunci: bakteri resisten arsen, Sungai Buyat, sedimen, As2O3

Ekplorasi dan Karakterisasi Biokimia Bakteri Resisten Timbal (Pb) dari Sungai Tallo Makassar

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahruddin Fahruddin ◽  
Nur Haedar ◽  
Slamet Santosa ◽  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Isolate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Biological Methods ◽  
Selection Of

Industrial progress and waste of urban domestic activities have an impact on the Pb heavy metal pollution on the environment, this will have an impact on human health. Pb metal can be overcome with biological methods by utilizing bacteria in reducing Pb metal. The study aimed to obtain the species  of resistant bacterial isolates of Pb metal and determine its characteristics. Sediment and water samples were obtained from the Tallo River. Isolation and selection of Pb metal resistant bacteria were carried out on nutrient agar media is 10 ppm added of PbAgNO3, afterwards the colonies that grew and differed were characterized by morphological morphology and several biochemical tests. The characterization results obtained 8 isolates of Pb metal resistant bacteria consisted of 8 isolates from sediment samples and 3 isolates from water samples. The characteristics of each bacterial isolate on cell morphology are the same and biochemical tests show different results.

The comparative study among the MRSAcin, Nisin A and vancomycin, on biofilm formation by Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food sources.

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (o3) ◽  
Author(s):  
¹Hind H. Muunim ◽  
Muna T Al-Mossawei ◽  
Mais Emad Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Sensitivity Test ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Food Preservatives

Biofilms formation by pathogens microbial Control considered important in medical research because it is the hazarded virulence factor leading to becoming difficult to treat because of its high resistance to antimicrobials. Glycopeptide antibiotic a (Vancomycin) and the commercial bacteriocin (Nisin A) were used to comparative with purification bacteriocin (MRSAcin) against MRSA biofilm. One hundred food samples were collected from Baghdad markets from July 2016 to September 2016, including (cheese, yogurt, raw milk, fried meat, grilled meat, and beef burger). All samples were cultures; S. aureus was confirmation by macroscopic culture and microscopic examination, in addition to biochemical tests. Methicillin resistance S. asureus (MRSA) were identification by antibiotic sensitivity test (AST), Vitek 2 system. The result shown the 60(60%) isolate were identified as S. aureus and 45(75%) gave positive result as MRSA isolate, M13 isolate was chosen as MRSA isolates highest biofilm formation for treatment with MRSAcin, Nisin A(bacteriocin) and Vancomycin (antibiotic) to compared the more antimicrobial have bacteriocidal effect. The sensitivity test uses to determine the effect of MRSAcin, Nisin A, and Vancomycin MIC on MRSA planktonic cell by (WDA). The new study shows the impacts of new kind Pure Bacteriocins (MRSAcin) from methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) highly effects then (Vancomycin and Nisin A) at different concentration. In a current study aimed to suggest new Bacteriocin is potent highly for the treatment of resistant bacteria biofilm infections in food preservatives

Metabolism of methylated arsenic compounds by arsenic-resistant bacteria (Klebsiella oxytoca andXanthomonas sp.)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Maeda ◽  
Akira Ohki ◽  
Kuniaki Miyahara ◽  
Kensuke Naka ◽  
Shiro Higashi
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Arsenic Compounds ◽  
Arsenic Resistant Bacteria

scholarly journals Biochemical identification techniques and antibiotic susceptibility profile of lipolytic ambiental bacteria from effluents

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. G. Rave ◽  
A. V. Kuss ◽  
G. H. S. Peil ◽  
S. R. Ladeira ◽  
J. P. V. Villarreal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Biochemical Identification ◽  
Identification Techniques ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Different methodologies have been developed throughout the years to identify environmental microorganisms to improve bioremediation techniques, determine susceptibility profiles of bacteria in contaminated environments, and reduce the impact of microorganisms in ecosystems. Two methods of bacterial biochemical identification are compared and the susceptibility profile of bacteria, isolated from residential and industrial wastewater, is determined. Twenty-four bacteria were retrieved from the bacteria bank of the Environmental Microbiology Laboratory at the Institute of Biology (IB) of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. Bacteria were identified by conventional biochemical tests and by the VITEK ®2 automated system. Further, the susceptibility profile to antibiotics was also determined by the automated system. Six species of bacteria (Raoutella planticola, K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae , Serratia marcescens, Raoutella sp., E. cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca) were identified by conventional biochemical tests, while three species of bacteria (K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, S. marcescens and K. oxytoca ) were identified by VITEK®2 automated system. VITEK ®2 indicated agreement in 19 (79.17%) isolates and difference in five (20.83%) isolates when compared to results from conventional biochemical tests. Further, antibiotic susceptibility profile results showed that all isolates (100%) were resistant to at least one out of the 18 antibiotics tested by VITEK®2. Thus, no multi-resistant bacteria that may be used in effluent treatment systems or in bioremediation processes have been reported. Results indicate VITEK ® 2 automated system as a potential methodology in the determination of susceptibility profile and identification of environmental bacteria.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH PNEUMONIA IN BLACK BENGAL GOATS

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Momin ◽  
MA Islam ◽  
MM Khatun ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
MA Islam
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The present research work was undertaken for the characterization of the bacterial pathogens responsible for pneumonia in black Bengal goats. Nasal swab samples (n = 50) were collected from the pneumonic black Bengal goats in Mymensingh and Sirajgonj districts. Samples were inoculated onto nutrient agar, eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar, MacConkey agar, and blood agar media for isolation of bacteria. Identification of bacteria was performed by the Gram's staining method, cultural properties and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity of bacterial isolates was performed against 11 antimicrobial agents. Pasteurella spp were isolated from 25 cases, and Staphylococcus spp from 13 cases. Mixed infection caused by the Pasteurella spp and Staphylococcus spp. were recorded in 12 cases. Pasteurella spp produced whitish, opaque circular and translucent colonies on nutrient agar, smooth, convex, glistening colonies on EMB agar and no hemolysis on blood agar. Staphylococcus spp have shown gray white or golden yellowish colonies on  nutrient agar. Golden yellow colonies without hemolysis or whitish colonies with hemolysis were also produced by Staphylococcus spp. on the blood agar media. Pasteurella spp were indole positive, MR-VP negative and ferment dextrose, sucrose and mannitol with the production of acid. The Staphylococcus spp were positive to MR-VP, coagulase and catalase reactions, negative to indole test and fermented five basic sugars with acid production. Results of cultural and biochemical tests supported that these two isolates belonged to P. multocida and S. aureus. P. multocida were highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin and resistant to penicillin. S. aureus found to be highly sensitive to erythromycin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin and less sensitive to amoxicillin. DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i1.11215Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2011). 9(1): 67-71 

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SPECTRUM OF A POTENT STREPTOMYCES SP. GOS2 ISOLATED FROM WESTERN GHATS OF KARNATAKA, INDIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Gautham S. A. ◽  
Sunita C. Mesta ◽  
Onkarappa R.
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Uv Spectroscopy ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Antimicrobial Spectrum ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Spectroscopy Studies

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Western Ghats of Karnataka, India-a biodiversity hotspot is a rich source of microorganisms with undiscovered metabolic capabilities. The upsurge of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has created a greater demand for novel antibiotics. In context to the above a potent<em> </em>soil<em> Streptomyces</em> sp. GOS2 isolated from Agumbe regions of Western Ghats, and its metabolite was assessed and characterized for its antimicrobial spectrum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The isolation was carried out by soil serial dilution plating on Starch Casein Nitrate agar media (SCN). The obtained isolate was characterized by morphological and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by well in agar methods against 28 test organisms. The partial characterization of the bioactive metabolite was carried out by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and UV–Visible spectroscopy studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The isolated GOS2 was observed as a raised powdery colony with grey colored aerial mycelium and media impregnated substrate mycelium. The spore chain was rectus with smooth spore surface. The isolate was gram positive, non-acid fast, positive for catalase, hydrogen sulphide production and starch hydrolysis, negative for casein and gelatin hydrolysis. The carbohydrate fermentation studies showed acid production in dextrose and alkali production in sucrose, lactose, maltose and starch. A prominent antibacterial activity was observed with a zone of inhibition measuring 21-27 mm. The TLC showed a purple spot and UV spectroscopy revealed λ max at 233.2 and 235 nm indicating macrolide group of antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Western Ghats actinomycetes are a potent source of novel antibiotic molecules.</p>

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