scholarly journals The Role of Medicine Pricing Policy for Improving the Affordability of Medicines

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Yusi Anggriani
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Medicine Prices ◽  
The Government

Medicine is a pharmaceutical product that has imperfect market characteristics. This affects affordability to the community, and therefore it is necessary for the government to regulate medicine prices. Medicine prices can be regulated in the medicine supply chain by the industry, importers, distributors and health facilities such as pharmacies, hospitals and medicine sellers. Developed and high income countries generally regulate the prices of medicines and are part of a health insurance system. In contrast with the situation in developed countries, medicine pricing regulation in developing countries and Lower Middle Income Countries is not well established. The regulation of mark-ups in distribution channels is the most common strategy used by LMIC. Small country with only a few pharmaceutical facilities has a weak bargaining position, generally the government cannot set prices. The application of cost-plus pricing is quite effective if it is implemented in a small country. In developing countries with a large market segment and adequate pharmaceutical industry facilities the price competition method is an effective strategy option to get lower prices. In practice, the application of  medicine pricing policy is dynamic. The medicine pricing system in a country can be changed or combined with other methods if the evaluation does not provide optimal results or generates unintended impacts.

Hospital information systems in developing countries: a state-of-the-art systematic review

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Lei ◽  
Jianming Liu ◽  
Wu Li
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Information System ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government

Purpose Hospital information system (HIS) can be examined as a vital factor for developing the quality of health care and cost managing. There exists abundant literature on HISs, but implementation-based literature of HIS is rare, typically about progressive countries. However, a study that can comprehensively review published articles is scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the systematic and comprehensive study of HIS in developed countries. Together, the benefits and harms relevant to HIS’s different mechanisms have been considered, and the fundamental challenges of them are addressed to design more efficient HIS in the future. Design/methodology/approach HIS has been used globally for numerous years and is now being used in a wide area. HIS is broadly used in clinical settings. Information technology (IT) and information system have been suggested as a required piece to solve the health-care-related issues. Hence, to improve HIS’s ability, this paper conducted a review method concentratating on research related to HIS until 2019. A total of 21 papers were recognized and examined as principal research for the summary. Findings The authors found that HIS can help in reduction of medical mistakes, enhancement doctors’ performance and increase in the quality of the care provided. HIS management can be used to provide better health-care services. Therefore, HIS must be sensible and use clear structures. The authors conclude that, generally, with an increase in awareness, acceptability and the need for HIS worldwide, there will be more strategies and approaches available. Research limitations/implications First, this paper provides an outline of the status of HIS. Second, it identifies some distinct research gaps that could be worth studying. Some flawless work may be removed because of applying some filters to select the original articles. Surveying all the papers on the topic of HIS is impossible, too. Practical implications Design and sustainability of HIS is still a big issue for most developing countries, despite its wide usage in the developed countries. The technology is changing rapidly, so the field should be reviewed regularly. This paper suggests a suitable framework that will guide HIS in the local conditions of developing countries. Social implications The government will be assisted by the suggested solving ways in its performance and design of electronic health-care projects. Originality/value The study brings the viewpoints on the state of HIS mechanisms in developing countries. The paper’s results can offer visions into future research requirements. By providing comparative information and analyzing the current growths in this area, this study will support researchers and professionals to understand the progress in HIS mechanisms better.

scholarly journals SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AS IT RELATES TO TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN SIDS: A CASE STUDY IN TRINIDAD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah Wright ◽  
Trevor Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Revealed Preference ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Transportation Policy ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Government ◽  
Bus Service

The objective of this research was to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the travel behaviour of Trinidadians. Many studies have shown that a relationship exists between the socio-economic and sociodemographic characteristics of an individual and their travel patterns. A better understanding of this relationship can influence transportation policy decisions and therefore, aid in improvement to the overall transportation structure. This understanding of travel behaviour is of particular importance in developing countries and SIDS, where there is limited geographical space, economic constraints and an influx of competitive unregulated paratransit modes into the transportation system. Trinidad, like other developing countries and SIDS, has a public transportation system that is dominated by paratransit modes. More notably, there is increasing penetration of illegally operated paratransit modes, that are aggressively competing in the market and gaining a lot of traction. Data was collected in January 2018 using a revealed preference survey of commuters’ work-based tours in, Trincity, a middle-income housing area with good highway and public transportation access. Results showed that income, age, distance from workplace and gender all affect the likelihood of public transport usage as a primary mode of a work tour and there were gender-based differences in the incidence of walking as part of the tour. Additionally, although most public transportation users considered the government bus service as the safest and illegal paratransit services as the least safe, the usage of such services was more than five times that of the bus. The research points to important service and policy actions which need to be taken to encourage and support shifts to more sustainable modes.

scholarly journals Research and Publication from Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan R Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Publishing Research ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

In 2002, Richard Smith wrote an editorial, “publishing research from developing countries” in the Journal “Statistics in Medicine” highlighting the importance of research and publication from the developing countries (DCs).1 In that article, he mentioned the disparity in research and publication between the developed and developing countries. Almost two decades on, the problem still largely remains the same. It is estimated that more than 80% of the world’s population lives in more than 100 developing countries.2 In terms of disease burden, the prevalence and mortality from diseases in the low and middle-income countries are disproportionately high compared to developed countries.3 Although there is a high burden of disease, we base our treatment inferring results from research and publication from the developed countries which may not be fully generalizable due to geographical cultural, racial, and economic factors. This is where the problem lies.

scholarly journals An alarm for the potential 2020 recession and its’ impacts on the developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Doaa m Salman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
The Government ◽  
Insight Into

This article review provides an insight into the main signals that will be responsible for the coming recession that will start from developed countries and will reflect negatively on developing countries that witness a decreasing level of development. The paper starts with the main seven signals that will initiate the recession. The second section will provide an analysis of the applied procedures and the economic reform that the government adopted to attract investment to overcome the previous and the coming challenges. Finally, the paper provides future expectations and paths for developing countries to overcome the recession.

Explaining Public-Private Partnership Projects through Political Factors: An Assessment of Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172110403
Author(s):  
Noemí Peña-Miguel ◽  
Beatriz Cuadrado-Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Government

This article analyses the effect of political factors on the use of Public Private Partnerships in developing countries. According to a sample of 80 low- and middle-income countries over the period 1995–2017, our findings suggest that Public Private Partnership projects are affected by political ideology, the strength of the government and electoral cycles. Concretely, they tend to be used by left-wing governments to a greater extent than governments with other ideologies. Public Private Partnerships also tend to be more frequently used by fragmented governments and when there is greater political competition. There is also some evidence (although slight) on the relevance of the proximity of elections in explaining Public Private Partnerships in developing countries.

M-Government and Its Application on Public Service Delivery

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Vannie Naidoo ◽  
Thokozani Ian Nzimakwe
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Change ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Government Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
Improve Service Delivery

Technology has taken over every aspect of society. It is only fitting that governments embrace technological changes in society and develop m-government for the technologically savvy people of today's society. A global change that is transforming the government sector is the use of ICTs to improve service delivery. In this chapter, the following themes will be investigated and discussed: e-government, defining mobile government, different perspectives on mobile government, mobile government in developed countries, mobile government in developing countries, benefits and limitations of mobile government, way forward in implementing mobile government, and future research in areas of mobile government.

The Evolution of the Digital Divide across Developing Countries

2013 ◽  
pp. 1554-1570
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Corrocher ◽  
Anna Raineri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Competition Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Emerging Patterns

This chapter aims at investigating the evolution of the digital divide within a set of developing countries between the years 2000 and 2005. In doing so, it moves away from the traditional analysis of the digital divide, which compares developed countries and developing countries, and examines the existing gap within a relatively homogeneous group of countries. On the basis of the theoretical and empirical contributions from scholars in different disciplines, we select a series of socioeconomic and technological indicators and provide an empirical assessment of the digitalization patterns in a set of 51 low income and lower-middle income countries. By means of cluster analysis techniques, we identify three emerging patterns of the digital divide and derive a series of policy implications, related to the implementation of an effective strategy to reduce digital backwardness. The characteristics of each pattern of digitalization can be also usefully employed to understand whether past interventions, especially in the area of competition policy, have been successful in addressing country-specific issues.

scholarly journals Exploration of pilgrimage tourism in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanti Handriana ◽  
Praptini Yulianti ◽  
Masmira Kurniawati
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Marketing Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pilgrimage Tourism ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
Intention To Revisit

Purpose This study aims to extract information and analyze the antecedents of Muslims following pilgrimage tours. Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics Indonesia shows that 87.18 per cent of the total population of Indonesia are Muslims. In addition to running the ruling of Islam and the pillars of Faith, Muslims also maintain the religious tourism. The form of religious tourism which is widely followed by the Muslims of Indonesia is to follow a pilgrimage to the tomb of the wali (Guardian), both wali limo and wali songo. Design/methodology/approach This study used a qualitative approach. Data collection was done using in-depth interviews of Muslims in Indonesia who had already attended pilgrimages to wali limo and/or wali songo. Findings The tourists are satisfied and have an intention to revisit the destination, and the interest of the community to follow religious tours is very large, as well as the opportunities to do business in this sector are still wide open. Various motives and benefits of following religious tours, as well as suggestions for improvements for religious tourism destination managers, as well as advice for the government were uncovered. Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical contribution related to marketing management in religious tourism and a practical contribution for the managers of religious tourism. Research limitations/implications Further research can be done with a quantitative approach, as well as comparative studies between pilgrimages in Indonesia (developing countries) and pilgrimages in other developing countries or in developed countries can also be conducted. Practical implications For marketing practitioners, the results of this study can be used as a consideration to continue to improve services in the field of religious tourism in the country, given the potential for development is very large. Social implications There is a contribution from this study to the development of marketing science, particularly related to marketing management on religious tourism services. Originality/value This study offers new insight regarding factors influencing Muslims pilgrimage tourism in Indonesia.

Implementation of a Health Information Systems Programme

2005 ◽  
pp. 420-426
Author(s):  
Zubeeda Banu Quraishy
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Advisory Group ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Government

In general, developed countries in the world is where Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is in an advanced state, governments in developing countries particularly in the Asia- Pacific region are only in the initial phases of adopting ICT. ICT has demonstrated benefits for governments in developing countries to improve management, information and reporting, streamline the delivery of government services, enhance communication with the citizenry, and serve as a catalyst for empowering citizens to interact with the government. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2001) considers that ICT is a useful tool for developing countries to progress and leapfrog to the applications applied in the developed world. The Indian draft report on ICT and Human Development records that in the 21st century there is large growth and diversification of the ICT sector in India particularly in areas of agriculture and in service sectors (UNDP, 2004). The United Nations even has an ICT advisory group with representatives from governments of developing countries and the industry (Singh, 2001).

scholarly journals The Present Global Crisis and Its Effect on the Turkish Economy

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özlen Hiç
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Parliamentary Elections ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Developed Countries

The global economic crisis first started in the USA in September 2008 as a widespread insolvency problem caused by mortgage debts of households that had become unpayable. The financial crisis, in turn, caused a serious recession. The economic crisis soon spread to other developed countries because their banks held assets of US banks that had become nearly worthless while exports of these countries to the USA decreased significantly. Then it spread to developing countries because direct private investments (DPIs) and financial funds flowing from developed to developing countries declined precipitously while exports of the latter to the former countries also fell down. The developed countries, however, took proper steps to ameliorate the crisis by lowering the interest rates, helping the insolvent banks financially as wel as launching public expenditure programmes. Turkey was one of the worst hit countries because she had been following wrong globalization strategies. Privatization process was corrupt while much of the DPIs went to those fields which did not yield much increase in employment or export potential. But most importantly, Turkey had raised interest rates to abnormally high levels and thereby had vastly expanded her internal and external debts. Hence, as a result of the global economic crises, Turkey suffered a significantly deep fall in her GNP growth rate and a very big increase in her unemployment rate. Though Turkey took several measures to ameliorate the balance of payments deficit and to expand total demand, hence production, the government refrained from making a stand-by agreement with the IMF in order to avoid strict discipline in her government expenditures due to first, local elections and presently, the coming parliamentary elections.

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