scholarly journals ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF A NEW STRAIN OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE AND ITS EFFECT ON MICROMYCETES POPULATIONS IN THE ROOT ZONE OF CORN PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
E. P. Kopilov ◽  
A. A. Pavlenko ◽  
G. V. Tsekhmister ◽  
A. S. Kyslynska
Keyword(s):  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Acremonium Strictum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Variant ◽  
Corn Plants

Goal. To investigate the antagonistic activity of a new strain of Trichoderma viride F-100076and its effect on the formation of micromycetes populations in the root zone of corn plants underfield conditions. Methods. The antagonistic activity of T. viride F-100076 was studied by the method of mixed (counter) cultures on wort agar using phytopathogenic fungi, which were isolated andidentified in the Laboratory of Plant-Microbial Interactions. The appearance and type of relationship were registered using a scale modified by Symonian and Mamikonian. The number of micromycetes was determined by the method of soil dilutions. Isolation, accounting and cultivation of fungiwas carried out according to conventional methods. Micromycetes were identified according to thedeterminants appropriate for a specific systematic group of micromycetes. Results. It was foundthat T. viride IMB F-100076 is characterized by high antagonistic activity against a wide range ofphytopathogenic fungi, showing hyperparasitism as early as on the eighth day. The highest antagonistic activity of the strain was found against: Alternaria radicina, Acremonium strictum, Acremonium сucurbitacearum, Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras, Fusarium moniliforme var. lactis, Torula expansa (5 points on the corresponding Symonian and Mamikonian scale). Data from the mycological analysis of the sod-podzolic soil of the corn rhizosphere showed that the mycocenosis ofthe sod-podzolic soil of the corn rhizosphere was formed by micromycetes belonging to the generaAcremonium Link, Cladosporium Corda, Fusarium Link:Fr, Gliocladium Corda, Mucor Mich, Penicillium Link:Fr, Rhizopus Ehrenb, Trichoderma Hers, among which the most represented were micromycetes of the genus Penicillium (59 %). The total number of fungi in the control variant was291.00 ± 79.67 thousand CFU/g of soil. The introduction of straw affected both the total number ofmicromycetes and the genus composition of fungi. The total number of fungi in the variant withstraw increased 2.6 times and amounted to 744.00 ± 114.67 thousand CFU/g of soil. The number ofrepresentatives of all studied genera of micromycetes also increased. In addition, the introductionof straw provoked the development of fungi of Bipolaris and Fusarium genera, which can be considered a negative outcome since representatives of these species are commonly recognised as pathogens of root diseases. Application of the fungus antagonist T. viride IMB F-100076 to the soilalong with straw did not significantly affect the total number of micromycetes. At the same time, a displacement of fungi of the genus Bipolaris and Fusarium from the rhizosphere of corn was registered.The number of fusaria decreased from 96.00 ± 5.44 to 23.00 ± 2.32 thousand CFU/g of soil or almost4 times and reached the level of the control variant. Fungi of the genus Bipolaris in the variant withthe introduction of trichoderma were not detected. Conclusion. The antagonist fungus T. virideF-100076, introduced into the soil along with straw, strikes root in the soil and exhibits antagonisticactivity against micromycetes of the genera Bipolaris and Fusarium, which are commonly represented by root rot pathogens of many crops. Thus, the new strain T. viride F-100076 allows increasing theantagonistic potential of the rhizosphere soil of corn and protecting plants from pathogens.

scholarly journals Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi at Al-Qassim Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Nahla Tharwat Elazab
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Wide Range

In recent year’s endophytic fungi has become a major concern on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a wide range of flora which may be a rich source of endophytic fungi so that, the present study involves diversity and bioactivity of the endophytic fungal community in Al-Qassim region from 15 wild plants 162 isolates were obtained and identified. Among them, the most common isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ochraceous and Trichoderma viride, these four endophytic isolates were examined for its antagonistic effect against six phytopathogenic fungi using two different assays, Dual-culture and Culture filtrate. Trichoderma viride recorded the most significant growth inhibition of almost pathogenic fungi followed by the three endophytic Aspergillus spp. In addition, these four endophytic fungi were screened for the production of some extracellular enzymes such as protease, cellulose, amylase, pectinase and xylanase. Our results show the ability of these isolates to produce these extracellular enzymes so this indicated the possible role of endophytic fungi as a biocontrol agent of plant disease.

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE STRAIN WITH HIGH ANTAGONISTIC AND CELLULOLYTIC ACTIVITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Pavlenko А. А. ◽  
Kopylov Ye. P. ◽  
Tsekhmister H. V.
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Chlorophyll A And B ◽  
Control Variant ◽  
Corn Plants

Objective. To study the efficacy of the use of a new strain of Trichoderma viride IMB F-100076 with high antagonistic and cellulolytic activity, in particular its effect on the photosynthetic apparatus and the yield of corn plants. Methods. Study of the effect of T. viride IMB F-100076 on corn94 yield was performed under the conditions of a three-year small-plot field experiment on sodmedium-podzolic soil. The content of chlorophyll a and b in the plants of the experimental variants was determined by spectrophotometry. Methods of mathematical statistics were used in processing the obtained data. Results. Data from a three-year field experiment showed that the application of straw had a negative effect on the yield of corn, which averaged 7.72 t/ha that is 12.3 % less than in the variant without the application of straw (control). Application of the antagonist fungus T. viride IMB F-100076 to the soil simultaneously with straw allowed to obtain an average yield of 9.5 t/ha during three years of study, which is 23 % higher than in the variant with straw. In the control variant (without application of straw and fungal suspension), the yield averaged 8.8 t/ha, which is 14 % higher than in the variant with straw not treated with fungus. It was shown that the content of chlorophylls in corn leaves increases under the influence of T. viride IMB F-100076. For instance, the total content of chlorophyll a and b was 261.04 mg/100 g of leaves, which is 39.0 % higher than in the variant with straw not treatment with a suspension of the fungus, and 15.3 % higher than in the control variant. The obtained results highlight that the treatment of straw with the fungus T. viride IMB F-100076 had a positive effect on the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus of corn plants. Conclusion. Simultaneous application of wheat straw and T. viride IMB F-100076 micromycete, which is characterized by high antagonistic and cellulolytic activity, provides a significant increase in corn yield versus the variant with straw not treated with fungus. The content of chlorophylls a and b in the leaves increases.

scholarly journals Biocontrol potential of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA against phytopathogenic fungi causing postharvest fruit diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahaed Evangelista-Martínez ◽  
Erika Anahí Contreras-Leal ◽  
Luis Fernando Corona-Pedraza ◽  
Élida Gastélum-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Habanero Pepper ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms

Abstract Background Fungi are one of the microorganisms that cause most damage to fruits worldwide, affecting their quality and consumption. Chemical controls with pesticides are used to diminish postharvest losses of fruits. However, biological control with microorganisms or natural compounds is an increasing alternative to protect fruits and vegetables. In this study, the antifungal effect of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA on phytopathogenic fungi that cause postharvest tropical fruit rot was investigated. Main body Antagonistic activity was evaluated in vitro by the dual confrontation over fungal isolates obtained from grape, mango, tomato, habanero pepper, papaya, sweet orange, and banana. The results showed that antagonistic activity of the isolate CACIS-1.5CA was similar to the commercial strain Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 against the pathogenic fungi Colletotrichum sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Rhizoctonia sp., and Rhizopus sp. with percentages ranging from 30 to 63%. The bioactive extract obtained from CACIS-1.5 showed a strong inhibition of fungal spore germination, with percentages ranging from 92 to 100%. Morphological effects as irregular membrane border, deformation, shrinkage, and collapsed conidia were observed on the conidia. Molecularly, the biosynthetic clusters of genes for the polyketide synthase (PKS) type I, PKS type II, and NRPS were detected in the genome of Streptomyces sp. CACIS-1.5CA. Conclusions This study presented a novel Streptomyces strain as a natural alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides or other commercial products having antagonistic microorganisms that were used in the postharvest control of phytopathogenic fungi affecting fruits.

Peroxidase: a multifunctional enzyme in grapevines

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Ros Barceló ◽  
Federico Pomar ◽  
Matías López-Serrano ◽  
Maria Angeles Pedreño
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Peroxidase Isoenzyme ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Uv C

Peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes that catalyse the one-electron oxidation of several substrates at the expense of H2O2. They are probably encoded by a large multigene family in grapevines, and therefore show a high degree of polymorphism. Grapevine peroxidases are glycoproteins of high thermal stability, whose molecular weight usually ranges from 35 to 45 kDa. Their visible spectrum shows absorption bands characteristic of high-spin class III peroxidases. Grapevine peroxidases are capable of accepting a wide range of natural compounds as substrates, such as the cell wall protein extensin, plant growth regulators such as IAA, and phenolics such as benzoic acids, stilbenes, flavonols, cinnamyl alcohols and anthocyanins. They are located in cell walls and vacuoles. These locations are in accordance with their key role in determining the final cell wall architecture, especially regarding lignin deposition and extensin insolubilization, and the turnover of vacuolar phenolic metabolites, a task that also forms part of the molecular program of disease resistance. Although peroxidase is a constitutive enzyme in grapevines, its levels are strongly modulated during plant cell development and in response to both biotic and abiotic environmental factors. To gain an insight into the metabolic regulation of peroxidase, several authors have studied how grapevine peroxidase and H2O2 levels change in response to a changing environment. Nevertheless, the results obtained are not always easy to interpret. Despite such difficulties, the response of the peroxidase–H2O2 system to both UV-C radiation and Trichoderma viride elicitors is worthy of study. Both UV-C and T. viride elicitors induce specific changes in peroxidase isoenzyme / H2O2 levels, which result in specific changes in grapevine physiology and metabolism. In the case of T. viride-elicited grapevine cells, they show a particular mechanism for H2O2 production, in which NADPH oxidase-like activities are apparently not involved. However, they offer a unique system whereby the metabolic regulation of peroxidase by H2O2, with all its cross-talks and downstream signals, may be elegantly dissected.

Secretory Proteases of the Human Skin Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wisely Chua ◽  
Si En Poh ◽  
Hao Li
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Protein Cleavage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Secreted Proteases ◽  
Pathogenic Agents

The human skin is our outermost layer and serves as a protective barrier against external insults. Advances in next generation sequencing have enabled the discoveries of a rich and diverse community of microbes - bacteria, fungi and viruses that are residents of this surface. The genomes of these microbes also revealed the presence of many secretory enzymes. In particular, proteases which are hydrolytic enzymes capable of protein cleavage and degradation are of special interest in the skin environment which is enriched in proteins and lipids. In this minireview, we will focus on the roles of these skin-relevant microbial secreted proteases, both in terms of their widely studied roles as pathogenic agents in tissue invasion and host immune inactivation, and their recently discovered roles in inter-microbial interactions and modulation of virulence factors. From these studies, it has become apparent that while microbial proteases are capable of a wide range of functions, their expression is tightly regulated and highly responsive to the environments the microbes are in. With the introduction of new biochemical and bioinformatics tools to study protease functions, it will be important to understand the roles played by skin microbial secretory proteases in cutaneous health, especially the less studied commensal microbes with an emphasis on contextual relevance.

Reducing leaching using the threshold nitrate root-uptake phenomena

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kurtzman ◽  
Beeri Kanner ◽  
Yehuda Levy ◽  
Ido Nitsan ◽  
Asher Bar-Tal
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Leaching Fraction ◽  
Direct Results

<p>Reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural land to aquifers is a high priority concern for more than a half a century. Theory and observations of a threshold concentration of nitrate in the root-zone (Cmax), from which the leachate concentration increases at higher rates with increasing root-zone nitrate concentration, are presented. Cmax is derived both by direct results from container experiments with varying nitrogen (N) fertigation, and as calibration parameter in N-transport models beneath commercial agricultural plots. For five different crops, Cmax ranged between 20-45 mg/l of NO<sub>3</sub>-N derived from experiments and models. However, for lettuce, which was irrigated with a large leaching fraction, a Cmax could not be defined. For the crops irrigated and fertilized in the warm/dry season (corn and citrus) experiments show a dramatic change in leachate concentrations and simulations reveal a wide range of sensitivity of leachate NO<sub>3</sub>-N concentration to Cmax. Annual crops that are irrigated and fertilized in the cool/wet season (e.g. potato in Mediterranean climate) showed a distinct Cmax yet less dramatic than the summer-irrigated crops in the container experiment, and smaller impact of Cmax in models. Simulations showed that for summer-irrigated crops maintaining fertigation at C<Cmax has a significant effect on deep leachate concentrations, whereas for the winter annual crops the simulations revealed no threshold. It is suggested that for summer-irrigated crops fertigation below Cmax robustly serves the co-sustainability of intensive agriculture and aquifer water quality, for the winter crops it is suggested but benefits are not robust. For short season, small root-system crops (lettuce) efforts should be made to detach the crop from the soil.</p>

scholarly journals Deciphering the evolution of microbial interactions: in silico studies of two-member microbial communities

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayathri Sambamoorthy ◽  
Karthik Raman
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Community Function ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In The Wild

Microbes thrive in communities, embedded in a complex web of interactions. These interactions, particularly metabolic interactions, play a crucial role in maintaining the community structure and function. As the organisms thrive and evolve, a variety of evolutionary processes alter the interactions among the organisms in the community, although the community function remains intact. In this work, we simulate the evolution of two-member microbial communities in silico to study how evolutionary forces can shape the interactions between organisms. We employ genomescale metabolic models of organisms from the human gut, which exhibit a range of interaction patterns, from mutualism to parasitism. We observe that the evolution of microbial interactions varies depending upon the starting interaction and also on the metabolic capabilities of the organisms in the community. We find that evolutionary constraints play a significant role in shaping the dependencies of organisms in the community. Evolution of microbial communities yields fitness benefits in only a small fraction of the communities, and is also dependent on the interaction type of the wild-type communities. The metabolites cross-fed in the wild-type communities appear in only less than 50% of the evolved communities. A wide range of new metabolites are cross-fed as the communities evolve. Further, the dynamics of microbial interactions are not specific to the interaction of the wild-type community but vary depending on the organisms present in the community. Our approach of evolving microbial communities in silico provides an exciting glimpse of the dynamics of microbial interactions and offers several avenues for future investigations.

scholarly journals ​Antagonistic Activity of Panchagavya and Trichoderma spp. against Wilt Complex causing Pathogens of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.V. Parmar ◽  
N.M. Gohel
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Chickpea Wilt

Background: Chickpea wilt complex caused by several soil-borne pathogens is the major yield-reducing malady worldwide. Biological control is one of the best, low-cost and ecologically sustainable method for managing plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. Methods: In this present investigation Panchagavya and Trichoderma spp. were evaluated by following poisoned food technique and dual culture technique against wilt complex causing pathogens i.e. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina. Result: Among the different isolates of Trichoderma spp. evaluated, Trichoderma viride (AAU isolate) was highly antagonistic to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (52.78%) and F. solani (65.37%) whereas, Trichoderma asperellum (AAU isolate) was highly antagonistic to M. phaseolina (65.93%). Panchagavya at the highest concentration (50%) showed significantly higher efficacy (80.74, 66.62 and 49.67%) in inhibiting the mycelial growth of all three pathogens and at the lowest concentration it was moderately effective.

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