scholarly journals Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi at Al-Qassim Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Nahla Tharwat Elazab
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Wide Range

In recent year’s endophytic fungi has become a major concern on their host plants by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerances to abiotic and biotic stresses, and promoting their accumulation of secondary metabolites. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a wide range of flora which may be a rich source of endophytic fungi so that, the present study involves diversity and bioactivity of the endophytic fungal community in Al-Qassim region from 15 wild plants 162 isolates were obtained and identified. Among them, the most common isolates were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus ochraceous and Trichoderma viride, these four endophytic isolates were examined for its antagonistic effect against six phytopathogenic fungi using two different assays, Dual-culture and Culture filtrate. Trichoderma viride recorded the most significant growth inhibition of almost pathogenic fungi followed by the three endophytic Aspergillus spp. In addition, these four endophytic fungi were screened for the production of some extracellular enzymes such as protease, cellulose, amylase, pectinase and xylanase. Our results show the ability of these isolates to produce these extracellular enzymes so this indicated the possible role of endophytic fungi as a biocontrol agent of plant disease.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Potential Alternative Biocontrol Products against Plant Pathogens and Weeds: A Review

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Raveau ◽  
Joël Fontaine ◽  
Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Wide Range

Naturally produced by aromatic plants, essential oils (EO) contain a wide range of volatile molecules, including mostly secondary metabolites, which possess several biological activities. Essential oils properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities are known for a long time and hence widely used in traditional medicines, cosmetics and food industries. However, despite their effects against many phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria as well as weeds, their use in agriculture remains surprisingly scarce. The purpose of the present review is to gather and discuss up-to-date biological activities of EO against weeds, plant pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria, reported in the scientific literature. Innovative methods, potentially valuable to improve the efficiency and reliability of EO, have been investigated. In particular, their use towards a more sustainable agriculture has been discussed, aiming at encouraging the use of alternative products to substitute synthetic pesticides to control weeds and plant diseases, without significantly affecting crop yields. An overview of the market and the recent advances on the regulation of these products as well as future challenges to promote their development and wider use in disease management programs is described. Because of several recent reviews on EO insecticidal properties, this topic is not covered in the present review.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of extracellular metabolites from antagonistic bacteria isolated from potato (Solanum phureja) crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinar David Granada García ◽  
Antoni Rueda Lorza ◽  
Carlos Alberto Peláez
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Cyclic Peptide ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Solanum Phureja ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Extracellular Metabolites

Microorganisms for biological control are capable of producing active compounds that inhibit the development of phytopathogens, constituting a promising tool toob tain active principles that could replace synthetic pesticides. This study evaluatedtheability of severalpotentialbiocontrol microorganismsto produce active extracellular metabolites. In vitro antagonistic capability of 50 bacterial isolates from rhizospheric soils of "criolla" potato (Solanum phureja) was tested through dual culture in this plant with different plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Isolates that showed significantly higher antagonistic activity were fermented in liquid media and crude extracts from the supernatants had their biological activities assessed by optical density techniques. Inhibitory effecton tested pathogens was observed for concentrations between 0.5% and 1% of crude extracts. There was a correlation between the antimicrobial activity of extracts and the use of nutrient-rich media in bacteria fermentation. Using a bioguided method, a peptidic compound, active against Fusarium oxysporum, was obtained from the 7ANT04 strain (Pyrobaculum sp.). Analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography coupled to mass detector evidenced an 11-amino acid compound. Bioinformatic software using raw mass data confirmed the presence of a cyclic peptide conformed by 11 mostly non-standard amino acids.

scholarly journals Antifungal activity of indigenous bacillus sp. isolate Q3 against marshmallow mycobiota

2011 ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Dragana Josic ◽  
Radmila Pivic ◽  
Snezana Pavlovic ◽  
Sasa Stojanovic ◽  
Goran Aleksic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Antifungal Metabolites ◽  
Parasitic Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting

Marshmallow is a host of a number of saprophytic and parasitic fungi in Serbia. The seeds of marshmallow are contaminated with fungi from different genera, especially Alternaria and Fusarium, which significantly reduced seed germination and caused seedling decay. In this study we investigate antagnonism of indigenous Bacillus sp. isolate Q3 against marshmallow mycopopulation. Bacillus sp. Q3 was isolated from maize rhizosphere, characterized by polyphasic approch and tested for plant growth promoting treats. Bacillus sp. Q3 produced antifungal metabolites with growth inhibition activity against numerous fungi in dual culture: 61.8% of Alternaria alternata, 74.8% of Myrothecium verrucaria and 33.6% of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. That effect could be caused by different antifungal metabolites including siderophores, hydrolytic enzymes, organic acids and indole acetic acid (IAA). Suppression of natural marshmallow seed infection by Q3 isolate was observed. The seeds were immersed in different concentrations of bacterial suspension during 2h and their infections by phytopathogenic fungi were estimated. The results showed significant reduction of seed infection by Alternaria spp. The presented results indicate possible application of this isolate as promising biological agent for control of marshmallow seed pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and Mode of Action of Extracts from Endophytic Fungi Derived from Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Michele Ines Kanko Mbekou ◽  
Darline Dize ◽  
Victorine Lorette Yimgang ◽  
Fred Djague ◽  
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Cananga Odorata

Emerging drug-resistant bacteria creates an urgent need to search for antibiotics drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Endophytes have established a reputation as a source of structurally novel secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. In the present study, we explore the antibacterial potential of endophytic fungi isolated from different tissues of Terminalia mantaly, Terminalia catappa, and Cananga odorata. The crude ethyl acetate extracts of 56 different endophytic fungi were screened against seven bacterial strains using the broth microdilution method. The antibacterial modes of action of the most active extracts (04) were evaluated using E. coli ATCC 25922 and H. influenzae ATCC 49247 strains. Both the DPPH and FRAP assays were used to investigate their antioxidant activity, and their cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line was evaluated using the MTT assay. Out of the 56 crude extracts tested, about 13% were considered very active, 66% partially active, and 21% nonactive against all tested bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 0.32 μg/mL to 25 μg/mL. The four more potent extracts (MIC <5 μg/mL) (from Aspergillus sp. N454, Aspergillus sp. N13, Curvularia sp. N101, and Aspergillus sp. N18) significantly lysed the bacteria cells, increased outer membrane permeability, reduced salt tolerance, and inhibited bacterial catalase activity. They exhibited a DPPH free radical scavenging activity with I C 50 ranging from 150.71 to 936.08 μg/mL. Three of the four potent extracts were noncytotoxic against the Vero cells line ( C C 50 > 100  μg/mL). Results from this investigation demonstrated that endophytes from Cameroonian medicinal plants might content potent antibacterial metabolites. The bioguided fractionation of these potent extracts is ongoing to isolate and characterise potential active ingredients.

scholarly journals Multigene Phylogeny, Diversity and Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Sordariomycetes From Rosa roxburghii

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Tian-Peng Wei ◽  
Lin-Zhu Li ◽  
Ming-Yan Luo ◽  
Wei-Yu Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Rosa Roxburghii

Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is widely applied in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine, and has been demonstrated to possess diverse bioactivities. Plant endophytic fungi are important microbial resources with great potential for application in many fields. They not only establish mutualistic symbiosis with host plants but also produce a variety of bioactive compounds. Therefore, in the present study, endophytic fungi were isolated from R. roxburghii, the diversity and antimicrobial activities were evaluated. As a result, 242 strains of endophytic Sordariomycetes were successfully isolated. Multigene phylogenetic analyses showed that these isolates included eight orders, 19 families, 33 genera. The dominant genera were Diaporthe (31.4%), Fusarium (14.4%), Chaetomium (7.9%), Dactylonectria (7.0%), Graphium (4.5%), Colletotrichum (4.1%), and Clonostachys (4.1%). For different tissues of R. roxburghii, alpha diversity analysis revealed that the diversity of fungal communities decreased in the order of root, fruit, stem, flower, leaf, and seed, and Clonostachys and Dactylonectria exhibited obvious tissue specificity. Meanwhile, functional annotation of 33 genera indicated that some fungi have multitrophic lifestyles combining endophytic, pathogenic, and saprophytic behavior. Additionally, antimicrobial activities of endophytic Sordariomycetes against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Colletotrichum capsici, Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Pseudomonas syringae, Pantoea agglomerans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened. Dual culture test assays showed that there were 40 different endophytic species with strong inhibition of at least one or moderate inhibition of two or more against the 12 tested strains. The results from the filter paper diffusion method suggested that extracellular metabolites may be more advantageous than intracellular metabolites in the development of antimicrobial agents. Eleven isolates with good activities were screened. In particular, Hypomontagnella monticulosa HGUP194009 and Nigrospora sphaerica HGUP191020 have shown promise in both broad-spectrum and intensity. Finally, some fungi that commonly cause disease have been observed to have beneficial biological activities as endophytic fungi. In conclusion, this study showed the species composition, alpha diversity, and lifestyle diversity of endophytic Sordariomycetes from R. roxburghii and demonstrated these isolates are potential sources for exploring antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF A NEW STRAIN OF TRICHODERMA VIRIDE AND ITS EFFECT ON MICROMYCETES POPULATIONS IN THE ROOT ZONE OF CORN PLANTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
E. P. Kopilov ◽  
A. A. Pavlenko ◽  
G. V. Tsekhmister ◽  
A. S. Kyslynska
Keyword(s):  
Podzolic Soil ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Acremonium Strictum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Variant ◽  
Corn Plants

Goal. To investigate the antagonistic activity of a new strain of Trichoderma viride F-100076and its effect on the formation of micromycetes populations in the root zone of corn plants underfield conditions. Methods. The antagonistic activity of T. viride F-100076 was studied by the method of mixed (counter) cultures on wort agar using phytopathogenic fungi, which were isolated andidentified in the Laboratory of Plant-Microbial Interactions. The appearance and type of relationship were registered using a scale modified by Symonian and Mamikonian. The number of micromycetes was determined by the method of soil dilutions. Isolation, accounting and cultivation of fungiwas carried out according to conventional methods. Micromycetes were identified according to thedeterminants appropriate for a specific systematic group of micromycetes. Results. It was foundthat T. viride IMB F-100076 is characterized by high antagonistic activity against a wide range ofphytopathogenic fungi, showing hyperparasitism as early as on the eighth day. The highest antagonistic activity of the strain was found against: Alternaria radicina, Acremonium strictum, Acremonium сucurbitacearum, Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras, Fusarium moniliforme var. lactis, Torula expansa (5 points on the corresponding Symonian and Mamikonian scale). Data from the mycological analysis of the sod-podzolic soil of the corn rhizosphere showed that the mycocenosis ofthe sod-podzolic soil of the corn rhizosphere was formed by micromycetes belonging to the generaAcremonium Link, Cladosporium Corda, Fusarium Link:Fr, Gliocladium Corda, Mucor Mich, Penicillium Link:Fr, Rhizopus Ehrenb, Trichoderma Hers, among which the most represented were micromycetes of the genus Penicillium (59 %). The total number of fungi in the control variant was291.00 ± 79.67 thousand CFU/g of soil. The introduction of straw affected both the total number ofmicromycetes and the genus composition of fungi. The total number of fungi in the variant withstraw increased 2.6 times and amounted to 744.00 ± 114.67 thousand CFU/g of soil. The number ofrepresentatives of all studied genera of micromycetes also increased. In addition, the introductionof straw provoked the development of fungi of Bipolaris and Fusarium genera, which can be considered a negative outcome since representatives of these species are commonly recognised as pathogens of root diseases. Application of the fungus antagonist T. viride IMB F-100076 to the soilalong with straw did not significantly affect the total number of micromycetes. At the same time, a displacement of fungi of the genus Bipolaris and Fusarium from the rhizosphere of corn was registered.The number of fusaria decreased from 96.00 ± 5.44 to 23.00 ± 2.32 thousand CFU/g of soil or almost4 times and reached the level of the control variant. Fungi of the genus Bipolaris in the variant withthe introduction of trichoderma were not detected. Conclusion. The antagonist fungus T. virideF-100076, introduced into the soil along with straw, strikes root in the soil and exhibits antagonisticactivity against micromycetes of the genera Bipolaris and Fusarium, which are commonly represented by root rot pathogens of many crops. Thus, the new strain T. viride F-100076 allows increasing theantagonistic potential of the rhizosphere soil of corn and protecting plants from pathogens.

scholarly journals Molecular identification of endophytic fungi from torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) antagonist to phytopathogenic fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisa Lutfia ◽  
Erman Munir ◽  
Yurnaliza Yurnaliza
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Rdna Its ◽  
Rigidoporus Lignosus ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Etlingera Elatior

Abstract. Lutfia A, Munir E, Yurnaliza. 2020. Molecular identification of endophytic fungi from torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) antagonist to phytopathogenic fungi. Biodiversitas 21: 2681-2689.  Medicinal plants are valuable sources in exploration of endophytic microorganisms. The utilization of culturable endophytes, particularly endophytic fungi in pharmacological aspects has been reported in many literature. Zingiberaceae, being known as one of medicinal plant families, is commonly used in tropical countries, e.g Indonesia to treat health disorders and ailments. However, little information has been reported upon their associative endophytic fungi that may be used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi. Efforts to elaborate on the symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungi and host to explain the antifungal ability from endophytes are presented in this study. Six fungal morphotypes were recovered from the rhizome fragment of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Smith) sampled from Sibayak forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. All isolates displayed potential antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum, Ganoderma boninense, and Rigidoporus lignosus as representative phytopathogens in a dual culture plate assay. All fungal morphotypes were identified based on their 18S rDNA-ITS regions. Molecular identification revealed that most isolates were related to Trichoderma spp. while one isolate was identified as Pestaliotopsis sp. The endophytic assemblage of mostly Trichoderma strains in our study may reveal a mutual relationship of these soil fungi as root colonizer displaying biocontrol properties against phytopathogenic fungi to host.

scholarly journals Endophytes of Brazilian Medicinal Plants With Activity Against Phytopathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jucélia Iantas ◽  
Daiani Cristina Savi ◽  
Renata da Silva Schibelbein ◽  
Sandriele Aparecida Noriler ◽  
Beatriz Marques Assad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products

Plant diseases caused by phytopathogens are responsible for significant crop losses worldwide. Resistance induction and biological control have been exploited in agriculture due to their enormous potential. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of endophytic fungi of leaves and petioles of medicinal plants Vochysia divergens and Stryphnodendron adstringens located in two regions of high diversity in Brazil, Pantanal, and Cerrado, respectively. We recovered 1,304 fungal isolates and based on the characteristics of the culture, were assigned to 159 phenotypes. One isolate was selected as representative of each phenotype and studied for antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens. Isolates with better biological activities were identified based on DNA sequences and phylogenetic analyzes. Among the 159 representative isolates, extracts from 12 endophytes that inhibited the mycelial growth (IG) of Colletotrichum abscissum (≥40%) were selected to expand the antimicrobial analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts were determined against citrus pathogens, C. abscissum, Phyllosticta citricarpa and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and the maize pathogen Fusarium graminearum. The highest activity against C. abscissum were from extracts of Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum CMRP4328 (IG: 83% and MIC: 40 μg/mL) and Diaporthe vochysiae CMRP4322 (IG: 75% and MIC: 1 μg/mL), both extracts also inhibited the development of post-bloom fruit drop symptoms in citrus flowers. The extracts were promising in inhibiting the mycelial growth of P. citricarpa and reducing the production of pycnidia in citrus leaves. Among the isolates that showed activity, the genus Diaporthe was the most common, including the new species D. cerradensis described in this study. In addition, high performance liquid chromatography, UV detection, and mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography analyzes of extracts produced by endophytes that showed high activity, indicated D. vochysiae CMRP4322 and P. stromaticum CMRP4328 as promising strains that produce new bioactive natural products. We report here the capacity of endophytic fungi of medicinal plants to produce secondary metabolites with biological activities against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. The description of the new species D. cerradensis, reinforces the ability of medicinal plants found in Brazil to host a diverse group of fungi with biotechnological potential.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Role of a Non-GPCR Membrane-Bound CFEM Protein in the Pathogenicity and Germination of Botrytis cinerea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Gulab Chand Arya ◽  
Dhruv Aditya Srivastava ◽  
Eswari P. J. Pandaranayaka ◽  
Ekaterina Manasherova ◽  
Dov Bernard Prusky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
The Common ◽  
G Protein Coupled

The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, is considered a major cause of postharvest losses in a wide range of crops. The common fungal extracellular membrane protein (CFEM), containing a conserved eight-cysteine pattern, was found exclusively in fungi. Previous studies in phytopathogenic fungi have demonstrated the role of membrane-bound and secreted CFEM-containing proteins in different aspects of fungal virulence. However, non-G protein-coupled receptor (non-GPCR) membrane CFEM proteins have not been studied yet in phytopathogenic fungi. In the present study, we have identified a non-GPCR membrane-bound CFEM-containing protein, Bcin07g03260, in the B. cinerea genome, and generated deletion mutants, ΔCFEM-Bcin07g03260, to study its potential role in physiology and virulence. Three independent ΔCFEM-Bcin07g03260 mutants showed significantly reduced progression of a necrotic lesion on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. Further analysis of the mutants revealed significant reduction (approximately 20–30%) in conidial germination and consequent germ tube elongation compared with the WT. Our data complements a previous study of secreted ΔCFEM1 mutants of B. cinerea that showed reduced progression of necrotic lesions on leaves, without effect on germination. Considering various functions identified for CFEM proteins in fungal virulence, our work illustrates a potential new role for a non-GPCR membrane CFEM in pathogenic fungi to control virulence in the fungus B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Fungal Communities in the Native New Zealand Medicinal Plant Pseudowintera colorata (Horopito) Are Determined by Plant Organ Type and Host Maturity with Key Members Promoting Plant Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2576
Author(s):  
Neeraj Purushotham ◽  
Eirian Jones ◽  
Jana Monk ◽  
Hayley Ridgway
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Set Up

The plant Pseudowintera colorata is well known for its antimicrobial and medicinal properties and is endemic to New Zealand. Using PCR-Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), we investigated the factors influencing the composition of endophytic fungal communities in P. colorata from ten distinct sites across New Zealand. Our results showed that plant organs of P. colorata influenced the diversity and richness of endophytic fungi (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). In addition, plant maturity and its interactions revealed that endophytic fungal communities formed discrete clusters in leaves, stems, and roots of mature and immature P. colorata plants (PERMANOVA; p = 0.002, p = 0.001 and p = 0.039, respectively). For identifying isolates with biocontrol potential, dual culture tests were set up against four different phytopathogenic fungi. Isolates with high activity (zone of inhibition >10 mm) were sequenced and identified as Trichoderma harzianum, Pezicula neosporulosa, Fusarium tricinctum, Metarhizium sp., and Chaetomium sp. Applying selected endophytic fungi (n = 7) as soil drenchers significantly increased the growth of P. colorata seedlings and produced more internodes. Seedling shoots treated with Trichoderma sp. PRY2BA21 were 2.2 × longer (8.36 cm) than the untreated controls (3.72 cm). Our results elucidate the main plant factors influencing fungal community composition and demonstrate a role for endophytic fungi in P. colorata growth and further demonstrate that medicinal plants are a rich source of endophytes with potential as biocontrol agents.

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