scholarly journals Premium biofuels from straw – production of advanced biofuels using the Sylvan process

Paliva ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Aubrecht ◽  
David Kubička
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Advanced Biofuels ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Noble Metal Catalysts ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Middle Distillates

The increasing demand for transportation fuels, especially middle distillates, stimulates the research of new strategies to obtain or synthesize biofuels. The processing of lignocellulosic biomass (for example straw) is a process of great interest, because after its hydrolysis and subsequent dehydration of the resulting sugar monomers, very valuable substances including furfural are obtained. Then, furfural is selectively hydrogenated to 2-methylfuran, sylvan, that is the basic “building block” in the Sylvan process. This manuscript summarizes the knowledge on Sylvan process as a promising way of biofuels synthesis. By sylvan condensing with aldehydes, ketones or even 2-methylfuran itself, it is possible to prepare C13-C16 oxygenates in high yields up to 100 % under mild reaction conditions (30 - 60 °C) over various heterogeneous catalysts. Based on the overview, the heterogeneous catalysts are preferred and the immobilized sulfonic acids are the most active catalysts, however, expensive. The reaction products then may be hydrodeoxygenated commonly over supported noble metal catalysts to provide premium quality C13-C16 hydrocarbons to produce diesel or kerosene. These fractions have great low-temperature properties such as CFPP (-50 °C) or cetane number (70-72). According to the proposed sustainability prediction, this process could be sustainable in the Czech Republic, where 30 % of produced wheat straw could be used for the production of 130 kt advanced biofuels by Sylvan process required by EU directive RED II. Finally, the future approaches have been suggested.

scholarly journals Pyrolyzing Renewable Sugar and Taurine on the Surface of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Hydroxymethylfurfural Production

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiping Ji ◽  
Jie Fu ◽  
Tianfu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Hydrothermal Stability ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Water Solvent ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Conversion of biorenewable feedstocks into transportation fuels or chemicals likely necessitates the development of novel heterogeneous catalysts with good hydrothermal stability, due to the nature of highly oxygenated biomass compounds and the prevalence of water as a processing solvent. The use of carbon-based materials, derived from sugars as catalyst precursors, can achieve hydrothermal stability while simultaneously realizing the goal of sustainability. In this work, the simultaneous pyrolysis of glucose and taurine in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), to obtain versatile solid acids, has been demonstrated. Structural and textural properties of the catalysts have been characterized by TEM, TGA, and XPS. Additionally, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy has been exploited to elucidate the chemical nature of carbon species deposited on the surface of MWCNTs. Al(OTf)3, a model Lewis acidic metal salt, has been successfully supported on sulfonic groups tethered to MWCNTs. This catalyst has been tested for C6 sugar dehydration for the production of HMF in a tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water solvent system with good recyclability.

ETHANOL–BIODIESEL–DIESEL BLENDS AS A DIESEL EXTENDER OPTION ON COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINES

Transport ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máté Zöldy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines ◽  
Fuel Demand ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Natural Reserves

Increasing fuel demand, decreasing natural reserves and environmental consciousness have together led to testing and implementing new fuels and blending components of compression ignition engines. Biofuels are very commonly added to fossil fuels, mostly ethanol to gasoline and FAME to diesel. Harmonizing their properties with engines is a great challenge for automotive and oil industry. Increasing demand for diesel oil in Europe raised the question about the possibility of increasing the amount of bio extenders. There were and certainly there are a number of experiments aimed at substituting or blending diesel with other fuels. One group of such fuels makes bioethanol– biodiesel–diesel oil mixtures. The paper proposes a global overview on literature and presents the obtained results. The article explores the possibility of using bioethanol–biodiesel–diesel oil mixtures in vehicles and agricultural compression ignition engines. The main aspect of researches was to find blends substitutable for compression ignition engines. Investigations were made to determine the maximum volume of a renewable part thus reaching the same or similar power output with lowering emissions. The received results were used for environmental and economical investigations. The valorisation of the results shows that bioethanol–biodiesel–diesel blends fulfil the cetane number, viscosity and lubricity requirements for standard diesel. Practical measurements and engine tests show that the utilization of a new fuel decreases emissions from the engine. The results of agricultural feedstock calculation indicate that in Hungary the biofuel part of the investigated fuels can be produced from an overflow.

The Effect Of Sowing Schemes On The Productivity Of Sunflower Varieties

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Togaeva Sarvinoz Suyunovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Dietary Value ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Today, due to the increasing demand for vegetable oil worldwide, there is a growing trend in the production of seeds of major oilseeds. Due to its high nutritional value and dietary value, vegetable oil replaces animal fats in human consumption. The main way to increase the yield of sunflower is to cultivate modern early maturing varieties that are adapted to the soil conditions of the region for each region. This scientific article develops the basic elements of the technology of cultivation of oilseed sunflower as a secondary crop of high yields from fast-ripening varieties. Planting sunflower as a secondary crop after wheat resulted in increased yields when planting schemes were applied correctly. Depending on the number of seeds in one basket and their weight sowing schemes, it is proved that the number of seeds in the basket increases when the sowing scheme is 70x30-1 as a repeated crop - basket, number of seeds, weight, and yield.

Diesel fuels from biomass

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 2071-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Casanave ◽  
Jean-Luc Duplan ◽  
Edouard Freund
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Significant Percentage ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Middle Distillates

The demand for transportation fuels - gasoline (for cars), diesel (for trucks and cars), and kerosene (for aircraft) - is predicted to increase. The fastest growth will be observed for kerosene, in competition with diesel, inducing constraints on diesel. At the same time, all of these fuels are derived mainly from oil (more than 95 %), thus generating growing, uncontrolled CO2 emissions. Therefore, production of diesel derived from biomass (the so-called biodiesel) appears as a major objective. In this paper, we describe the existing industrial processes, discuss the possible improvements, and present the new routes (the "second-generation" processes) under development that will allow biodiesel to gain a significant percentage of the diesel (and maybe of middle distillates) pool.

scholarly journals Copper nanoparticles on controlled pore glass (CPG) as highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts for “click reactions”

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdolrahim A. Rafi ◽  
Ismail Ibrahem ◽  
Armando Córdova
Keyword(s):  
Copper Nanoparticles ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalyst System ◽  
Terminal Alkynes ◽  
Click Reactions ◽  
Dipolar Cycloadditions ◽  
Organic Azides ◽  
Controlled Pore Glass ◽  
Pore Glass ◽  
High Yields

AbstractWe herein report that supported copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on commercially available controlled pore glass (CPG), which exhibit high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability as compared to other silica-based materials, serve as a useful heterogeneous catalyst system for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions (“click” reactions) between terminal alkynes and organic azides under green chemistry conditions. The supported CuNPs-CPG catalyst exhibited a broad substrate scope and gave the corresponding triazole products in high yields. The CuNPs-CPG catalyst exhibit recyclability and could be reuced multiple times without contaminating the products with Cu.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Medicinally Important Quinazolines and Their Derivatives: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-121
Author(s):  
Sulochana Sharma ◽  
Kailash Sharma ◽  
Sakshi Pathak ◽  
Mahendra Kumar ◽  
Praveen Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Review Article ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Microwave Irradiations ◽  
High Yields

The study of biodynamic heterosystems has proved to be the most attractive and useful for the development of potential drugs with superior properties and works effectively for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including pandemic ones. Out of the thousand biodynamic heterosystems, the quinazoline heterosystem is one that exhibits wide-ranging biological and pharmacological properties. Synthesis of potential medicinal material is comparatively challenging and needed enough time for clinical trials, testing, permissions for concerned authorities, production and supply. Therefore, researchers usually focused on novel methods incorporated with a high yield of previously approved chemical compounds. This present review article has focused on the synthesis of medicinally important quinazolines and their derivatives, which produce reaction products in less time with high yields, including more attention with eco-friendly green synthesis approaches incorporating multicomponent reactions (MCR), ionic liquids and microwave irradiations.

Water Intensity of Transportation Fuels: Water Projections for Fuel Adoption Rates of Light Duty Vehicles

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey W. King ◽  
Michael E. Webber ◽  
Ian J. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Corporate Average Fuel Economy ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
Increasing Demand

Worldwide demand for petroleum grows steadily every year due to increasing demand in the United States as well as countries with fast-growing economies such as China and India, where the populations are striving to attain higher standards of living and lifestyle. Concern over this increased demand for petroleum in light of worries about reliable supply and global climate change has resulted in the US government passing new Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and a Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS). The existing mandate in the US to blend ethanol into gasoline (approximately 15 billion gallons annually by 2015) had effectively committed 860 billion gallons of irrigation water in 2005 (approximately 2.4% of U.S. 2005 freshwater consumption) for producing fuel for the light duty vehicle (LDV) transportation sector. It is estimated that by 2030, nearly 2,700 billion gallons of water per year will be consumed and 4,700–6,400 billion gallons withdrawn to produce fuels used in LDVs. Irrigation for biofuels dominates the projected water usage for fuels production, but other alternatives to petroleum gasoline (coal to liquids, oil shale, and electricity via plug-in hybrid vehicles) will also contribute appreciably to future water consumption and withdrawal, especially on a regional level.

Asymmetric synthesis of β-amino ketones by using cinchona alkaloid-based chiral phase transfer catalysts

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (45) ◽  
pp. 8704-8709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weihua Li ◽  
Yifeng Wang ◽  
Danqian Xu
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Synthesis ◽  
Nucleophilic Addition ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Cinchona Alkaloid ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Chiral Phase ◽  
Phase Transfer Catalysts ◽  
Chiral Phase Transfer Catalysts ◽  
The Mannich Reaction ◽  
High Yields

A highly enantioselective nucleophilic addition of ketones to versatile imines catalyzed by chiral PTC has been developed, and the process affords the Mannich reaction products with tertiary stereocenters in good to high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. This protocol is effective for gram scale reaction.

Comparison of Different Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Estolides Synthesis from Oleic Acid

2011 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 288-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Asikin Mohamad Nordin ◽  
Nadia Farhana Adnan ◽  
Noraini Hamzah ◽  
Wan Nor Roslam Wan Isahak ◽  
Alifee Ayatillah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Addition Reaction ◽  
Xps Analysis ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Final Conversion ◽  
Direct Addition ◽  
Chromatographic Peaks

Different catalysts, namely various loading of perchloric acid on various supports; HClO4/silica (SiO2), HClO4/silica gel (SG) and HClO4/alumina (Al2O3) were tested for the direct addition reaction of oleic acid (OA) to form estolide compounds. The reactions were carried out under vacuum (2 mBar) for 10 hours at 70 °C under solvent-less conditions. LC-MS ToF of reaction products results showed chromatographic peaks for the presence of two new estolide compounds, oleic-oleic monoestolide acid (m/z563.51, as [M-H]-), and oleic-oleic diestolide acid (m/z845.77 [M-H]-). The optimum loading of HClO4for every support are 15 wt.% HClO4/SiO2(SiO215), 10 wt.% HClO4/SG (SG10) and 35 wt.% HClO4/Al2O3(Al2O335). The SG10 turned out to be the best catalyst, achieving a final conversion of 97.5 % with 79.8 % selectivity to oleic-oleic monoestolide acid and 17.7 % selectivity to oleic-oleic diestolide acid. The activity and selectivity of the SG10 have been investigated and compared with homogeneous HClO4. The optimum catalysts for every support were characterized by XPS analysis, BET, TEM and TPD-NH3.

The synthesis and reactions of trisubstituted N-(X-2-benzothiazolyl)formamidines

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1006-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margita Lácová ◽  
Nguyen Thi Nga
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Products ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Yields

The modified Vilsmeier-Haack reagent ANC(O)H-ClSO2C6H5 (A = (CH3)2, (C2H5)2, (CH2)5, CH2CH2OCH2CH2) reacts with 2-amino-X-benzothiazole in pyridine and ether to give three types of products in high yields depending on the character of substituents A and X. Isolated were: N,N-dialkyl-N'-(X-2-benzothiazolyl)formamidines, N,N'-bis(X-2-benzothiazolyl)formamidines, and N,N-dialkyl-N',N´´-bis(X-2-benzothiazolyl)triaminomethanes. Investigated were the conditions and reaction products of N,N-dialkyl-N',N´´-bis(X-2-benzothiazolyl)triaminomethanes with phenylethanoyl, phenoxyethanoyl, 4-chlorophenoxyethanoyl, and N-phthalimidoethanoyl chlorides either in ether or in pyridine. Mutual transformations of the individual products are described.

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