scholarly journals Humidity and Temperature Monitoring System using IoT

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1353-1356
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Temperature Estimation ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Biomedical Industry ◽  
Culture Strategies ◽  
Natural Situation

Indian enterprises significantly incorporate biomedical, horticultural and pharmaceutical which are the mainstays of nation economy. The checking of temperature and humidity are significant regions for every one of these enterprises. Any sort of unbalancing in the ecological conditions or disconnected parameters can make budgetary misfortune in the profitability of pharmaceutical and horticulture enterprises. Checking of temperature and moistness are likewise required for biomedical industry for medications and cell culture strategies. In medicinal services segments, conditioncontrolled, conditions are additionally required for patients undermining. In this paper we are going to gauge temperature and humidity by utilizing Node MCU apparatus and DHT11, which will be useful for adjusting the earth to build the productivity in this in agriculture sector today’s weather forecasting systems accessible based on satellite and RADAR communication. These frameworks are substantial, hard to deal with and exorbitant. They are detecting scarcely specific region and its incomplete range. In any case, in horticulture field universally not indistinguishable ecological conditions it is important to observing every single yield existing natural situation. An agriculture field premises has dissimilar humidity, temperature, moisture, light intensity because corner of plot trees and water leakage, so that kind of changes across all parameters of field are essential, and such parameters of yield continue the quality. In present paper proposed framework, enhancement of moistness and temperature. There are numerous frameworks are accessible in the market dependent on Wireless sensor organize (WSN) yet this framework is more vitality effective, little size, convenient. Sensor is coordinated bundle contains stickiness and temperature estimation ability in single bundle.

scholarly journals On the present situation of the magnetic lines of equal variation, and their changes on the ter­restrial surface

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 195-196
Keyword(s):  
Present Situation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Actual Observation ◽  
Magnetic Variation ◽  
Magnetic Poles ◽  
Natural Situation

The author has undertaken the task of collecting and arranging all the authentic information respecting magnetic variation which has been recorded in the accounts of several recent voyages and journeys of discovery. The inconvenience from the distortion and interruptions of the lines of equal variation laid down on maps or charts, induced him to trace them on a globe, where they can, of course, be exhibited in their natural situation, and in regular conti­nuity : and he has been careful to mark only such as are deduced from actual observation. The examination of the lines thus laid down shows them to be dependent on definite and general laws, and not on local influences ; their inflexions and curvatures presenting systems of great regularity, and being exempt from those abrupt and angular configurations which such local disturbances might be expected to produce : neither do they appear to be consistent with the hypothesis of the action of a certain definite plurality of magnetic poles. The author next offers some observations on the progressive changes which these lines undergo in their places and configurations, and shows their agreement with the hypothesis of a revolution of the mag­netic poles for each place round the poles of the earth; each respective place having its own particular pole, the revolving motion of which is regulated by some general but hitherto unknown law.

scholarly journals An Automated Plant Irrigation System using μC

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3558-3562
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Off Pump ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Op Amp ◽  
Op Amps ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Set Up

In the agriculture sector Continuous water extraction from the earth decreases water level owing to the slow arrival of a lot of soil in the areas of irrigated land. This is also owing to the unexpected use of water, which leads to a substantial quantity of waste. This automatic irrigation system is used for this purpose. Power comes from photovoltaic cells using solar energy. Therefore it is not necessary to rely on erratic business energy. The circuit consists of sensor components constructed with op-amp IC. Op-amps are set up as a comparator here. In the soil are placed two steep copper cables to see if the soil is moist or dry. The entire system is controlled by a microcontroller. IC which contacts are used to turn the engine ON, the engine is switched OFF when the ground is moist. The above task is carried out by the microcontroller, which receives the signal from the sensors and which functions under software control that can be stored on the microcontroller's Rom. The pump situation is shown on a 16X2 LCD interfacing to the microcontroller. The ON / OFF pump situation is shown. The project can also be strengthened through its interfaces with a GSM modem, which allows control of the engine switching

scholarly journals Technology Adoption by Farmers for the Sustainability of Agriculture Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 1517-1521
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Market Structure ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Production Stage ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Marketing Efficiency

Agriculturalists are the principal managers who can shape the surface of the Earth in the coming years. In India government has been implementing new schemes for ensuring the sustainability of agriculture so as to meet the demands of improving yields and for the sustainability of agriculture sector. Indian Government has taken lot of initiatives to transform agriculture sector though e marketing of agriculture produce. 58 per cent of population depend upon agriculture for their livelihood. Agriculture sector is a highly dangerous sector that is facing ups and downs during the crop production stage. Agriculturists suffer from marketing their produce. The farmer’s income is not stable due to the fall in their crop yield and the selling price of their produce. Government is concerned with helping farmers to increase their yield and have framed policies to form a competitive market structure which will indirectly help to enhance the marketing efficiency of farmers. Our government has taken initiative to combine the market to improve the marketing efficiency of agriculturist.

Horizontal scale of large-scale convective self-aggregation and their sensitivity to SST

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhei Matsugishi ◽  
Masaki Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Horizontal Scale ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Convective Region ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Self Aggregation

<p>We conducted radiative convective equilibrium (RCE) experiments with varying domain size and sea surface temperature (SST) using the global cloud-system-resolving model NICAM (Satoh et al. 2014) to investigate the dependence of the maximum horizontal scale of the convective cluster on SST.</p><p>Convective self-aggregation in RCE simulations are widely studied, where convections spontaneously organize into a humid convective cluster even in the absence of inhomogeneities in boundary conditions and forcing. Previous studies show that convective self-organization does not occur when the domain size is too small, and that convective region become single-connected regions within a certain domain size, whereas when the domain size is large enough, multiple convective clusters are generated. In a previous study, although the maximum horizontal scale of the convective cluster was estimated to be about 4000 km, but the domain size of the simulation was smaller than the Earth surface, so it is not certain whether the preferable size of the convective aggregation exists over the realistic domain of the Earth. Moreover, it is now well understood how the horizontal size of the aggregation depends on SST; this aspect is relevant to understanding of the climate sensitivity.</p><p>The experiments were conducted with the NICAM simulations with switching off convective parameterization over a non-rotating spherical domain over the area of the region by varying the radius (the Earth radius R, R/2, R/4, R/8, and R/16). The horizontal uniform constant SST was changed as 295, 300, and 305K. The results show that there was a single convective cluster at a radius of R/4 or less, while there were multiple convective clusters at a radius of R/2 or more. The threshold for the transition between multiple convective clusters and a single convective cluster is found to be between R/4 and R/2. Physical variables such as vertical profiles of temperature and humidity gradually changes as the radius becomes larger, and converged at the radius R/2. For the SST dependency, the result robustly indicates that the maximum horizontal scale of the convection cluster is not monotonic with SST and it was largest for SST 300K.</p><p>As the domain size increases, the domain average moistens, and the boundary layer wind speed increases. Because the diabatic radiative cooling is constrained by the temperature and humidity structure, the surface evaporation and thus the surface wind speed must also be constrained with an upper limit; this is why the maximum horizontal scale exists and there are multiple convective clusters for the domain size larger than R/2. We also found that the moist static energy transport from the convective region decreases as the domain becomes larger, as pointed out by Patrizio and Randall (2019). The horizontal scale dependence of the convective cluster is related to two factors: the effect of the horizontal pressure difference in the boundary layer and the circulation structure of free troposphere. The energy budget analysis also explains the SST dependence of the maximum horizontal scale of the convective clusters.</p>

scholarly journals A molecular timescale for eukaryote evolution with implications for the origin of red algal-derived plastids

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen F. H. Strassert ◽  
Iker Irisarri ◽  
Tom A. Williams ◽  
Fabien Burki
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Eukaryote Evolution ◽  
Ecological Importance

AbstractIn modern oceans, eukaryotic phytoplankton is dominated by lineages with red algal-derived plastids such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores. Despite the ecological importance of these groups and many others representing a huge diversity of forms and lifestyles, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of their evolution and how they obtained their plastids. New hypotheses have emerged to explain the acquisition of red algal-derived plastids by serial endosymbiosis, but the chronology of these putative independent plastid acquisitions remains untested. Here, we establish a timeframe for the origin of red algal-derived plastids under scenarios of serial endosymbiosis, using Bayesian molecular clock analyses applied on a phylogenomic dataset with broad sampling of eukaryote diversity. We find that the hypotheses of serial endosymbiosis are chronologically possible, as the stem lineages of all red plastid-containing groups overlap in time. This period in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic Eras set the stage for the later expansion to dominance of red algal-derived primary production in the contemporary oceans, which profoundly altered the global geochemical and ecological conditions of the Earth.

Deep Learning on the sphere for weather/climate applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaël Defferrard ◽  
Wentao Feng ◽  
Natalie Bolón Brun ◽  
Icíar Lloréns Jover ◽  
Gionata Ghiggi
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Unstructured Grids ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Computational Overhead ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Spherical Topology ◽  
Model Components

<p>Deep Learning (DL) has the potential to revolutionize numerical weather predictions (NWP) and climate simulations by improving model components and reducing computing time, which could then be used to increase the resolution or the number of simulations. Unfortunately, major progress has been hindered by difficulties in interfacing DL with conventional models because of i) programming language barriers, ii) difficulties in reaching stable online coupling with models, and iii) the inability to exploit the horizontal spatial information as classical convolutional neural networks can’t be used on spherical unstructured grids.</p><p>We present a solution to perform spatial convolutions directly on the unstructured grids of NWP models. Our convolution and pooling operations work on any pixelization of the sphere (e.g., Gauss-Legendre, icosahedral, cubed-sphere) provided a mesh or the pixel’s locations. Moreover, our solution allows mixing data from different grids and scales linearly with the number of pixels, allowing it to ingest millions of inputs from 3D spherical fields.</p><p>We show that a proper treatment of the spherical topology and geometry of the Earth (as opposed to a projection to the plane, cylinder, or cube) i) yields geometric constraints that provide generalization guarantees (i.e., the learned function does not depend on its localization on the Earth), and ii) induces prior biases that facilitate learning. We demonstrate that doing so improves prediction performance at no computational overhead for data-driven weather forecasting. We trained autoregressive ResUNets on five spherical samplings, covering those adopted by the major meteorological centers.</p><p>We believe that the proposed solution can find immediate use for post-processing (e.g., bias correction and downscaling), model error corrections, linear solvers pre-conditioning, model components emulation, sub-grid parameterizations, and many more applications. To that end, we provide open-source and easy-to-use code accompanied by tutorials.</p>

scholarly journals The Reprocessed Suomi NPP Satellite Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 2891
Author(s):  
Cheng-Zhi Zou ◽  
Lihang Zhou ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Ninghai Sun ◽  
Yong Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Numerical Weather ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Satellite Retrievals

The launch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) and its follow-on NOAA Joint Polar Satellite Systems (JPSS) satellites marks the beginning of a new era of operational satellite observations of the Earth and atmosphere for environmental applications with high spatial resolution and sampling rate. The S-NPP and JPSS are equipped with five instruments, each with advanced design in Earth sampling, including the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS), the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS), the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), and the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES). Among them, the ATMS is the new generation of microwave sounder measuring temperature profiles from the surface to the upper stratosphere and moisture profiles from the surface to the upper troposphere, while CrIS is the first of a series of advanced operational hyperspectral sounders providing more accurate atmospheric and moisture sounding observations with higher vertical resolution for weather and climate applications. The OMPS instrument measures solar backscattered ultraviolet to provide information on the concentrations of ozone in the Earth’s atmosphere, and VIIRS provides global observations of a variety of essential environmental variables over the land, atmosphere, cryosphere, and ocean with visible and infrared imagery. The CERES instrument measures the solar energy reflected by the Earth, the longwave radiative emission from the Earth, and the role of cloud processes in the Earth’s energy balance. Presently, observations from several instruments on S-NPP and JPSS-1 (re-named NOAA-20 after launch) provide near real-time monitoring of the environmental changes and improve weather forecasting by assimilation into numerical weather prediction models. Envisioning the need for consistencies in satellite retrievals, improving climate reanalyses, development of climate data records, and improving numerical weather forecasting, the NOAA/Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) has been reprocessing the S-NPP observations for ATMS, CrIS, OMPS, and VIIRS through their life cycle. This article provides a summary of the instrument observing principles, data characteristics, reprocessing approaches, calibration algorithms, and validation results of the reprocessed sensor data records. The reprocessing generated consistent Level-1 sensor data records using unified and consistent calibration algorithms for each instrument that removed artificial jumps in data owing to operational changes, instrument anomalies, contaminations by anomaly views of the environment or spacecraft, and other causes. The reprocessed sensor data records were compared with and validated against other observations for a consistency check whenever such data were available. The reprocessed data will be archived in the NOAA data center with the same format as the operational data and technical support for data requests. Such a reprocessing is expected to improve the efficiency of the use of the S-NPP and JPSS satellite data and the accuracy of the observed essential environmental variables through either consistent satellite retrievals or use of the reprocessed data in numerical data assimilations.

scholarly journals Environmental conditions: definition, indicators, mapping

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-194
Author(s):  
Vladimir Tikunov ◽  
Tatiana Kotova ◽  
Stanislav Belousov
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Scale Levels ◽  
Integral Assessment ◽  
High Level

The article provides an overview of existing approaches to assessing the ecological conditions of the environment. An integral assessment of the current ecological conditions with a high level of anthropogenic impact on the environment and the constantly increasing population of the Earth is an important task aimed at determining the strategic path of sustainable development of countries and their regions. Environmental indicators used for this purpose should be representative of environmental conditions and be suitable for regular monitoring at various scale levels. Ecological conditions is an important factor of the quality of life, the role of which is steadily increasing. The article shows approaches to assessing the quality of life, taking into account environmental conditions of countries and their regions, and provides a variant of integral assessment for Russian cities using state statistics and environmental monitoring data. A study was carried out on the applicability of various indicators to assess the quality of life. Resulted map of the Russian cities quality of life shows the spatial distribution of the quality of life over the territory of Russia.

scholarly journals A molecular timescale for the origin of red algal-derived plastids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen F. H. Strassert ◽  
Iker Irisarri ◽  
Tom A. Williams ◽  
Fabien Burki
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽  
Red Algal ◽  
Algal Groups ◽  
Ecological Importance

AbstractIn modern oceans, eukaryotic phytoplankton is dominated by lineages with red algal-derived plastids such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores. These lineages and countless others representing a huge diversity of forms and lifestyles all belong to four algal groups: cryptophytes, ochrophytes, haptophytes, and myzozoans. Despite the ecological importance of these groups, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of their evolution and how they obtained their plastids. Over the last years, new hypotheses have emerged to explain the acquisition of red algal-derived plastids by serial endosymbiosis, but the chronology of these putative independent plastid acquisitions remains untested. Here, we have established a timeframe for the origin of red algal-derived plastids under scenarios of serial endosymbiosis, using a taxon- and gene-rich phylogenomic dataset combined to Bayesian molecular clock analyses. We find that the hypotheses of serial endosymbiosis are chronologically possible, as the stem lineages of all red plastid-containing groups overlapped in time. This period in the Meso- and Neoproterozoic Eras set the stage for the later expansion to dominance of red algal-derived primary production in the contemporary oceans, which has profoundly altered the global geochemical and ecological conditions of the Earth.

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