IS THE DERANGEMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION DUE TO BIOMASS FUEL SMOKE MORE THAN THAT OF TOBACCO SMOKE?

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Vinoth Kumar. N ◽  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Anand Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Harmful Effects

It is a known fact for a long time now that tobacco smoke having ample harmful effects on the lung function, but biomass fuel being one of the cheapest mode of fuel available for cooking and domestic purposes, especially in the rural areas also having near or even more ill effects on the lung function health. Does the biomass fuel smoke impact on the lung function health being concealed, due to the fact of over impression of effects by the tobacco smoke? So, exposure indexes been formulated to assess how much impact been created by these different kinds of smoke on the lung function indices.

scholarly journals Impact of Exposure to Biomass Fuel on Pulmonary Function and Lung Age in Rural Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
Krishna Chaitanya Bolla ◽  
Yuvarani Raghu ◽  
Jenny Jayapalan ◽  
Meenakshi Narasimhan ◽  
Aruna Shanmuganathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Exposure Index ◽  
Respiratory Impairment ◽  
Lung Age ◽  
Expiratory Flow

BACKGROUND Around half a million of people still rely on biomass fuels for cooking, which is a major source of household air pollution, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Biomass smoke exposure is associated with airway obstruction and decreased ventilatory function. Though various studies are available in relation to biomass exposure and pulmonary function, literature is limited on lung age. Hence, the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of biomass fuel on pulmonary function and lung age in rural women and correlate biomass exposure index with the spirometry parameters and lung age. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Tamilnadu. Around 350 women were screened and 100 women aged > 18 years with biomass exposure for at least five years and able to perform spirometry were selected for inclusion in the study. After obtaining consent, the subjects were evaluated further with detailed history and spirometry to record the lung function parameters and lung age. Biomass exposure index was calculated from hours spent in cooking per day multiplied with the years of cooking. RESULTS Mean age of the participants was 49.88 ± 10.76 years. 68 % had indoor kitchen with inadequate ventilation in 57 % of households. Majority of the women were housewives and belonged to the middle- and low-income groups. Around 19 % were symptomatic with cough and expectoration being predominant symptoms. Spirometry was abnormal in 83 % of the women and showed obstruction in majority. Mean forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), forced expiratory flow 25 - 75 % (FEF) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were reduced in the study population. A significant negative correlation was observed between the biomass exposure index (BEI) hour-years and FEV 1 and FEF 25 % - 75 %. A significant positive correlation was observed between BEI hours-year and lung age. CONCLUSIONS Majority of the women exposed to biomass fuel smoke, though asymptomatic, had abnormal lung function with increased lung age. Intensity of exposure as measured by biomass exposure index correlated significantly with FEV1, FEF 25 - 75 % and lung age. Hence, regular surveillance of the women using biomass fuel for cooking should be done for early identification of respiratory impairment. KEY WORDS Biomass Exposure, Biomass Fuel, Pulmonary Function, Lung Age, Biomass Exposure Index

Indexes of tobacco smoke contribution to environmental particulates based on molecular fingerprints of alkanes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Cecinato ◽  
Alessandro Bacaloni ◽  
Paola Romagnoli ◽  
Mattia Perilli ◽  
Catia Balducci
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Molecular Fingerprints ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Organic Fractions

Abstract Tobacco smoking is a very common habit and causes the spreading into the atmosphere of a number of toxicants, which heavily affect also health of no smokers. Hence, chemical, physical and toxicological features of smoking products (vapours as well as mainstream, sidestream and third hand smoke) have been extensively investigated. In particular, attention has been paid to organic compounds (individuals, or in combination giving raise to peculiar molecular fingerprints), potentially suitable to act as “chemical signature” of tobacco smoke (TS). At this regard, the signature of long-chain iso and anteiso alkanes has known since long time as typical of TS. Nevertheless, until now no indexes have been identified as suitable to estimate the contribution of TS to environmental pollution, e.g. the TS percentage in carbonaceous aerosol as well as in settled dusts, nor in the respective organic fractions. This paper describes the results of an extensive investigation conducted on non-polar lipid fraction of soot and dust collected in interiors and outdoors. Six potential quantities associated to iso, anteiso and normal C29-C34 alkanes were tested, and finally a cumulative index (TSI) was defined through averaging the three most promising ones in order to estimate TS contribution to organic particulate. The behaviour of TSI was plotted vs. a further parameter, i.e. the exceedance of normal C31 alkane with respect to average of C29 and C33 homologues, revealing a link in the case of aerosols but not of dusts. According to back analysis carried out on several sets of particulate matters, traces of TS seemed to affect even rural areas, while inside smokers’ homes the contributions of TS to PM could account for up to 12.3% and 3.2%, respectively, in aerosols and dusts. This suggests the importance of further investigations aimed at assessing the potential risk for humans associated to tobacco smoking, by means of reliable TS indexes.

How Far Scientific is Snakebite Prevention and First Aid Treatment in School Textbook?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
Faiha Fairouz ◽  
Rumana Rashid ◽  
Abdullah Abu Sayeed
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Elementary Science ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Class Viii ◽  
The Subject ◽  
School Books

Background: Snakebite is an old health problem in rural areas. In Bangladesh, the snakebite issue is included in school syllabus, in curriculum since long time, so that people can take/get immediate first aid treatment and can prevent snakebite. The success of snakebite treatment depends more on providing first aid treatment immediately after snakebite by learning and by sending the patients quickly to hospital. Snakebite is a preventable health problem indeed. If it can be prevented the rate of snakebite will also decrease. In the recently published snake bite management Guideline by WHO it has been targeted to reduce 50% of mortality & disability due to snakebite by 2030.1 Methods: a. The snakebite topic or issue has been thoroughly reviewed in the secondary and higher secondary school books. b. National Guidelines on snakebite in providing/ giving first aid treatment has been reviewed.2 c. The correlation between the topic to learn the subject and the national guidelines have been reviewed and given taken into account. d. The similarity or correlation between the national guidelines and the topic in the prevention of snakebite in the book have been observed & reviewed. It was a descriptive/narrative research study. Results: In the book of class IV in Primary and Secondary level students, ‘Elementary Science, (‘Prathomiik Bigghan’) page no. 86 and in book of class VIII Home Science (‘Gharjhastha Biggan’) page no. 16 the Snakebite issue/topic is mentioned.2,3 There are 22 information on the first aid/primary treatment of Snakebite among which 5 (five) are nonscientific rather harmful. (Table & Picture) Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 39-40

scholarly journals Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Patients with Stable Biomass Smoke- versus Tobacco Smoke-Associated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalita Fernandes ◽  
Shraddha Rane ◽  
Suresh Mandrekar ◽  
Anthony Menezes Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Induced Sputum ◽  
Biomass Fuel ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Biomass Smoke ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Profile

Background. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease with predominant involvement of neutrophils, macrophages and CD8+ lymphocytes. Eosinophilic airway inflammations are reported in stable state and during acute exacerbations of tobacco smoke-associated COPD (TS-COPD). Women exposed to biomass fuel smoke are known to have eosinophils in sputum. However, little is known about the sputum cellular inflammatory profile in biomass fuel smoke-associated COPD (BMS-COPD). We therefore aimed to compare the sputum cellular inflammatory profile in tobacco smoke- and biomass smoke-associated COPD. Methods. The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Goa, India. A total of 113 patients with stable COPD reporting to the outpatient pulmonary clinic were recruited. All participants were ≥ 40 years of age. Sputum induction studies were performed by the method of Pizzichini et al. after baseline subject characterization. Significant eosinophilia was defined as induced sputum eosinophils ≥ 3%. Results. There were 85 TS-COPD and 28 BMS-COPD patients. The mean age [standard deviation (SD)] was 64.7 (7.8) and 63.0 years (8.3), p = 0.32 in TS and BMS-COPD, respectively. Eighteen subjects (21.1%) were female smokers. The smoking pack-year median [interquartile range (IQR)] was 36 (20, 58) and hour-years of biomass smoke exposure mean (SD) was 192.4 (61). The TS-COPD and BMS-COPD cases showed a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) mean (SD) of 57.9 (17.1), and 62.6 (19.4), p= 0.22, respectively. Both groups had similar symptoms and severity of disease. Induced sputum total cell count per gram of sputum × 106 mean (SD) was 3.05 (1.53) for TS-COPD, and 2.55(1.37) for BMS-COPD p=0.12. The neutrophils % mean (SD) was 86.4 (16.5) and 87.9 (10.2), p = 0.64; eosinophils % median (IQR) was 2.5 (1, 10) and 8 (2, 12.8), p = 0.07; lymphocytes % median (IQR) was 0 (0, 0.75) and 0 (0, 1) p = 0.13; macrophages % median (IQR) was 2.5 (0.75, 5.7) and 1 (0, 4.7) p = 0.13; and significant eosinophilia (eosinophils ≥3%) was 42 (49.4%) and 20 (71%), p=0.04, for TS-COPD and BMS-COPD, respectively. Conclusions. For similar severity of disease and clinical symptoms, significant eosinophilic inflammation was observed in stable BMS-COPD, while both groups had similar neutrophilic inflammation. Participant Consent. Obtained. Ethics Approval. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Goa Medical College, Goa, India. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals The Siberian Polonia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century in the Polish historiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.

scholarly journals CONTROL OF WEEDS IN AGROCENOSIS OF NUTU

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
Yurii Shcatula ◽  
Volodymyr Votyk
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Harmful Effects

Nowadays no herbicide has been approved for use on chickpea crops has been officially registered in Ukraine. Weed control measures are mainly used. However, many years of experience in the use of a number of herbicides in our country and in other countries. In this regard, the effectiveness and selectivity of soil preparations such as Harnes, 90% k.e., and Frontier Optima, 72% k.e. were studied in chickpea crops. These herbicides were applied after sowing chickpeas until the emergence of seedlings. Application of Harness herbicide, 90% k.e., at a rate of 3.0 l / ha in the soil before the emergence of chickpea seedlings leads to a decrease in weed vegetation a month after application of the herbicide to 88% compared to control areas where measures to protect against storms vegetation was not carried out. The regulation of the number of weeds and their harmful effects in chickpea agrophytocenoses to an economically harmless level is an important condition in the technology of its cultivation. The most relevant weed control is at the beginning of the growing season of the crop, since this the chickpea grows very slowly, is in the rosette phase for a long time, and therefore does not withstand competition from weeds. To increase the yield of chickpea seeds, an important place in the technology of growing crops is the use of herbicides and biological products. Inoculation of chickpea seeds with Rizobofitt at a consumption rate of 1 l / t and with a biofungicidal preparation Biopolycide at a consumption rate of 100 ml/t, by introducing a soil herbicide Frontier Optima, 72% k.e., at a consumption rate of 1,2 l/ha, contribute to the reduction of weeds to 91%, and the ability to obtain the yield of chickpea seeds at the level of 2,12 t/ha.

scholarly journals Population, and its social and religious composition in Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions on the eve of the Axis aggression against the USSR (according to the censuses of the USSR in 1937 and 1939)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Maiorova
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Religious Policy ◽  
The Core ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of population censuses conducted in the USSR in 1937 and 1939, in relation to Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions. The research is based on census materials that had been classified for a long time and published only in the 1990s. Of all the various aspects of the censuses, the author's attention was focused on only three – population, its social structure, and religious composition. Based on the results of the censuses, conclusions are drawn about the prevalence of women in the region, both in rural areas and in cities. It was women who, in the conditions of World War II, became the strong rear, on whose shoulders the front was supported by food, uniforms, and weapons. The urban population was greater in Ivanovo Region, which was explained by its characteristic high rates of industrialisation. The 1937 census recorded a fairly high level of religiosity, despite the largely anti-religious policy that had been carried out for almost 20 years. The war led to an increase in religiosity, probably because often only faith could become the core around which daily life was built, full of deprivation, anxiety and fear for loved ones.

scholarly journals Pulmonary involvement in Fabry disease: effect of plasma globotriaosylsphingosine and time to initiation of enzyme replacement therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Franzen ◽  
Sarah R Haile ◽  
David C Kasper ◽  
Thomas P Mechtler ◽  
Andreas J Flammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Enzyme Replacement Therapy ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Fabry Disease ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Airflow Limitation ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Lung Function Decline ◽  
Enzyme Replacement

IntroductionAnderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations of GLA gene leading to reduced α-galactosidase activity and resulting in a progressive accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and its deacylated derivative, globotriaosyl-sphingosine (Lyso-Gb3). Plasma Lyso-Gb3 levels serve as a disease severity and treatment monitoring marker during enzyme replacement therapy (ERT).MethodsAdult patients with AFD who had yearly pulmonary function tests between 1999 and 2015 were eligible for this observational study. Primary outcome measures were the change in z-score of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and FEV1/FVC over time. Plasma Lyso-Gb3 levels and the age of ERT initiation were investigated for their association with lung function decline.ResultsFifty-three patients (42% male, median (range) age at diagnosis of AFD 34 (6–61) years in men, 34 (13–67) in women) were included. The greatest decrease of FEV1/FVC z-scores was observed in Classic men (−0.048 per year, 95% CI −0.081 to –0.014), compared with the Later-Onset men (+0.013,95% CI −0.055 to 0.082), Classic women (−0.008, 95% CI −0.035 to +0.020) and Later-Onset women (−0.013, 95% CI −0.084 to +0.058). Cigarette smoking (P=0.022) and late ERT initiation (P=0.041) were independently associated with faster FEV1 decline. FEV1/FVC z-score decrease was significantly reduced after initiation of ERT initiation (−0.045 compared with −0.015, P=0.014). Furthermore, there was a trend towards a relevant influence of Lyso-Gb3 (P=0.098) on airflow limitation with age.ConclusionEarly ERT initiation seems to preserve pulmonary function. Plasma Lyso-Gb3 is maybe a useful predictor for airflow limitation. Classic men need a closer monitoring of the lung function.

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