«Recevì la vostra litera a la quale e respondo». Qualche nota intorno alle reti epistolari del Trecento padano

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-205
Author(s):  
Isabella Lazzarini
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Almost All

My essay focuses on the correspondences sent to the Gonzaga of Mantua and received and preserved in the Mantuan chancery during the 14th century. The broad range of correspondences gathered in the Mantuan archives covers almost all the north and central Italy, from Tuscany to the Val d’Adige, from Genoa to Venice. Its quantity and variety open the gate to a most needed investigation of the epistolary forms of political and diplomatic communication in the 14th century, therefore fostering a better understanding of this crucial period, squeezed between the better known communal Duecento and princely Quattrocento.

those from Rendina (no. 38) and Fonti di San Callisto (no. 36) (fig. 7, 1 and 2) to the almost abstract, as on the three figurines from Riparo Gaban (nos 8, 9 and 10) (fig. 5, 3 and fig. 7, 3 and 4). In these last cases, the depiction of the sexual organs is so stylised that they could perhaps be included in our third category, of sexual symbols. However, we have included them here because, however stylised, the sexual organs are shown on these figurines in approximately correct anatomical relation (i.e. breasts are shown below heads and vulvas below breasts), so as to suggest that whole female figures are being represented; as will be seen this is not the case with the other examples of sexual symbolism. If, for the purposes of this discussion, we ignore the great typological diversity of the figurines and consider them all together, we find an overwhelming preponderance of female figures over male ones. In fact there are only two specifically male figures, both probably from Copper Age contexts: the surface find from the Copper Age settlement site of Ortucchio in central Italy (no. 35) (fig. 8) and the large figure from a votive pit in the Sicilian Copper Age cemetery of Piano Vento (no. 58) (fig. 9). The significance of the dating of these figurines will be discussed below. In contrast, the number of female figurines is at least 30, and possibly 35, if the 'probably female' examples are included. Moreover, if we are right in attributing some of the north Italian heads (particularly nos 16, 20 and 21) to figurines of specifically female type, the number would go up still further. It is worth making the point here that among the Italian figurines we do not find a specific category of sexless figures, as occurs elsewhere, e.g. at Knossos, where in Ucko's analysis (1962: 40), there were more sexless figures than sexed ones. In our list, the figurines with 'no indication of sex' are almost all fragmentary and represent body parts, especially heads, which are not sexually specific. The only complete figurines which have no sexual features shown are the two stone figurines from Cerno and Arnesano (nos 1 and 46) (fig. 6) and these in fact represent heads on largely unworked cylindrical shafts. There are also four cases of heads which do not seem to be broken off, but complete in themselves (nos 39 (fig. 10), 40, 50 and 51); this category represents a special case and will be discussed below. It is likely that most of the figurines were originally specifically sexed and that the majority was female. Female figurines occur in both the earlier and later chronological periods, in all areas of Italy and on all the types of sites where figurines are represented. Although the female sex of the figurines is not in doubt, there seems to be little emphasis on fertility. None of the Italian figurines is shown as pregnant and, although V Tinè has claimed that the example from Favella (no. 47) might have been in the birthing position, this is far from clear. None of the figures is shown doing anything; they are mostly depicted as standing, with a few shown seated (nos 4, 25, 38 and possibly 47). In as far as there is emphasis on the sexual organs, it is possible that sexuality is being emphasised rather than fertility. In any case, while there seems to be little emphasis on the limbs and other 'non-sexual' body parts, heads and faces are given at least as much attention as bodies — in contrast to the the Upper Palaeolithic 'Venuses' — and we should be careful about placing too much emphasis on the sexual organs depicted. Cultural indicators of gender Most of the figurines appear without indications of dress or any associated artefacts. The only exceptions are the clay head from Grot ta Pacelli (no. 40), which has an apparent elaborate headdress and four, or possibly five, figurines which have V-shaped features, incised, impressed or in relief, on the neck, which are sometimes interpreted as necklaces. One example is the bone figurine from Riparo Gaban (no. 8) which has a 'necklace' and a possible 'belt', both incised, on a female figurine with both breasts and vulva marked (fig. 7, 3). The other two definite incised Vs occur on figurines from Vhò (no. 14), which is a clear female figure with breasts shown in relief (fig. 2, 2)and from Arnesano (no. 46), where it occurs on a stone figurine without indications of sex (fig. 6, 1). One of the clearly female figurines with breasts from Passo di Corvo (no. 44) has a series of impressed dots in a V-

2016 ◽  
pp. 116-145
Keyword(s):  
Central Italy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
The North ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
Settlement Site ◽  
Large Figure ◽  
Almost All

scholarly journals Burial-deformation History of Folded Rocks Unraveled by Fracture Analysis, Stylolite Paleopiezometry and Vein Cement Geochemistry: A Case Study in the Cingoli Anticline (Umbria-Marche, Northern Apennines)

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Aurélie Labeur ◽  
Nicolas E. Beaudoin ◽  
Olivier Lacombe ◽  
Laurent Emmanuel ◽  
Lorenzo Petracchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Geochemistry ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Northern Apennines ◽  
Foreland Basins ◽  
Deformation History ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Tectonic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clumped Isotope

Unravelling the burial-deformation history of sedimentary rocks is prerequisite information to understand the regional tectonic, sedimentary, thermal, and fluid-flow evolution of foreland basins. We use a combination of microstructural analysis, stylolites paleopiezometry, and paleofluid geochemistry to reconstruct the burial-deformation history of the Meso-Cenozoic carbonate sequence of the Cingoli Anticline (Northern Apennines, central Italy). Four major sets of mesostructures were linked to the regional deformation sequence: (i) pre-folding foreland flexure/forebulge; (ii) fold-scale layer-parallel shortening under a N045 σ1; (iii) syn-folding curvature of which the variable trend between the north and the south of the anticline is consistent with the arcuate shape of the anticline; (iv) the late stage of fold tightening. The maximum depth experienced by the strata prior to contraction, up to 1850 m, was quantified by sedimentary stylolite paleopiezometry and projected on the reconstructed burial curve to assess the timing of the contraction. As isotope geochemistry points towards fluid precipitation at thermal equilibrium, the carbonate clumped isotope thermometry (Δ47) considered for each fracture set yields the absolute timing of the development and exhumation of the Cingoli Anticline: layer-parallel shortening occurred from ~6.3 to 5.8 Ma, followed by fold growth that lasted from ~5.8 to 3.9 Ma.

scholarly journals A Polar Low Pair over the Norwegian Sea

2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (8) ◽  
pp. 2559-2575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burghard Brümmer ◽  
Gerd Müller ◽  
Gunnar Noer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Budget ◽  
Cloud Layer ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Aircraft Measurements ◽  
Polar Lows ◽  
The North ◽  
Polar Low ◽  
Upper Level Jet ◽  
Almost All

Abstract During the Lofotes cyclone experiment (LOFZY 2005), two polar lows developed one behind the other inside a cold-air outbreak from the north in the lee of Spitsbergen on 7 March 2005. Buoys, ship, and aircraft measurements as well as satellite imagery are applied to analyze the polar low bulk properties, the horizontal and vertical structure, and the mass, moisture, and heat budget. The lifetime of the system until landfall at northern Norway was 12 h. The generation occurred under the left exit region of an upper-level jet with 70 m s−1. Both polar lows had a radius of 100–130 km and extended to a height of about 2.5 km. The propagation speeds were within 14–17 m s−1 and correspond to the vertically averaged wind velocity of the lowest 2.5 km. In the polar low centers the pressure was about 2–3 hPa lower and the air was 1–2 K warmer and drier than in the surroundings. Aircraft measurements in the second of the two polar lows show an embedded frontlike precipitation band north of the center. Here, the highest low-level winds with 25 m s−1 and the largest fluxes of sensible and latent heat with 290 and 520 W m−2, respectively, were measured (areal averages amounted to 115 and 190 W m−2). Aircraft data show mass convergence in the subcloud layer (0–900 m) and divergence in the cloud layer (900–2500 m). Moisture supply by evaporation from the sea surface was about twice as large as that by convergence in the subcloud layer. The condensation rate in the cloud layer nearly equaled the rate of evaporation at the sea surface. Almost all condensed cloud water was converted to precipitation water. Only half of the precipitation at the cloud base reached the sea surface.

United Front: Partisans of the Leningrad Region and their connections with the Central Asian Soviet Republics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Sergey Kulik ◽  
Аnatoliy Kashevarov ◽  
Zamira Ishankhodjaeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
World War ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

During World War II, representatives of almost all the Soviet Republics fought in partisan detachments in the occupied territory of the Leningrad Region. Among them were many representatives of the Central Asian republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Many Leningrad citizens, including relatives of partisans, had been evacuated to Central Asia by that time. However, representatives of Asian workers’ collectives came to meet with the partisans. The huge distance, the difference in cultures and even completely different weather conditions did not become an obstacle to those patriots-Turkestanis who joined the resistance forces in the North-West of Russia.

scholarly journals V.—Geology of the Channel Islands

1878 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Birds
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Channel Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Extended View ◽  
European Coast

In the most extended view, the Channel Islands may be regarded as fragments and relics of the Eastern or European coast of the Atlantic, reckoning from the North Cape to Cape St. Vincent, and including the Western shores of Scotland and Ireland, and the promontories of Pembrokeshire and Cornwall. They are excellent illustrations, says Professor Ansted, “of those spurs and tongues of porphyritic rock, of which almost all the promontories of the Atlantic coast of Europe consist.” Very small and insignificant specks indeed they seem in such a length of coast, stretching from lat. 37° to 72°, or upwards of 2000 miles; but there is a charm in such wide horizons, and it is a very allowable indulgence so to connect the little with the great, and to consider the position of such little specks in relation to the geography of Europe; one might almost as well say, of the world at large.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Study of the Lost Buddha Statues at Pogwangjŏn, the Main Hall of Hoeamsa

2021 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 115-150
Author(s):  
Youn-mi Kim
Keyword(s):  
Historical Records ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
East West ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The main Buddha hall of Hoeamsa 檜巖寺, the monastery that received heavy royal patronages from the late Koryŏ to the early Chosŏn period, was a building known as Pogwangjŏn 普光殿 built in the 14th century. Unfortunately, little is known about the Buddhist statues that had been enshrined in Pogwangjŏn because the monastery fell into ruins two centuries later. Based on comprehensive analyses of historical records and archaeological excavations of the monastery site, this paper attempts to infer the iconography, size, shape, number, and religious meanings of these lost Buddhist statues. The Records of the Restoration of Hoeamsa on Mount Ch’ŏnbo (Ch’ŏnbosan hoeamsa sujogi 天寶山檜巖寺修造記) and archaeological remains suggest that three Buddha status as tall as fifteen ch’ŏk 尺, which would be 4.39-4.6m in modern measurement were enshrined in the monastery’s main hall. Based on the teaching and life of the monk Naong Hyegŭn 懶翁惠勤 (1320-1376) who built the hall and the iconography of embroidered Buddhist hanging scrolls donated by the Queen Wŏn’gŏyng 元敬 (1365-1420), we can infer that these three statues comprised either Amitābha-Śākyamuni-Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddhas, or Amitābha-Vairocana-Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddhas, perhaps the latter in higher chances. These threes Buddhas, as this paper suggests, were designed to embody the trikāya 三身 and the triratna 三寶 along the north-south and the east-west axes of the monastery layout.

Impact of climate and humans on the range dynamics of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) in Europe during MIS 2

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Nadachowski ◽  
Grzegorz Lipecki ◽  
Mateusz Baca ◽  
Michał Żmihorski ◽  
Jarosław Wilczyński
Keyword(s):  
East European Plain ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
Mammuthus Primigenius ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Oxygen Isotope Stage ◽  
Maximum Expansion ◽  
East European ◽  
The North ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Woolly Mammoth

AbstractThe woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was widespread in almost all of Europe during the late Pleistocene. However, its distribution changed because of population fluctuations and range expansions and reductions. During Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2), these processes were highly dynamic. Our analyses of 318 radiocarbon dates from 162 localities, obtained directly from mammoth material, confirmed important changes in mammoth range between ~28.6 and ~14.1 ka. The Greenland stadial 3 interval (27.5–23.3 ka) was the time of maximum expansion of the mammoth in Europe during MIS 2. The continuous range was soon fragmented and reduced, resulting in the disappearance of Mammuthus during the last glacial maximum from ~21.4 to ~19.2 ka in all parts of the North European Plain. It is not clear whether mammoths survived in the East European Plain. The mammoth returned to Europe soon after ~19.0 ka, and for the next 3–4 millennia played an important role in the lifeways of Epigravettian societies in eastern Europe. Mammoths became extinct in most of Europe by ~14.0 ka, except for core areas such as the far northeast of Europe, where they survived until the beginning of the Holocene. No significant correlation was found between the distribution of the mammoth in Europe and human activity.

Abstract 16327: Clinical Profiles, Care Patterns, Outcomes and Sex Differences of Patients With STEMI in India: Insights From the North Indian ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NORIN STEMI) Registry

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman Qamar ◽  
Sameer Arora ◽  
Puneet Gupta ◽  
Michael Hendrickson ◽  
Muthiah Vaduganathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reperfusion Therapy ◽  
North India ◽  
Femoral Access ◽  
St Segment Elevation ◽  
The North ◽  
Lv Dysfunction ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Care Patterns ◽  
Almost All

Background: Although major strides have been made in the care of patients (pts) with STEMI in high-income countries, little is known about the characteristics, practice patterns, outcomes & sex differences of pts with STEMI in India. Methods: The NORIN STEMI registry is an ongoing investigator-initiated prospective cohort study of pts presenting with STEMI at tertiary medical centers in North India. This registry started enrolling pts in January 2019. Results: Of 3,635 participants enrolled to date, 16% were women & the median age was 55 (IQR 45-62) years with 33% aged <50 years. Prior to STEMI, 63% were smokers, 29% had hypertension, 24% diabetes, & 54% were obese or overweight (Figure). Overall, 11% were previously treated with aspirin or statins. Only 2% of these patients had health insurance, & 65% had lower socioeconomic status. Most (93%) initially presented to a non-PCI capable facility. Almost all received aspirin, statin, P2Y12i & heparin on presentation; 66% were treated with PCI (98% femoral access), 15% fibrinolysis alone, 3% both fibrinolysis & PCI, &21% were medically managed; symptom onset to balloon time was 2.9 (0.6-9) days. LVEF was <40% in 46% & mechanical complications occurred in 1.3% (n=35 VSD, n=12 severe MR). 30-day mortality was 9%. Women were less likely to receive PCI (58% vs 67%) & had a 2-fold higher mortality vs men (OR adj 2.1; 1.6-3.0; Figure). Conclusion: In this contemporary registry of pts with STEMI in North India, over a third were younger than 50 years & tobacco smoking was a dominant risk factor. There were significant delays in timely reperfusion therapy with resultant severe LV dysfunction present in over half & high mortality particularly in women. It is critical to identify barriers, increase awareness, and develop strategies to improve STEMI care in India.

Into the Icehouse

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Zalasiewicz ◽  
Mark Williams
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Earth System ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Popular Image

The frozen lands of the north are an unforgiving place for humans to live. The Inuit view of the cosmos is that it is ruled by no one, with no gods to create wind and sun and ice, or to provide punishment or forgiveness, or to act as Earth Mother or Father. Amid those harsh landscapes, belief is superfluous, and only fear can be relied on as a guide. How could such a world begin, and end? In Nordic mythology, in ancient times there used to be a yet greater kingdom of ice, ruled by the ice giant, Ymir Aurgelmir. To make a world fit for humans, Ymir was killed by three brothers—Odin, Vilje, and Ve. The blood of the dying giant drowned his own children, and formed the seas, while the body of the dead giant became the land. To keep out other ice giants that yet lived in the far north, Odin and his brothers made a wall out of Ymir’s eyebrows. One may see, fancifully, those eyebrows still, in the form of the massive, curved lines of morainic hills that run across Sweden and Finland. We now have a popular image of Ymir’s domain—the past ‘Ice Age’—as snowy landscapes of a recent past, populated by mammoths and woolly rhinos and fur-clad humans (who would have been beginning to create such legends to explain the precarious world on which they lived). This image, as we have seen, represents a peculiarly northern perspective. The current ice age is geologically ancient, for the bulk of the world’s land-ice had already grown to cover almost all Antarctica, more than thirty million years ago. Nevertheless, a mere two and a half million years ago, there was a significant transition in Earth history—an intensification of the Earth’s icehouse state that spread more or less permanent ice widely across the northern polar regions of the world. This intensification— via those fiendishly complex teleconnections that characterize the Earth system—changed the face of the entire globe. The changes can be detected in the sedimentary strata that were then being deposited around the world.

scholarly journals RN4Cast Study in Portugal: Nurses and care left undone

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Clara Braga ◽  
Élvio Jesus ◽  
Beatriz Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Direct Patient Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Demographic Questionnaire ◽  
Surgical Units ◽  
Healthcare Quality Indicators ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Inpatient Units

Background: Over the past decades, nursing in Portugal has evolved greatly both academically and professionally and this evolution brought along growing concerns about the quality of the healthcare provided. Due to lack of time or poor organization of the workload, nurses are often faced with the need to choose between what must be done and what will have to be postponed or even not be done at all.Objective: To investigate the care activities that are most frequently left undone or are postponed by nurses working in medical and surgical inpatient units in Portugal.Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study that follows the RN4CAST (Nurse Forecasting in Europe) methodology was carried out from October 2013 to April 2014. A total of 31 hospitals and a random sample of adult medical-surgical units were involved. The data were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire and a nursing questionnaire that included the identification of the nursing activities of surveillance and direct patient care that were necessary but postponed or not performed by nurses in their most recent shift.Results: A total of 2,235 nurses participated. Almost all participants had a nursing bachelor degree (98.2%). The most frequently left undone or postponed care items were “Educating patients and family” (50.2%) and “Comfort/talk with patients” (50.1%); the least frequently left undone items were “Treatments and procedures” (3.9%) and “Pain management” (5.6%). Nurses in the North and Center regions of the country were the ones who reported less care left undone due to lack of time. Nurses under the age of 40 were those who reported a highest number of activities left undone.Conclusions: Nurses make selective choices about the care activities that are crucial for the patient. Some activities that may not have an immediate impact on the health of the patients are sidelined, although they may have an impact on other important healthcare quality indicators.

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