scholarly journals Thought Experiment as a Logical Transformation in Transreal Logical Space

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Gomide

In this article, from the concepts of formal causality and logical transformation, defined with transreal numbers, I intend to re-analyze the famous Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen paradox (the EPR paradox), according to which Quantum Mechanics is incomplete. In order to make such an analysis of the paradox, I present a general definition of thought experiments, in terms of the concept of logical transformation in a transreal logical space, and show that the EPR paradox, in broad outlines, bases the incomplete character of Quantum Mechanics on the fact of not having a formal causality between the ideal and concrete worlds of quantum theory - these concepts, the “ideal and concrete worlds”, by their turn, are inspired by the work of the American physicist Wolfgang Smith.

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 1250033 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS D. RICHARDSON ◽  
JONATHAN P. DOWLING

Popper's original thought experiment probed some fundamental and subtle rules of quantum mechanics. He claimed that quantum mechanics was incomplete and devised an experiment to prove it. Two experiments have directly and indirectly tested Popper's hypothesis, and they provide some evidence that Popper's prediction may have been correct. The equations governing these two experiments and Popper's thought experiment will be derived from basic quantum principles. The experimental constants will be inputted and it will show that the two experiments reinforce each other and agree completely with quantum theory.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Kryukov

Abstract Quantum mechanics is the foundation of modern physics that is thought to be applicable to all physical phenomena, at least in principle. However, when applied to macroscopic bodies, the theory seems to be inconsistent. Wigner's friend and related thought experiments demonstrate that accounts by different observers described by the rules of quantum mechanics may be contradictory. Although still highly debated, such experiments seem to demonstrate an incompatibility of quantum mechanics with the usual rules of logic. Alternatively, one of the hidden assumptions in the thought experiments must be wrong. For instance, the argument is invalidated if macroscopic observers cannot be considered as physical systems described by the rules of quantum theory. Here we prove that there is a way to apply the rules of quantum mechanics to macroscopic observers while avoiding contradictory accounts of measurement by the observers. The key to this is the random noise that is ever present in nature and that represents the uncontrollable part of interaction between measured system and the surroundings in classical and quantum physics. By exploring the effect of the noise on microscopic and macroscopic bodies, we demonstrate that accounts of Wigner, the friend and other agents all become consistent. Our result suggests that the existing attempts to modify the Schrodinger equation to account for measurement results may be misguided. More broadly, the proposed mechanism for modeling measurements underlies the phenomenon of decoherence and is shown to be sufficient to explain the transition to Newtonian physics in quantum theory.


1974 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mittelstaedt

The EPR experiment is analysed in terms of ordinary quantum mechanics and shown to be compatible with the orthodox interpretation of this theory. There is no need to refer to Bohrs resolution of the EPR paradox, nor is it necessary to assume any further unusual properties of the quantum physical reality. In particular, it is shown that the EPR experiment does not contradict the fact that incommensurable properties cannot be objectivized simultaneously in a quantum mechanical system, and that the measuring process can be understood in terms of quantum theory as an interaction of the measuring apparatus and the object system. From these results it follows that there is no reason to search for modifications of the quantum theory which might be more convenient for a realistic interpretation of the EPR experiment. Furthermore, the EPR experiment cannot be used as a motivation for introducing hidden variables into the quantum theory. Experimental investigations which try to test quantum mechanics in respect to the possibility of introducing local hidden variables can therefore not be justified by the EPR paradox.


Author(s):  
Тарас Александрович Вархотов

Статья посвящена эпистемологии воображения и мысленного эксперимента. Отправной точкой является метафорическое определение мысленного эксперимента как «лаборатории разума», данное Дж. Брауном. Отталкиваясь от этого оксюморона, соединяющего экспериментальную (конкретно- инженерную) и теоретическую деятельность в одно понятие, проводится исследование воображения как средства осуществления мысленных экспериментов. В начале рассматриваются эпистемологические отношения лабораторного и мысленного эксперимента в связи с характерной для современного модельного подхода в философии науки тенденцией сближать эти методы на основании структурно-функционального сходства теоретического моделирования и экспериментальных практик. Демонстрируется, что мысленный эксперимент не является экспериментом и решает иные задачи, связанные не столько с производством предметного знания (о реальности), сколько с поиском самих способов опредмечивания задач и прояснением их отношений между собой. Для этого используется концепт themata, предложенный Дж. Холтоном в его концепции «научного воображения». Неясно определенные Холтоном themata интерпретируются как машины конвертации, позволяющие схематизировать перцептивное содержание и придавать ему модельную форму с сохранением момента наглядности, т. е. возможности обратной конвертации (движения от теоретической модели к эксперименту). Мысленные эксперименты, в свою очередь, обнаруживают границы и характер отношений между themata. Для прояснения механизма работы воображения с ненаглядными объектами использована теория прототипов Э. Рош. Выстраиваемая воображением схема опредмечивания в этой ситуации основывается на семиотической связи ненаглядного означающего с наглядным означаемым (прототипом), а семиозис обеспечивается «натурализацией» метафоры, набрасывающей связанную с прототипом схему опредмечивания (правила построения образов) на не размеченную (новую) или требующую обновления разметки в связи с новыми обстоятельствами предметную область (задачу). Работающее таким образом воображение является естественной границей понимания – понять значит вообразить, а мысленный эксперимент позволяет картографировать работу воображения и с помощью полученных карт анализировать принципы его работы. Поэтому, хотя мысленный эксперимент не позволяет решить вопрос об эмпирической адекватности полученных в нем результатов, он репрезентативен и надежен при исследовании эпистемологических установок и связанных с ними машин конвертации, т. е. воображения. Карта ничего не говорит о существовании изображенной на ней местности, но зато многое способна рассказать об устройстве воображения картографа. The article is devoted to the epistemology of imagination and thought experiment. The starting point is the metaphorical definition of a thought experiment as a "laboratory of the mind" given by J. Brown. Based on this oxymoron, which combines experimental (material and manipulative) and theoretical activity into one concept, a study of imagination is carried out as a means for providing mental experiments. Firstly, the epistemological relations of the laboratory and thought experiment are examined in connection with the approach to bring these methods closer together on the basis of the structural and functional similarity of theoretical modeling and experimental practices, which is characteristic for the modern model approach in the philosophy of science. It is demonstrated that a thought experiment is not an experiment and solves different problems associated not with the production of concrete knowledge (about reality), but rather with the search for ways to objectify the scientific problems themselves and clarify their relationships with each other. For this, the themata concept proposed by J. Holton in his theory of “scientific imagination” is used. Themata, which are not clearly enough defined by Holton, are interpreted as machines of conversion that allow one to schematize perceptual content and give it a model-like form while maintaining the moment of visibility, i.e. the possibility of reverse conversion (the movement from a theoretical model to an experiment). Thought experiments, in turn, reveal the boundaries and nature of the relationship between themata. To clarify the mechanism of how the imagination works with non-visualizable objects, the prototype theory of E. Rosch was engaged. The imagination’s scheme of objectification in this context is based on the semiotic connection of the non-visualizable signifier with the visible signified (prototype), and semiosis is ensured by the “naturalization” of the metaphor, which throws the objectification scheme (rules for constructing images) associated with the prototype onto an unmarked (new) or requiring markup updating because of new circumstances subject area (task). The work of imagination here is the natural boundary of understanding – to understand is (at least to have an ability) to imagine, and a thought experiment allows you to map the work of the imagination and use the obtained maps to analyze the principles of its work. Therefore, although a thought experiment does not allow solving the question of the empirical adequacy of the results obtained in it, it is representative and reliable in the study of epistemological attitudes and associated conversion machines, i.e. imagination. The map does not say anything about the existence of the terrain depicted on it, but much can tell about the cartographer’s imagination.


2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (31) ◽  
pp. 2365-2373 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIO CASTAGNINO ◽  
SEBASTIAN FORTIN

One of the challenges of the Environment-Induced Decoherence (EID) approach is to provide a simple general definition of the moving pointer basis or moving preferred basis. In this paper we prove that the study of the poles that produce the decaying modes in non-unitary evolution, could yield a general definition of the relaxation, the decoherence times, and the moving preferred basis. These are probably the most important concepts in the theory of decoherence, one of the most relevant chapters of theoretical (and also practical) quantum mechanics. As an example we solved the Omnès (or Lee–Friedrich) model using our theory.


2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1306-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhao M. Yang

Abstract The Wigner’s friend type of thought experiments manifest the conceptual challenge on how different observers can have consistent descriptions of a quantum measurement event. In this paper, we analyze the extended version of Wigner’s friend thought experiment (Frauchiger and Renner in Nat Commun 3711:9, 2018) in detail and show that the reasoning process from each agent that leads to the no-go theorem is inconsistent. The inconsistency is with respect to the requirement that an agent should make use of updated information instead of outdated information. We then apply the relational formulation of quantum measurement to resolve the inconsistent descriptions from different agents. In relational formulation of quantum mechanics, a measurement is described relative to an observer. Synchronization of measurement result is a necessary requirement to achieve consistent descriptions of a quantum system from different observers. Thought experiments, including EPR, Wigner’s Friend and it extended version, confirm the necessity of relational formulation of quantum measurement when applying quantum mechanics to composite system with entangled but space-like separated subsystems.


Author(s):  
Artem Ushakov

The present article aims to identify the ideological component of the man of culture spiritualized image, deprived of any dubious biological load, taking into account such concepts as «man of culture», «spirituality», «worldview, image», «man of culture image». A special attention is paid to giving a general definition of man of culture spiritualized image. Using the term «man of culture spiritualized image», the author speaks of the man of culture as of a generalized type of the carrier of culture. Society desires this type of man, who transmits the best examples of it, serves it by his activity, and preserves it. By doing this, he makes all this real according to the principles of humanism and tolerance towards other cultures. Then, it is necessary to speak not only about the upbringing of man of culture, as a person who creates culture, who is its carrier, transmitter and custodian, that is, a person whose foundation is culture-genic creativity, but also about creating conditions for the transition of human culture formed in the semiosphere into a higher, ethical sphere. In this sphere, by adjusting to the ethical ideal, he can acquire a worldview through which he will be able to translate information from the semiotic form (the form of meanings) into the form of knowledge. In order to move to the level of the ethical sphere, it is required to be tuned for the perception of the ideal (creative). By doing this, the transition from the worldview to the outlook occurs – that is, from the adoption of information on the basis of biological, mechanical-cognitive and automatically-semiotic perception of signals to the analysis of this information in the context of the ethical ideal. It is in this way that the man of culture can acquire his spiritual image. Prospects for further research consist in the application of the obtained results to the development of a topic related to the consideration of «man of culture spiritualized image» concept in the context of the educational process at a university level.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Allard Guérin ◽  
Veronika Baumann ◽  
Flavio Del Santo ◽  
Časlav Brukner

AbstractThe notorious Wigner’s friend thought experiment (and modifications thereof) has received renewed interest especially due to new arguments that force us to question some of the fundamental assumptions of quantum theory. In this paper, we formulate a no-go theorem for the persistent reality of Wigner’s friend’s perception, which allows us to conclude that the perceptions that the friend has of her own measurement outcomes at different times cannot “share the same reality”, if seemingly natural quantum mechanical assumptions are met. More formally, this means that, in a Wigner’s friend scenario, there is no joint probability distribution for the friend’s perceived measurement outcomes at two different times, that depends linearly on the initial state of the measured system and whose marginals reproduce the predictions of unitary quantum theory. This theorem entails that one must either (1) propose a nonlinear modification of the Born rule for two-time predictions, (2) sometimes prohibit the use of present information to predict the future—thereby reducing the predictive power of quantum theory—or (3) deny that unitary quantum mechanics makes valid single-time predictions for all observers. We briefly discuss which of the theorem’s assumptions are more likely to be dropped within various popular interpretations of quantum mechanics.


2015 ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Koshovets ◽  
T. Varkhotov

The paper considers the analogy of theoretical modeling and thought experiment in economics. The authors provide historical and epistemological analysis of thought experiments and their relations to the material experiments in natural science. They conclude that thought experiments as instruments are used both in physics and in economics, but in radically different ways. In the natural science, a thought experiment is tightly connected to the material experimentation, while in economics it is used in isolation. Material experiments serve as a means to demonstrate the reality, while thought experiments cannot be a full-fledged instrument of studying the reality. Rather, they constitute the instrument of structuring the field of inquiry.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Kuyukov

Quantum tunneling of noncommutative geometry gives the definition of time in the form of holography, that is, in the form of a closed surface integral. Ultimately, the holography of time shows the dualism between quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity.


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