scholarly journals Análise dos recursos naturais sul-americanos como estratégia de política externa

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-148
Author(s):  
Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
International System ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
International Competition ◽  
South American ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
International Environment

Para que uma inserção internacional soberana de uma nação seja viável, deve-se necessariamente dispor de autonomia elevada para decidir acerca de suas políticas internas e externas. No que tange aos recursos naturais sul-americanos, a competição internacional pelas reservas, produção e renda está subordinada às geoestratégias dos Estados hegemônicos, que privilegiam a manutenção da ordem internacional em detrimento da defesa de interesses específicos dos Estados da América do Sul. Neste contexto, o presente artigo busca sistematizar uma estratégia de política externa no qual o uso e proveito dos recursos naturais sul-americanos seja endógeno, realizando uma análise dos principais recursos naturais da região e, simultaneamente, propondo a discussão acerca de uma política externa que abranja a soberania e autonomia dos recursos naturais. Palavras-chave: política externa, recursos naturais, América do Sul, soberania, integração regional.     Abstract: In a competitive and hierarchical international environment, the autonomy in the foreign policy of the States is indispensable for the decision of its internal and external policies. With respect to the South American natural resources, the international competition for reserves, production and income of these funds is subject to geostrategies of hegemonic states, which privilege the maintenance of its status quo in the international system over the defense of specific South America States' interests. In this context, it is essential to formulate a foreign policy strategy in which the use and advantage of South American natural resources is endogenous. By this context, this article aims to conduct an analysis of the main natural resources of the region and, at the same time, proposing the discussion of a foreign policy that covers the sovereignty and autonomy of natural resources. Keywords: foreign policy, natural resources, South America, sovereignty, regional integration.     Recebido em: outubro/2016; Aprovado em: abril/2017.

scholarly journals A política externa brasileira, as coalizões de poder e a Unasul: ascensão e desconstrução da América do Sul como bloco geopolítico | Brazilian foreign policy, the coalitions of power and UNASUR: rise and deconstruction of South America as a geopolitical blocA política externa brasileira, as coalizões de poder e a Unasul: ascensão e desconstrução da América do Sul como bloco geopolítico | Brazilian foreign policy, the coalitions of power and UNASUR: rise and deconstruction of South America as a geopolitical bloc

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Nery
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
International System ◽  
The Political ◽  
South American ◽  
Business Elites ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Working Classes ◽  
Conservative Coalition ◽  
Industrial Bourgeoisie

O ciclo de governos progressistas no Brasil, que começou com a eleição de Lula em 2002 e terminou com a derrubada de Dilma Rousseff em 2016, foi responsável por uma política externa autônoma que procurou reposicionar o país e a América do Sul no sistema internacional. Os governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) lideraram uma coalizão produtivista heterogênea formada por frações da burguesia industrial e setores das classes trabalhadoras. Lula teve um papel importante na criação da Unasul, que constitui a dimensão política do regionalismo sul-americano. A ruptura da ordem democrática levou ao poder uma coalizão conservadora que reunificou as elites empresariais e alterou a orientação da política externa. A coalizão liderada pelo MDB-PSDB tem adotado uma política externa que subordinou o Brasil à potência hegemônica e vem contribuindo para a paralisia e a desconstrução da Unasul enquanto bloco geopolítico.ABSTRACTThe cycle of progressive governments in Brazil, which begun with Lula’s election in 2002 and ended with the overthrow of Dilma Rousseff in 2016, was responsible for an autonomous foreign policy that sought to reposition the country and South America in the international system. The Workers Party’s (PT) governments led a heterogeneous productivist coalition made up of fractions of the industrial bourgeoisie and sectors of the working classes. Lula played an important role in the creation of Unasur, which is the political dimension of South American regionalism. The rupture of the democratic order brought to power a conservative coalition that reunified the business elites and changed the orientation of foreign policy. The coalition led by MDB-PSDB has adopted a foreign policy that subordinated Brazil to the hegemonic power and has contributed to the paralysis and the deconstruction of Unasur as a geopolitical bloc.Palavras-chave: Política externa brasileira; coalizões políticas; UnasulKeywords: Brazilian foreign policy; political coalitions; UnasurRecebido em 6 de Julho de 2018 | Received on July 6, 2018Aceito em 6 de Setembro de 2018 | Accepted on September 6, 2018 

The Regional Foreign Policy of Trinidad and Tobago: Historical and Contemporary Aspects

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-62
Author(s):  
Jacqueline A. Braveboy-Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
European Community ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
International System ◽  
Small States ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Regional Problems

It is logical to assume that small states focus more attention on the regional, subsystemic or “contiguous” environment (Reid, 1974: 31) than on the broader international system. Given their financial limitations, small states are circumscribed in their ability to influence the international environment but can be effective in the regional context. Even if some small states, by virtue of comparative wealth or ideological commitment, have the capability and inclination to exploit the international environment rather than confine their focus to the region around them, they still find their attention directed, to a large extent, to the immediacy of regional problems and to regional activities that are grounded in social, cultural, political, and economic linkages to the countries nearby. More often than not, economic ties have been formalized in regional integration movements patterned along the lines of the European Community (EC).

scholarly journals Integração, imaginação e política externa: as bases do paradigma sul-americano? / Integration, imagination and foreign policy: the bases of the South American paradigm?

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-497
Author(s):  
Roberto Goulart Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Structural Problems

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a trajetória recente da integração regional a partir de uma perspectiva brasileira tendo como referência à política externa do governo Lula da Silva para a América do Sul. Na trajetória da integração sul-americana persistem problemas estruturais tais como a baixa complementaridade econômica, baixa interdependência, assimetrias, baixa capacidade da maioria dos Estados entre outros. Apesar dessas adversidades e entraves a integração segue no horizonte. Para lidar com os desafios da integração ao longo da última década, o Itamaraty passou a trabalhar com duas agendas: uma seletiva e a outra profunda.  Abstract: The aim of this work is to discuss the recent trajectory of the regional integration  from a Brazilian perspective taking into account the foreign policy of Lula da Silva government to South America. In this trajectory of the south American  integration persist structural problems such as low economic complementarity, low interdependence, asymmetries, low capacity of most states among others. Spite of these adversities and obstacles the integration follows in the horizon. To deal with the challenges  of the integration a long with the last decade, Itamaraty started to work with two agendas: selective and deep ones. 

The Venezuelan Crisis and Brazil’s South American Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Herejk Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
South American ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Initial Support

The political crisis in Venezuela is one of the most important regional developments for Brazil in 2016, aside from its own domestic crisis and the election of Macri in Argentina. The interim government has showed willingness to undertake major changes in Brazil’s regional foreign policy. The Venezuelan crisis is a parameter to analyze the political realignments after years of stability, but slower than intended progress in South American regional integration. The initial support for venezuelan opposition against the Chavist government symbolizes a swerve towards uncertainty in Mercosur and happens in the context of pressure to sign extra-regional economic agreements. Currently, interim Brazilian leadership is playing the “democracy card”, although the disrespect for democracy is not an exclusive feature of Venezuela in South America, but a recurring phenomenon in the region. Instead of blaming any side for the crisis, Brazil should use Unasur mechanisms to extinguish the fire and work for a middle path in the troubled transition of power in Venezuela. Thus, Brazil could revitalize Mercosur and persuade the South American leaders on the benefits of regionalism over unrestrained globalization. Otherwise, the Brazilian government may lose their bargaining position as a regional leader and interlocutor with the outside world; and South America may have a disordered process of globalization.

Possibilities of Aerial Transport in Peru

1919 ◽  
Vol 23 (106) ◽  
pp. 521-529
Author(s):  
G. M. Dyott
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Commercial World ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Aerial Transport ◽  
Clear Conception

To anyone who has made a careful study of aeronautics and its possibilities in the commercial world it is evident that South America offers unusual opportunities for development by aircraft, and of all South American countries Peru, on account of its climate, its rich natural resources, its geographical position and its peculiar topographical configairation, is almost ideal. To fully appreciate the significance of this remark it is necessary to have a very clear conception of all those factors which go to make aerial transport a commercial possibility.

The Impact of Domestic Politics and International Changes on the Brazilian Perception of Regional Integration

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (01) ◽  
pp. 125-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tullo Vigevani ◽  
Haroldo Ramanzini Júnior
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
Common Market ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The World ◽  
International Setting ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article aims to analyze the impact of domestic politics and international changes that influence Brazilian positions regarding regional integration processes in South America, particularly the Southern Common Market, Mercosur. The dynamics of the international system and their impact on the evolution of the elite's perception of the role the country should play in the world are important variables for understanding these positions. The state's postures in relation to integration were and are based on a real interest, but this interest is also linked with the objective of ensuring better conditions for participation in other international arenas. Starting with the hypothesis that transformations in the international setting have strongly influenced Brazil's positioning, the elements of continuity and change in the country's behavior toward Mercosur are identified, with domestic politics as the main explanation.

scholarly journals Brazilian foreign policy towards South America during the Lula administration: caught between South America and Mercosur

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (spe) ◽  
pp. 151-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Gomes Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The South ◽  
Multilateral Institutions ◽  
South American Region ◽  
American Region

The aim of this article is to analyze Brazil's foreign policy towards the South American region during President Lula's administration. As such, the article intends to highlight two specific dimensions: the extent to which foreign policy during this period has differed from previous periods and the relative importance granted by Brazilian diplomacy to recent cooperation and integration efforts, more specifically the Unasur and Mercosur. The article argues that the Lula administration has behaved differently from its predecessors by prioritizing the building up of Brazilian leadership in South America on several different fronts, especially by strengthening multilateral institutions in the region

scholarly journals International Space vs. International Environment: New Phenomena and New Challenges for Poland’s Foreign Policy

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-52
Author(s):  
Teresa Łoś-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Industrial Country ◽  
New Approach ◽  
International Space ◽  
International Environment ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
Analytical Category ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
Post Industrial

Abstract While analysing Poland’s foreign policy and its dilemmas from the perspective of changes in the international environment at the turn of the 21st century, the Author introduces a new analytical category – “international space”. This is a new analytical term with larger explanatory content and more capacious than the category of international environment. This paper explains the validity of such a procedure and its analytical strength. Against the significance of changes, it is the international space, not international environment, that is able to explain the depth of changes in morphology of the international system, where access to knowledge and information has become the source of changes and their dynamics. These phenomena and processes critical for the international system force the post-industrial country to develop a new approach to Poland’s foreign policy. They also impose reflection on Poland’s presence in the global “post-modern” international space, segments of international relations that are important for its development. This paper should be treated as an introduction to the difficult but very important debate on Poland’s foreign policy, dilemmas that it has to face, and areas of special sensitivity for the state and its development.

scholarly journals O Projeto de Desintegração do Foro para o Progresso e Integração da América do Sul (Prosul): um Bloco de regressividade autônoma | The (Dis)Integration Project of the Forum for the Progress and Development of South America (PROSUL): a regressive autonomy block

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. e58886
Author(s):  
Willyan Alvarez Viégas ◽  
Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The Political ◽  
South American ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Integration Project

A segunda década do século XXI apresentou um cenário de fragilidades socioeconômicas com sucessivas crises políticas, ampliando a vulnerabilidade externa e a incapacidade estatal de planejamento na América do Sul. No plano regional, constata-se a proeminência da fragmentação, do regionalismo aberto e da retomada de projetos hemisféricos e/ou tratados de livre-comércio. O presente artigo possui o objetivo de ensejar o debate da integração sul-americana na década de 2020, a partir das experiências políticas deste início de século. Utilizando o método qualitativo da análise de documentos oficiais do embrionário Foro para o Progresso e Integração da América do Sul (PROSUL), a hipótese central é de que este novo bloco consiste numa tentativa de substituir o modelo prévio de integração autônoma por uma integração conservadora alinhada aos interesses liberais e estadunidenses. Por conseguinte, conclui-se que a América do Sul vem sendo afligida por um processo de desintegração regional.Palavras-chave: integração regional; América do Sul; PROSUL.ABSTRACTIn the second decade of the 21st century, South America presented socioeconomic fragilities with successive political crises, increasing the external vulnerability and the state's incapacity for planning. At the regional level, it was verified the prominence of fragmentation, open regionalism and the resurgence of hemispheric projects and free trade agreements. This article aims to promote the debate on South American integration in the 2020 decade, based on the political experiences of the beginning of this century. By Using the qualitative method of analyzing official documents of The Fórum para o Progresso e Integração da América do Sul (PROSUL), this article presents as its central hypothesis that this new block consists in an attempt to replace the previous model of autonomous integration with a conservative integration aligned to liberal and American interests. Consequently, this research concludes that there is a process of regional disintegration affecting South America in the last years.Keywords: regional integration; South America; PROSUL. Recebido em: 02 abr. 2021 | Aceito em: 05 out. 2021.

scholarly journals Regional integration and Brazilian Foreign Policy: Strategies in the South American space

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (48) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Soreanu Pecequilo ◽  
Corival Alves do Carmo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
South American ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Foreign Policy Strategies

The aim of the article is to present, based on theoretical studies of integration, the evolution of this process in Latin America and, most recently, in South America. Based on these studies, the goal is to analyze the role played by Brazil in the process, which defines as priorities of its foreign policy a regional and global framework for its international action that is based on both cooperation and power projection.The research has been conducted based on theories of integration, an historical background on Latin American integration and in Brazilian foreign policy, through its contemporary agenda. The answer was based on a comparative agenda and in a bibliographical critical analysis of the research material.The main findings of the paper point out that Latin American integration has specific features linked to the economic, political and stragetic realities of the continent that show the limitations of some theories applied to the European process, also that it depends on Brazilian foreign policy actions, that still sees the region as instrumental to its interests. So, Brazil sometimes fail to fulfill some requisites of integration that are essential to sustain its projects. Therefore, there is a cycle of enlargement and deepening of regional integration process in this political space that point out to the need of a more sustained compromise of Brazilian foreign policy towards these projects. If Brazil continues not to sustain these projects, they will lose momentum and significance once more, increasing power asymmetries in the region.

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