scholarly journals Vinte anos de Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica: uma análise da conjuntura atual

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-201
Author(s):  
Eunice Rafaele da Silva Machado
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International System ◽  
Regional Organization ◽  
Financial Autonomy ◽  
Complex Interdependence ◽  
Interdependence Theory ◽  
Data Survey

 O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura e o funcionamento da Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica a partir dos fundamentos instituídos no Direito Internacional que estabelecem as definições e classificações das Organizações Internacionais e, no âmbito das Relações Internacionais, explanar sobre a configuração do sistema internacional contemporâneo com base na Teoria da Interdependência Complexa, que identifica e permite a atuação destes atores delineando os contornos de sua influência e autonomia nesta estrutura. A pesquisa é de caráter dedutivo e natureza bibliográfica, partindo do geral para o específico, expondo aspectos descritivos, comparativos e qualitativos advindos do levantamento documental e de dados que fundamentam teoricamente as informações aqui presentes. A síntese da análise dos resultados indica que a nova conjuntura do sistema internacional tem firmado parte de seus alicerces na cooperação, diretamente ligada à interdependência cada vez mais profunda entre os Estados. No que tange à OTCA, fica elucidada como uma Organização Regional de finalidade específica que, embora com dificuldades para se estabelecer no cenário regional e mundial como referência nas questões amazônicas e de desenvolvimento sustentável, tem obtido sucesso no crescimento de sua autonomia financeira, nos resultados finais de seus projetos e atuando como um fórum mediador entre seus membros nas questões a que se debruça.     Abstract: The present study aims to analyze the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization’s structure and operation from the established basis in International Law that deal with the definitions and classifications of International Organizations. In the context of International Relations, it explains about the configuration of the contemporary international system based on the Complex Interdependence Theory that identifies and allows the performance of these actors, outlining the contours of their influence and autonomy in this structure. The research has a deductive character and bibliographic nature, starting from the general to the specific exposing descriptive, comparative and qualitative aspects arising from the documentary and data survey that theoretically based the information present here. The synthesis of the results’ analysis indicates that the new conjuncture of the international system has laid part of its foundations on cooperation, directly linked to the ever deeper interdependence between states. Regarding the ACTO, it is elucidated as a Regional Organization of specific purpose that, although facing difficulties to establish itself in the regional and global scenario as a reference in the Amazonian and sustainable development issues, has been successful by increasing its financial autonomy, by the final results achieved on its projects and acting as a mediating forum among its members on the issues it addresses. Keywords: International Organizations. Complex Interdependence. ACTO.       Recebido em: setembro/2019 Aprovado em: fevereiro/2020

Indicators of Cross-National and International Patterns

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rummel
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International System ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
World War ◽  
World Government ◽  
World Citizenship ◽  
Current Events

Substantive foci in the study of international relations have altered in time with changes in the international system and the coming of academic age of new generations of scholars. Prior to World War I, the central substantive concepts were international law and diplomacy. Historiography was the major method, and, given the nature of the historical approach during this period, few theoretical generalizations emerged.World War I revolutionized the study of international relations. The horrible consequences of this first modern war and the idealistic fervor of the war years were instrumental in overlaying the traditional concepts of international law and diplomacy with two new foci: current events and international organizations. Feeling that the citizen should be made aware of the international world—educated for world citizenship—and that he should be given the guidance that the diplomatic history and international law specialist did not provide, many international relations scholars began to accent contemporary affairs. This new interest, however, had no methodological underpinning except fidelity to the “facts,” and involved few attempts to delineate recurring patterns of events. The “guidance” given to the student often turned out to be little more than special pleading.The focus on international organizations also reflected an internationalistic viewpoint. International organizations were conceived of as the structural beginning of world government and as a mechanism for international understanding and peace. This focus articulated itself in descriptive studies of the structure and rules of international organizations, past and present, and blueprints for their alteration.

scholarly journals Interdependance, linkage et système international : de l'analyse conceptuelle aux problèmes de politique étrangère

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-352
Author(s):  
Irnerio Seminatore
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
Political Context ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The North ◽  
Interdependence Theory ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact

The emergence and evolution of the literature dealing with interdependence in the international System is looked into. An attempt is made to show its significance and main points as well as its implications. The debates on interdependence within the North-American political context are regarded as solutions to the preceding issues on dependence. Interesting passages are dedicated to the impact of the interdependence theory on the interpretation of the international system, as illustrated by two schools of thought in foreign policy (Kissinger-Brzezinski). Linkage of the tactical and strategic aspects to the economic and political interrelation of international relations, as put forward by policy makers, has brought to the fore the difficulties and limits of negotiation in the face of competition and in the aftermath of confrontation. This paper offers subtle, yet positive, conclusions on the use of the interdependance theory in international policy.

Part I Introduction, Ch.3 The Law and Politics of International Organizations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dunoff Jeffrey L
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
The Political ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Institutional Fragmentation

This chapter describes the contours of the international law (IL) and international relations (IR) scholarship on international organizations (IOs), as well as some of its key characteristics and debates. It proceeds in three parts. Part I briefly surveys the major theoretical approaches to the creation and functions of IOs found in the IL and IR literature. Part II analyzes the most important conceptual debates that have occupied IO scholars in recent years, including debates over the autonomy, accountability, and legitimacy of IOs. Part III explores a cluster of policy dilemmas, including the political implications of institutional fragmentation, how to manage IO interactions, and why IOs increasingly seem unable to effectively address matters of pressing international concern.

14. Enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 294-310
Author(s):  
Paola Gaeta ◽  
Jorge E. Viñuales ◽  
Salvatore Zappalà
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Armed Force ◽  
Typical Form

This chapter analyses the enforcement of international law by States acting individually, that is, decentralized enforcement, including by their courts, as well as through retortion or countermeasures (once called reprisals). This is the typical form of enforcement under traditional international law. At the same time, enforcement might take place through measures taken by States acting collectively, that is, through mechanisms that include resort to collective measures, such as those adopted at the UN level (or within other international organizations), which can lead to collective sanctions. The first form of enforcement looks at the traditional law governing retortion and reprisals or countermeasures (as they are now called), as well as at the post-1945 law, taking into account that the ban on the use of armed force in international relations imposes that all enforcement measures taken by States individually must be peaceful. The second form examines the issue of collective sanctions, such as those taken at UN level.

Universal International Law

1993 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan I. Charney
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Uniform State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Multilateral Treaties

In this shrinking world, states are increasingly interdependent and interconnected, a development that has affected international law. Early international law dealt with bilateral relations between autonomous states. The principal subjects until well into this century were diplomatic relations, war, treaties and the law of the sea. One of the most significant developments in international law during the twentieth century has been the expanded role played by multilateral treaties addressed to the common concerns of states. Often they clarify and improve rules of international law through the process of rendering them in binding written agreements. These treaties also promote the coordination of uniform state behavior in a variety of areas. International organizations, themselves the creatures of multilateral treaties, have also assumed increasing prominence in the last half of this century. They contribute to the coordination and facilitation of contemporary international relations on the basis of legal principles.

The Oxford Guide to Treaties

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Nation States

From trade relations to greenhouse gases, from shipwrecks to cybercrime, treaties structure the rights and obligations of states, international organizations, and individuals. For centuries, treaties have regulated relations among nation states. Today, they are the dominant source of international law. Thus, being adept with treaties and international agreements is an indispensable skill for anyone engaged in international relations. This revised and updated edition provides a comprehensive guide to treaties, shedding light on the rules and practices surrounding the making, interpretation, and operation of these instruments. The chapters are designed to introduce the law of treaties and offer practical insights into how treaties actually work. Foundational issues are covered, including what treaties are and when they should be used, alongside detailed analyses of treaty formation, application, interpretation, and exit. Special issues associated with treaties involving the European Union and other international organizations are also addressed. These are complimented by a set of model treaty clauses. Real examples illustrate the approaches that treaty-makers can take on topics such as entry into force, languages, reservations, and amendments. The book thus provides an authoritative reference point for anyone studying or involved in the creation or interpretation of treaties or other forms of international agreement.

Understanding the Anemic Global Response to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Busby
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
West African ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The COVID-19 outbreak is the most serious test of the international system since the 2008 global financial crisis. Rather than cooperate to contain and respond to a common threat, the world's leading powers—the United States and China—have increasingly blamed each other through wildly speculative theories about the origins of the virus. The World Health Organization sought to coordinate a global response, but it has been hamstrung and has come under attack. Given past cooperation between major powers to mobilize and eradicate smallpox and previous US leadership to fight HIV/AIDS and the 2014 West African Ebola crisis, the limited cooperation and lack of leadership are puzzling. What explains the anemic global response to date? This article draws from structural international relations theory to suggest a partial but somewhat dissatisfying answer. International organizations are inherently weak and now face opposition by major powers. The international system simultaneously incentivizes states to cooperate and address common threats, but it also encourages countries to take care of themselves, potentially at the expense of others. Which of these motives dominates cannot be explained by structural theory, thus requiring us to look to other factors such as the attributes of states and leaders themselves.

International Relations as a Prismatic System

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
State System ◽  
American Society ◽  
State 1 ◽  
Executive Body ◽  
Inter State

Conventional theories of international relations assume, implicitly, the model of an “inter-state system.” According to this model, individually states possess a set of characteristics which differ fundamentally from the characteristics of a system of those states interacting with each other. On this basis we can construct theories about the behavior of component states in the system, and more general propositions about the nature of the inter-state system viewed as a whole. Some of the difficulties of this model will be noted here, and an alternative model proposed.Before pointing to these difficulties, however, we need a clear image of the inter-state model. A classic formulation is contained in a speech given by former Secretary of State John Foster Dulles at a meeting of the American Society for International Law. In it Mr. Dulles identified six characteristics of the nation-state: (1) laws which “reflect the moral judgment of the community”; (2) political machinery to revise these laws as needed; (3) an executive body able to administer the laws; (4) judicial machinery to settle disputes in accord with the laws; (5) superior force to deter violence by enforcing the law upon those who defy it; and (6) sufficient well-being so that people are not driven by desperation to ways of violence. The international system, Mr. Dulles pointed out, in large part lacks these characteristics. He went on to assess the limited success of attempts, ranging from the League of Nations and Kellogg-Briand Pact through the United Nations, to create such a “state system” or “order” at the international level. Mr. Dulles sadly reported that, despite notable progress in the development of international law and judicial machinery, the desired international order does not, as yet, exist.

The Palestine Liberation Organization in the United Nations: Implications for International Law and Relations

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford R. Silverburg
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International System ◽  
World Order ◽  
Palestine Liberation Organization ◽  
New Era ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Political Units

The end of the Second World War seemed to signal to many observers the onset of a new era of international relations and international law. The appearance of former colonial entities as independent and sovereign political units led both diplomats and academicians to divine a new world order for international relations. At the same time the consequent significant increase in the number of political actors in the international system changed not only its complexion but also its manner of interaction. It appears that there are still further developments in the offing whose full significance cannot as yet be fully documented. One aspect, however, which we can examine is the increasing importance of the transnational actor in international forums. Our intention in this paper is to examine several features of this development in international relations, law and organization as evidenced by the continually increasing participation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the chambers of the United Nations.

scholarly journals The Sources of International Law Legitimacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
E A Petrova
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
The Creation

The article is devoted to the question of where the international law legitimacy comes from. The author analyzes the consensual sovereign volition of international law subjects (states, nations, international organizations) as the main source of its legitimacy. The specificity of legitimacy depending on the type of international law norms is indicated. Types of international law legitimacy in the context of its sources are distinguished. Positions on the question of criteria of the legitimacy are given. The author points out the interrelationship between legitimacy of international and national law. It is concluded that legitimacy is an essential feature of international law, since the source of international law legitimacy is the same as the source of the creation and mandatory of its norms, namely, the consensual sovereign volition of the participants of international relations.

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