Wprowadzenie dyktatury wojskowej w wyniku zamachu stanu a kwestia międzynarodowego uznania rządu na przykładzie przewrotu wojskowego w Mjanmie z 1 lutego 2021 roku

The article reflects on the question of recognizing a government in international law in relation to the coup that took place in Myanmar on 1 February 2021. First, the author defines the recognition of a government, emphasizing that the institution of recognition applies exclusively to unconstitutional changes of governments. The circumstances of the coup in Myanmar are recounted, exhibiting that the authoritarian regime of the junta has been established in a manifest violation of provisions established in the Constitution adopted in 2008. Second, the competing criteria for recognition of a government in international law are discussed with reference to Tobar (favoring legitimacy) and Estrada doctrines (according to which effectiveness shall prevail). The author presents the evolution of opinions in scholarship and in the practice of states that occurred over the course of decades and led to the dominance of the latter concept. It is demonstrated that upon the application of the criterium of effectiveness with regard to the junta in Myanmar, it should be recognized as a body entitled to represent the state. Finally, acknowledging the tendency that originated in the 1990s to take into account the democratic norm as an alternative basis for recognition of a government or its denial, the author claims that in the lack of coherent and uniform state practice in that field, such a norm cannot create a normative obligation as a norm of customary international law, and therefore does not justify nonrecognition of junta.

A mechanochemical model recapitulates distinct vertebrate gastrulation modes

Gastrulation is a critical event in vertebrate morphogenesis driven by cellular processes, and characterized by coordinated multi-cellular movements that form the robust morphological structures. How these structures emerge in a developing organism and vary across vertebrates remains unclear. Inspired by experiments on the chick, we derive a theoretical framework that couples actomyosin activity to tissue flow, and provides a basis for the dynamics of gastrulation morphologies. Our model predicts the onset and development of observed experimental patterns of wild-type and perturbations of chick gastrulation as a spontaneous instability of a uniform state. Varying the initial conditions and a parameter in our model, allows us to recapitulate the phase space of gastrulation morphologies seen across vertebrates, consistent with experimental observations in the accompanying paper. All together, this suggests that early embryonic self-organization follows from a minimal predictive theory of active mechano-sensitive flows.

The balance between centralization and decentralization of anti-corruption legal regulation with regards to public officials

The subject of this research is the anti-corruption legal regulation with regards to public officials from the perspective of balance between centralization and decentralization of such regulation. The goal lies in critical analysis of the established normative framework in the area of prevention of corruption for assessing the effectiveness of the applied mechanism of legal regulation. Anti-corruption legal regulation is characterized with multiplicity of normative acts, distribution or duplication of the normative legal content of acts of superior legal force in the acts of inferior legal force. Special attention is given to the examples of decentralization of anti-corruption regulation and methods of ensuring its coherence. The author provides the examples of centralization of anti-corruption regulation, which stemmed from the development of anti-corruption instruments. The conducted research allowed making recommendations on systematization of anti-corruption legislation with centralization and comprehensive anti-corruption regulation with regards to public officials. The key decrees of the President of the Russian Federation in the sphere of anti-corruption regulation with regards to public officials have been adopted over the period from 2009 to 201, and require refinement, taking into consideration the accumulated experience of their legal enforcement. The author also suggest legislating the content of the principle of uniform state policy in the sphere of prevention of corruption.

Quantum teleportation of an arbitrary four-qubit state via three-uniform state of eight qubits

Recently, Zang et al. constructed a three-uniform state of eight qubits. In this work, we show that such an eight-qubit entangled state can be used to realize the deterministic quantum teleportation of an arbitrary four-qubit state based on the orthogonal basis measurement.

“De facto” single real estate complex as an object of taxation in the context of corporate property tax of

The problem of qualification of property became urgent in 2019, when corporate property tax was levied on movable property. Tax authorities began to reclassify movable property into immovable property, using the terms and constructions of civil legislation. This article examines such legal constructs as a single real estate complex, and its impact upon taxation of corporate property. Special attention given to the following questions: 1. What objects can be incorporated into a single real estate complex? 2. Whether the range of objects united by a single technological network can be recognized as a single real estate complex, if the right to ownership is not registered as for a single immovable object in the uniform state register? Based on the analysis of the actual arbitration cases, it is concluded that the concept of a single real estate complex was completely revised by the tax authorities, and then by the courts, violating the goals pursued by the legislator, who tried to encourage corporations to renovate fixed assets, intentionally excluding movable property as the object of taxation in the context of corporate property tax. The author concludes that the interpretation of the terms of civil legislation proposed by tax authorities and established in case law led to unfeasibility of the goals set for the legislator, as well as to violation of the fundamental tax principles.

Constructions of irredundant orthogonal arrays

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>An <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ N \times k $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> array <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ A $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> with entries from <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ v $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-set <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{V} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> is said to be an <i>orthogonal array</i> with <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ v $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> levels, strength <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ t $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and index <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ \lambda $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, denoted by OA<inline-formula><tex-math id="M8">\begin{document}$ (N,k,v,t) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, if every <inline-formula><tex-math id="M9">\begin{document}$ N\times t $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> sub-array of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M10">\begin{document}$ A $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> contains each <inline-formula><tex-math id="M11">\begin{document}$ t $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-tuple based on <inline-formula><tex-math id="M12">\begin{document}$ \mathcal{V} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> exactly <inline-formula><tex-math id="M13">\begin{document}$ \lambda $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> times as a row. An OA<inline-formula><tex-math id="M14">\begin{document}$ (N,k,v,t) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> is called <i>irredundant</i>, denoted by IrOA<inline-formula><tex-math id="M15">\begin{document}$ (N,k,v,t) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, if in any <inline-formula><tex-math id="M16">\begin{document}$ N\times (k-t ) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> sub-array, all of its rows are different. Goyeneche and <inline-formula><tex-math id="M17">\begin{document}$ \dot{Z} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>yczkowski firstly introduced the definition of an IrOA and showed that an IrOA<inline-formula><tex-math id="M18">\begin{document}$ (N,k,v,t) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> corresponds to a <inline-formula><tex-math id="M19">\begin{document}$ t $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform state of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M20">\begin{document}$ k $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> subsystems with local dimension <inline-formula><tex-math id="M21">\begin{document}$ v $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> (Physical Review A. 90 (2014), 022316). In this paper, we present some new constructions of irredundant orthogonal arrays by using difference matrices and some special matrices over finite fields, respectively, as a consequence, many infinite families of irredundant orthogonal arrays are obtained. Furthermore, several infinite classes of <inline-formula><tex-math id="M22">\begin{document}$ t $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-uniform states arise from these irredundant orthogonal arrays.</p>

Optimal Octagonal Hooked Collar Countermeasure to Reduce Scour Around a Single Bridge Pier

Pier modification countermeasures are essential as they play a vital role in protecting pier against local scour action. Current study investigates experimentally the scour around vertical pier of octagonal cross section with pier modification such as newly proposed octagonal hooked collar is explored, in steady uniform state, under clear water condition. The results of pier scour without any modification were used as a reference to compute the efficiency of hooked collar provision around octagonal pier. The results show that by increasing the hooked collar width up to 2.5 Wp reduced maximum scour depth significantly. However, the experimental investigation revealed that the best combination to be with a hooked collar width of 2.5 Wp, having sidewall height 0.45 Wp. The best combination minimized around 73.3 % of scour hole depth, compared to octagonal pier without any modification. Using experimental results, a new equation is proposed to predict the scour depth around a bridge pier fitted with hooked collar. Moreover, a relation was developed for maximum scour depth and scour hole volume. Results indicate that the scour hole volume around a bridge pier increases quadratically with maximum scour depth.

Strategic Transmission of Correlated Information

We consider a situation in which a decision-maker gathers information from imperfectly informed experts, receiving coarse signals about a uniform state of the world. Private information is (conditionally) correlated across players, and communication is cheap talk. We show that with two experts correlation unambiguously tightens the conditions on preferences for a truth-telling equilibrium. However, with multiple experts the effect of correlation on the incentives to report information truthfully can be non-monotonic: while little and large levels of correlation hinder truth-telling, intermediate levels may discipline experts’ equilibrium behaviour and foster truthful communication. We discuss the implications of our results for the political discussion in the presence of ‘selective exposure' to media, where similarity in preferences comes with higher correlation, and a trade-off between truth-telling incentives and informational content arises.

Tensions in State-Local Intergovernmental Response to Emergencies: The Case of COVID-19

The U.S. emergency and disaster response system is designed to operate bottom-up, meaning responses are intended to begin at the local level with state and federal governments stepping in to assist as needed. The response to the current COVID-19 outbreak, however, has been something else entirely, as each level of government competes with the others over resources and authority. Some states preferred a local response with state support, while other states took a more uniform, state-mandated response enabled by state preemption of local actions. The latter has revealed an often-dormant means of state preemption of local ordinances: the executive order preemption. Local government managers will have to be creative in balancing responsiveness to their constituents in this time of crisis while also being constrained by their states. The administrative choices are likely to have both immediate and long-term consequences for future emergencies.

Digitalization of the Initial Stage of Criminal Proceedings as a Necessary Means of Ensuring the Rights of Victims

The paper deals with the problems related to the protection and enforcement of the rights of the victim during acceptance, registration and examination of reports of crimes at the initial stage of criminal proceedings. The author substantiates the necessity of improving the practice of initiation of criminal proceedings, the judicial data for the purpose of precise implementation of Art. 52 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as proposals on digitalization at this stage of criminal proceedings. The author emphasizes that criminal proceedings should be considered as a uniform state power activity, beginning with a report on the committed crime and ending with the final resolution of all substantive and procedural issues arising in the case. In view of this, the process of digitalization of criminal proceedings should be based on a single platform linking not only all stages of the proceedings, but also officials of any of the departments carrying out certain phases of this activity. Such a platform should comply with the statutory framework, be accessible to all participants in the process whose rights and interests are affected by the activity under consideration. The platform should represent a flexible digital system that secures the secret of production with regard to some parameters, including investigatory privilege, protection of the honor and dignity of a person, his or her right to privacy, family and other secrets protected by law. But according to other parameters it should be accessible for the person involved in this proceeding, his advocate and representative. In addition, according to certain parameters complying with the law, this platform should also be accessible for other persons to conduct research and to summarize the practice of criminal proceedings in the past; for the media providing the public with access to information about the proceedings in certain cases or in the public debate on certain legal issues, and it should be available to enforce protection of human rights in the field of criminal proceedings, etc.