scholarly journals A Valor-Bonded Unity: Participation of Ethnic Minorities’ Representatives in the Battles for Kuban and Crimea (1941–1943)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Ф. Бугай
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The North ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

В статье на основе исследований российских ученых, архивных документов, воспоминаний рассматривается слабо изученная в отечественной историографии проблема участия представителей этнических меньшинств в битвах за Кавказ и Крым в ходе Великой Отечественной войны. В качестве примера автором избраны этнические общности курдов и корейцев. Использованы историко-генетический, историко-биографический и системно-исторический методы. Изучены меры советского командования по формированию национальных воинских подразделений; реконструированы биографии героев войны – корейцев и курдов, участвовавших в освобождении Юга России и получивших боевые награды; прослежена их послевоенная судьба; рассмотрены репрессивные действия советского правительства по отношению к военнослужащим некоторых национальностей. Автор заключает, что представители разных народов СССР, столкнувшись с врагом, проявили стремление к единству и добровольное желание выступить на защиту государства, которое они избрали своей Родиной. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the biographies of participants in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), who belonged to ethnic minorities and fought for the liberation of the Caucasus and Crimea from Nazi invaders. As an example, the author selected ethnic communities of Kurds and Koreans. The study was conducted on the basis of research by Russian scholars, archival documents, and memoirs of direct participants in the events. The historical-genetic, historical-biographical and system-historical methods were used. The measures of the Soviet command for the formation of national military units were studied, the biographies of war heroes, Koreans and Kurds who participated in the liberation of the South of Russia and received military awards (including the title Hero of the Soviet Union) were reconstructed. The author describes in detail the military clashes during which these fighters showed military prowess, presents their photographs, and traces their further military path, post-war fate and forms of their memory perpetuation. Quotations from the war veterans’ front-line letters and their relatives’ memoirs are given. The repressive actions of the Soviet government towards the military personnel of certain nationalities, who after the demobilization received the status of “special settlers” and lost their military tickets and award sheets, are also considered. The author emphasizes that the fight against the enemy was a test of strength for the unity of the peoples living in the Caucasus and Crimea. Examples of civic solidarity in the fight against the enemy shown by ethnic minorities in the early days of the war (mass enrollment in volunteers, holding civil rallies) are given. It is noted that representatives of local ethnic communities became the basis of 12 military units that were at the forefront of the defenders of the Caucasus. The paradoxical nature of the situation in which USSR citizens were repressed for various (often far-fetched) reasons is stated; however, during the war they still heroically fought against Nazism with arms in their hands. The author connects the repressions against members of the ethnic minorities with the ethnosocial policy pursued by the Soviet state, as well as the spread of desertion and draft evasion in the North Caucasus and Crimea. It is concluded that representatives of ethnic minorities living in the USSR, faced with the enemy, showed a desire for unity and a voluntary desire to defend the state, which they chose as their homeland.

The North Caucasus Within the Russian Empire

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-102
Author(s):  
Jeronim Perović
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
The North ◽  
Detailed Treatment ◽  
Historical Investigation ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Russian Empire

This chapter traces the trajectories in the North Caucasus from the end of the Caucasus wars of conquest in the mid-19th century until the outbreak of revolution in 1917. A detailed treatment of this epoch is necessary due to the fact that historical investigation of the post-war period, as opposed to the Caucasus wars themselves, has been rudimentary to date. While Russian historical research has begun to study this period systematically based on new sources, albeit without reaching any kind of consensus in assessing Russian policy, the Western literature has only dealt with this epoch in cursory overviews. This chapter remedies some of these deficiencies by looking more closely at the nature of Russian rule in the Caucasus after the end of formal military conquest. It also takes into account the societal responses and changes that took place during this period.

scholarly journals “A JOURNEY TO ARMENIA, TURKEY AND CILICIA” BY THE BISHOP VARDAN ODZNETSI AS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Shakhban M. Khapizov ◽  
Hayk E. Hakobyan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The paper analyses the content of some of the parts of the work of the Armenian author of the 19th century bishop Vardan Odznetsi, kept in Matenadaran – the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of Armenia. The full text of the work has not yet been published. The text is unique, as it is one of the last sources, written in the style of the Armenian historical literature of the Middle Ages. In his work, Vardan Odznetsi tells in detail about the court of the Georgian king Heraclius II (1720–1798). It also provides information about the Talysh Khan Mustafa and the Avar Nutsal Ummah Khan, known in historiography under the distorted name of Omar Khan. Thus, the chronicle of Odznetsi covers the history of not only Transcaucasia, but also the North Caucasus. In addition, the author describes in sufficient detail the events of the Crimean War (1853–1856). The information, provided by Vardan Odznetsi, is quite important in the context of studies devoted to the anti-Ottoman and anti-Iranian wars of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his work, a special attention is drawn to the scrupulous description of the invasion of Tbilisi in the summer of 1795 by the Iranian shah Aga-Muhammad Khan Kajar. With deep regret he tells about the destruction of the city, believing that this is the fault of the Georgian king, who showed political shortsightedness. In the 1790s Avar nutsal Ummah Khan (1761-1801) started to play an important role in the military-political events taking place in the South Caucasus, which is also mentioned in the work under review. He describes the relations of Umma Khan and his son-in-law Ibrahim-khan of Karabakh, their joint military campaigns on adjacent lands. At the same time, the work under study is an important source describing the transition of the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and subsequently the entire Caucasus, under the protection of the Russian Empire. A study of this manuscript will serve as a more detailed source-study of the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries.

scholarly journals THE USE OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN RESTORING CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC IN 1994-1995

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
V.A. Gurov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Constitutional Order ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

The article is devoted to the role and place of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in restoring constitutional order in the Chechen Republic. The author summarized the experience of using military units and subunits in regrouping and destroying militants in urban and mountainous conditions. He offers a comprehensive analysis of the shortcomings in the training of military units. The article also contains author's subjective observations made during participation in the military operations in Chechnya.

scholarly journals TRIP OF ALEXANDER III TO THE CAUCASUS AS A NEW MILESTONE IN THE INTEGRATION OF MOUNTAIN PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-185
Author(s):  
H.M. Bekulov ◽  
◽  
I.B. Bekulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Parochial Schools ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Representative Office ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The authors made an attempt to complete the colorful characteristic of an Emperor Alexander III in his desire to form a common ideological and economic space on the platform of strengthening the position of Christianity in the Caucasus. The authors supplement the well-known narration of V. A. Potto about the visit to the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in 1888by Emperor Alexander III, the specific materials from local archives and available sources are provided. The article highlights the activities of the military administration of the Nalchik district to organize a meeting of the Emperor at the station Prokhladnaya and in Vladikavkaz in accordance with the instructions of the head of the Terek region. Extensive material is presented about quotas for the number of delegates to the representative office, the procedure of forming a team, and the financing of expenses related to the meeting procedure. The author focuses on the phenomenon of transformation of the consciousness of the inhabitants of the Caucasus, including people who fought with Russia, under the influence of the socio-economic policy of the autocracy, the centralization of local government institutions. According to the authors, during The Emperor's visit to the Caucasus in 1888, a new phase was laid in the formation of Russian patriotism among the native population based on impressions at meetings and audiences with the Emperor. As the following events in the Russian-Japanese and World War I showed, most students in real, parochial schools demonstrated exceptional bravery and loyalty to the oath to The Russian Emperor. The article states the great interest of the Emperor in the Christian faith, and his spiritual and material support for the brotherhood of St. Nicholas Trinity in South Ossetia. Examples are given about the firmness of thanksgiving for faithful service to the Fatherland, about the priority in this issue of taking into account the reaction «to the mass, especially among Muslims».

scholarly journals INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: DE-ESCALATION PRACTICES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE AGGRAVATION OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS IN SUMMER OF 1917.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. МАТВЕЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Historical Practices

Июльские события в Петрограде способствовали углублению революционного кризиса в России, сопровождавшегося дестабилизацией обстановки не только в центральных субъектах, но и на окраинах. В пределах Терской области летом 1917 г. участились межэтнические конфликты. И в тех условиях провоцировались они набегами на казачьи и иные русские поселения, а также аулы мирных горцев. В ходе их осуществлялись «грабежи и разбои», подрывавшие сельскохозяйственное производство. Обозначившаяся угроза гражданской войны для народов края оказывалась так или иначе общей. Наметился отток русского населения. Беженцами становились и горцы. По мнению автора, в 1917 г. восстановилась линия противостояния, существовавшая когда‑то в эпоху Кавказской войны. Однако по критерию «свой — чужой» она не имела уже четкой привязки к тем или иным локальным  ареалам. Сказывалось смешение населения, произошедшее из‑за оттока в равнинные аулы с нагорной полосы. Тем не менее, как и в период Кавказской войны, немалая часть горцев включилась в противодействие набегам, подтверждая и в условиях революционной неопределенности приверженность российскому выбору. В статье анализируется исторический опыт поиска решений к восстановлению стабильности в крае и сохранению целостности общего для всех расселявшихся в его пределах народов отечества. Для раскрытия темы привлечена информация из источников, ранее не вводившихся в научный оборот. Показываются усилия всех этнических сообществ края в устранении конфликтных ситуаций и поиске соответствующих конструктивных решений. The July events in Petrograd worked towards further aggravation of Russian revolutionary crisis, followed by onward destabilization sweeping both central and peripheral regions of the country. In the summer of 1917, the northeastern areas of the Caucasus within the Tersky region witnessed an upswing in interethnic conflicts, which were at that point in time encouraged by ongoing raids on Cossack and other Russian settlements, as well as the auls of peaceful mountaineers. These raids came amid plunder and depredation, which undermined agricultural production. The imminent threat of civil war turned out a common peril for the peoples inhabiting the region, whereby both Russian population and the mountaineers fled to become refugees. The author believes that 1917 restored the line of confrontation, which once existed in the era of the Caucasian war. However, in terms of the «insider-outsider» criterion, this line was no longer clearly defined. This had a lot to do with the medley of population that emerged due to collective settling in flat land auls as people moved away from the upland. Nevertheless, just as was the case with the Caucasian War, many mountaineers joined in the resistance to raids, thus affirming their commitment to the choice of ties with Russia even in the context of revolutionary unrest. The article analyzes the historical practices in addressing stability issues in the region and preserving the integrity of the peoples that settled within it. The topic is explored using the data retrieved from sources previously not covered by the scientific nomenclature. In keeping with these data, the study illustrates the efforts of all ethnic communities of the region in eliminating conflicts and finding appropriate practical solutions.

Organization of volunteer forces of the Ottoman Empire from representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus during the Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 on the Caucasus-Asia Minor Front

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Pankin
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Units

This article, based on a wide range of sources, primarily of foreign origin (Turkish, English, French and Austrian), examines the issue of an attempt by immigrants from the North Caucasus to integrate into Ottoman society by forming voluntary military units on the eve of and during the years of the Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 The author conducted a study of issues that were practically not studied in domestic and world historiography related to the legislative support of the volunteer movement during the preparation of the armed forces for the expected military conflict with the Russian Empire, the number of formed military units from representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus, their ethnicity, and command staff and a number of other issues, including uniforms of irregular parts of the Ottoman Empire, weapons and sources staffing. Based on an analysis of the sources available to us, the author concludes that the leadership of the Ottoman Empire is inevitable to seek help from the North Caucasus Muhajir, to form irregular cavalry units from them. The author also concludes that, for the conduct of hostilities on the Caucasus-Asia Minor Front, units formed from the peoples of the Central and Eastern Caucasus were sent: Dagestanis, Kabardins, Ossetians, Chechens and Kumyks, who, after resettlement from the Russian Empire, were settled by the Ottoman government in the territory Sivas and Erzurum vilayets, as well as Samsun (Djanik) sanjak.

scholarly journals Historical and geographical analysis of the Cronicle of Remmal Khodja “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Maxim E. Shalak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Geography ◽  
French Translation ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Military

This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical work of the famous Ottoman scholar Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade, well known as Remmal Khodja, his work “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”, which was written in the middle of the XVI century. This source, is dedicated to the history of the reign of Khan Sahib Giray (1532–1551), it will be studied here for the purpose of revealing information on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and adjacent territories. The beginning of this analysis was published in № 2, 2018 of this journal. In his chronicle Remmal Khodja describes nine military campaigns of Sahib Giray. He describes in details the routes of movement of the Tatar troops, gives the places of crossings and location sites of the troops. Very valuable are the characteristics given by the court historian to the opponents of the khan and descriptions of the terrain on which the fighting was conducted. From the above I mentioned information, it may seem, that Remmal Khodja described the events as if he was its direct witness. In all the military campaigns of Sahib Giray, described by Remmal Khodja, can be traced four directions of those campaigns. To the west – to Moldavia, to the north – to Russia and Lithuania, to the east – to the Astrakhan Khanate, and south-east – to the Caucasus. Of all the directions, the North Caucasus region is described in more detailed way in the source, since Sahib Giray made four campaigns to this territory. The revealed information gives us the chance to clarify the boundaries of the Crimean Khanate, the lands that were in its vassal dependence, the location of sites and fortresses, as well as the areas of residence of some North Caucasian tribes. The only publication of “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” was implemented in 1973 by O. Gökbilgin. The scientist published a Chronicle in the modern Turkish transcription, providing it with a French translation.

Love and Jihad. Female Trajectories from North Caucasus to the Islamic State

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-151
Author(s):  
Denis Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Women ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Caucasian Women

In the 2000s, Al-Qaeda, represented by the Caucasus Emirate, took over the first Chechen resistance, as well as local Islamist armed groups in Dagestan and other republics of the North Caucasus. However, a decade later, the Islamic State won the competition with Al-Qaeda, by including the involvement of women in its project. Hundreds of Russian-speaking Muslim women followed men to live by the rules of Islam. Some joined their husbands or children. Others travelled to the Islamic State in pursuit of love and romance with future husbands they had met on the internet. Based on exclusive interviews done with women detained in the Roj detention camp in the Kurdish territories in northeastern Syria near the Iraqi border, this article analyzes some of the trajectories that has pushed young North Caucasian women to the Syrian war theater in the name of love.

Prokofieva Tamara Aleksandrovna: Engineer-topographer of the first rank

2017 ◽  
Vol 922 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
V.L. Kashin ◽  
N.L. Kashina
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Aerial Photography ◽  
The North ◽  
Moscow Institute ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Post War ◽  
Executive Positions

Biographic information about the veteran of geodetic service of the Soviet Union Tamara Aleksandrovna Prokofieva is provided in this article. On January 1, 2017, she turned 96 years old. T. A. Prokofieva’s biography is in many respects similar to destinies of her age-mates who met the Great Patriotic War on a student’s bench. In 1939 she entered the Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography, and Cartography. Since then all her life was connected with geodesy. In this article we use Tamara Aleksandrovna’s memories of a communal flat of the 1930s, peripetias of military years, of the North Caucasian and Kazakh aero geodetic enterprises where she worked with her husband Leonid Andreevich Kashin who held a number of executive positions in geodetic service of the USSR in the post-war time.

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