«Studying the region from the military point»: Russian officers and intellectual development of the North Caucasus during the Caucasus War

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military

scholarly journals A Valor-Bonded Unity: Participation of Ethnic Minorities’ Representatives in the Battles for Kuban and Crimea (1941–1943)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Ф. Бугай
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The North ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

В статье на основе исследований российских ученых, архивных документов, воспоминаний рассматривается слабо изученная в отечественной историографии проблема участия представителей этнических меньшинств в битвах за Кавказ и Крым в ходе Великой Отечественной войны. В качестве примера автором избраны этнические общности курдов и корейцев. Использованы историко-генетический, историко-биографический и системно-исторический методы. Изучены меры советского командования по формированию национальных воинских подразделений; реконструированы биографии героев войны – корейцев и курдов, участвовавших в освобождении Юга России и получивших боевые награды; прослежена их послевоенная судьба; рассмотрены репрессивные действия советского правительства по отношению к военнослужащим некоторых национальностей. Автор заключает, что представители разных народов СССР, столкнувшись с врагом, проявили стремление к единству и добровольное желание выступить на защиту государства, которое они избрали своей Родиной. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the biographies of participants in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), who belonged to ethnic minorities and fought for the liberation of the Caucasus and Crimea from Nazi invaders. As an example, the author selected ethnic communities of Kurds and Koreans. The study was conducted on the basis of research by Russian scholars, archival documents, and memoirs of direct participants in the events. The historical-genetic, historical-biographical and system-historical methods were used. The measures of the Soviet command for the formation of national military units were studied, the biographies of war heroes, Koreans and Kurds who participated in the liberation of the South of Russia and received military awards (including the title Hero of the Soviet Union) were reconstructed. The author describes in detail the military clashes during which these fighters showed military prowess, presents their photographs, and traces their further military path, post-war fate and forms of their memory perpetuation. Quotations from the war veterans’ front-line letters and their relatives’ memoirs are given. The repressive actions of the Soviet government towards the military personnel of certain nationalities, who after the demobilization received the status of “special settlers” and lost their military tickets and award sheets, are also considered. The author emphasizes that the fight against the enemy was a test of strength for the unity of the peoples living in the Caucasus and Crimea. Examples of civic solidarity in the fight against the enemy shown by ethnic minorities in the early days of the war (mass enrollment in volunteers, holding civil rallies) are given. It is noted that representatives of local ethnic communities became the basis of 12 military units that were at the forefront of the defenders of the Caucasus. The paradoxical nature of the situation in which USSR citizens were repressed for various (often far-fetched) reasons is stated; however, during the war they still heroically fought against Nazism with arms in their hands. The author connects the repressions against members of the ethnic minorities with the ethnosocial policy pursued by the Soviet state, as well as the spread of desertion and draft evasion in the North Caucasus and Crimea. It is concluded that representatives of ethnic minorities living in the USSR, faced with the enemy, showed a desire for unity and a voluntary desire to defend the state, which they chose as their homeland.

scholarly journals “A JOURNEY TO ARMENIA, TURKEY AND CILICIA” BY THE BISHOP VARDAN ODZNETSI AS AN IMPORTANT SOURCE ON THE HISTORY OF THE CAUCASUS OF THE XVIII–XIX CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Shakhban M. Khapizov ◽  
Hayk E. Hakobyan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The paper analyses the content of some of the parts of the work of the Armenian author of the 19th century bishop Vardan Odznetsi, kept in Matenadaran – the Institute of Ancient Manuscripts of Armenia. The full text of the work has not yet been published. The text is unique, as it is one of the last sources, written in the style of the Armenian historical literature of the Middle Ages. In his work, Vardan Odznetsi tells in detail about the court of the Georgian king Heraclius II (1720–1798). It also provides information about the Talysh Khan Mustafa and the Avar Nutsal Ummah Khan, known in historiography under the distorted name of Omar Khan. Thus, the chronicle of Odznetsi covers the history of not only Transcaucasia, but also the North Caucasus. In addition, the author describes in sufficient detail the events of the Crimean War (1853–1856). The information, provided by Vardan Odznetsi, is quite important in the context of studies devoted to the anti-Ottoman and anti-Iranian wars of the peoples of the Caucasus. In his work, a special attention is drawn to the scrupulous description of the invasion of Tbilisi in the summer of 1795 by the Iranian shah Aga-Muhammad Khan Kajar. With deep regret he tells about the destruction of the city, believing that this is the fault of the Georgian king, who showed political shortsightedness. In the 1790s Avar nutsal Ummah Khan (1761-1801) started to play an important role in the military-political events taking place in the South Caucasus, which is also mentioned in the work under review. He describes the relations of Umma Khan and his son-in-law Ibrahim-khan of Karabakh, their joint military campaigns on adjacent lands. At the same time, the work under study is an important source describing the transition of the kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, and subsequently the entire Caucasus, under the protection of the Russian Empire. A study of this manuscript will serve as a more detailed source-study of the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries.

scholarly journals TRIP OF ALEXANDER III TO THE CAUCASUS AS A NEW MILESTONE IN THE INTEGRATION OF MOUNTAIN PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 159-185
Author(s):  
H.M. Bekulov ◽  
◽  
I.B. Bekulova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Parochial Schools ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Representative Office ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

The authors made an attempt to complete the colorful characteristic of an Emperor Alexander III in his desire to form a common ideological and economic space on the platform of strengthening the position of Christianity in the Caucasus. The authors supplement the well-known narration of V. A. Potto about the visit to the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in 1888by Emperor Alexander III, the specific materials from local archives and available sources are provided. The article highlights the activities of the military administration of the Nalchik district to organize a meeting of the Emperor at the station Prokhladnaya and in Vladikavkaz in accordance with the instructions of the head of the Terek region. Extensive material is presented about quotas for the number of delegates to the representative office, the procedure of forming a team, and the financing of expenses related to the meeting procedure. The author focuses on the phenomenon of transformation of the consciousness of the inhabitants of the Caucasus, including people who fought with Russia, under the influence of the socio-economic policy of the autocracy, the centralization of local government institutions. According to the authors, during The Emperor's visit to the Caucasus in 1888, a new phase was laid in the formation of Russian patriotism among the native population based on impressions at meetings and audiences with the Emperor. As the following events in the Russian-Japanese and World War I showed, most students in real, parochial schools demonstrated exceptional bravery and loyalty to the oath to The Russian Emperor. The article states the great interest of the Emperor in the Christian faith, and his spiritual and material support for the brotherhood of St. Nicholas Trinity in South Ossetia. Examples are given about the firmness of thanksgiving for faithful service to the Fatherland, about the priority in this issue of taking into account the reaction «to the mass, especially among Muslims».

scholarly journals Historical and geographical analysis of the Cronicle of Remmal Khodja “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-117
Author(s):  
Maxim E. Shalak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Geography ◽  
French Translation ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The West ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The Military

This article is devoted to the analysis of the historical work of the famous Ottoman scholar Muhammad Nidai Kaisuni-zade, well known as Remmal Khodja, his work “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan”, which was written in the middle of the XVI century. This source, is dedicated to the history of the reign of Khan Sahib Giray (1532–1551), it will be studied here for the purpose of revealing information on the historical geography of the Crimean Khanate and adjacent territories. The beginning of this analysis was published in № 2, 2018 of this journal. In his chronicle Remmal Khodja describes nine military campaigns of Sahib Giray. He describes in details the routes of movement of the Tatar troops, gives the places of crossings and location sites of the troops. Very valuable are the characteristics given by the court historian to the opponents of the khan and descriptions of the terrain on which the fighting was conducted. From the above I mentioned information, it may seem, that Remmal Khodja described the events as if he was its direct witness. In all the military campaigns of Sahib Giray, described by Remmal Khodja, can be traced four directions of those campaigns. To the west – to Moldavia, to the north – to Russia and Lithuania, to the east – to the Astrakhan Khanate, and south-east – to the Caucasus. Of all the directions, the North Caucasus region is described in more detailed way in the source, since Sahib Giray made four campaigns to this territory. The revealed information gives us the chance to clarify the boundaries of the Crimean Khanate, the lands that were in its vassal dependence, the location of sites and fortresses, as well as the areas of residence of some North Caucasian tribes. The only publication of “Tarih-i Sahib Giray Khan” was implemented in 1973 by O. Gökbilgin. The scientist published a Chronicle in the modern Turkish transcription, providing it with a French translation.

Love and Jihad. Female Trajectories from North Caucasus to the Islamic State

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-151
Author(s):  
Denis Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Women ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Caucasian Women

In the 2000s, Al-Qaeda, represented by the Caucasus Emirate, took over the first Chechen resistance, as well as local Islamist armed groups in Dagestan and other republics of the North Caucasus. However, a decade later, the Islamic State won the competition with Al-Qaeda, by including the involvement of women in its project. Hundreds of Russian-speaking Muslim women followed men to live by the rules of Islam. Some joined their husbands or children. Others travelled to the Islamic State in pursuit of love and romance with future husbands they had met on the internet. Based on exclusive interviews done with women detained in the Roj detention camp in the Kurdish territories in northeastern Syria near the Iraqi border, this article analyzes some of the trajectories that has pushed young North Caucasian women to the Syrian war theater in the name of love.

Assessment of the technical condition of underground structures of the largest hydroelectric power station in the North Caucasus, the Chirkeyskaya HPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-420
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. KAVKAZKY ◽  
◽  
Yana V. MEL’NIK ◽  
Alexey P. LEIKIN ◽  
Andrey V. BENIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North

Objective: Chirkeyskaya HPP is by far the most powerful hydroelectric power plant in the North Caucasus with the highest arched dam in Russia and the second highest dam in the country after the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. This explains why it is called the pearl of the Caucasus. Methods: For the operation and maintenance of this unique structure, a large-scale complex of underground structures for various purposes was built, the technical condition of which must be constantly monitored. To carry out work on the survey of underground structures, the management of the design and survey institute of JSC “Lengidroproekt” decided to attract specialists from the Department of Tunnels and Subways and the Test Center “Strength” of Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University. The work was successfully carried out at the end of 2015. Results: The safety of underground structures was objectively assessed. Recommendations for the repair and further comprehensive reconstruction of the Chirkeyskaya HPP have been developed. Practical importance: Carry out work on the survey of underground structures of Chirkeyskaya HPP is allowes elaborate of complex measures on safety from Chirkeyskaya HPP.

scholarly journals FROM THE HISTORY OF THE OPENING OF VLADIKAVKAZ RAILWAY

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Ф.С. Киреев
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institutions ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Privately Owned

В статье анализируются причины строительства Владикавказской железной дороги и механизм сооружения этой важной железнодорожной артерии. Актуальность темы анализа истории развития железнодорожной сети Северо-Кавказского региона определяется необходимостью подробного изучения проблем ее социально-экономического развития. Строительство Ростово-Владикавказской железной дороги также является примером государственно-частного сотрудничества, которое хорошо себя оправдало. Дорога была построена полностью за счет средств акционеров, среди которых были как крупные промышленники, так и простые обыватели. Находясь в частной собственности, Владикавказская железная дорога хорошо функционировала и развивалась. При этом государство получило важную транспортную артерию, имевшую большое экономическое и военно-стратегическое значение. Немаловажным было и то, что за счет Владикавказской железной дороги был построен ряд социальных объектов – больницы, учебные заведения. В статье также показана заинтересованность общественности Владикавказа и региона в целом в строительстве железной дороги. Различные варианты прокладки пути, строительства станций широко обсуждались как специалистами, так и простыми горожанами. В итоге был выбран наиболее оптимальный путь и месторасположения станции Владикавказ. В свое время, благодаря открытию Владикавказской железной дороги, был дан заметный импульс дальнейшему развитию торговли и промышленности на Северном Кавказе. Последующее расширение транспортных артерий уже в наши дни может существенно оживить экономику Кавказа и России в целом, а также внести свой вклад в деле развития туризма в регионе. В связи с этим и необходимо анализировать историю строительства Владикавказской железной дороги и перенимать лучший опыт прошлого. The article analyzes the reasons for constructing Vladikavkaz railway and the mechanism of constructing this important railway artery. The topic relevance of studying the history of the railway network in the North Caucasus is determined by the necessity for further problem research of its socio-economic development. In its time Vladikavkaz railway had a huge impact on the development of trade and industry in the North Caucasus. The construction of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway is also an example of public-private cooperation, which has paid off well. The road was built entirely at the expense of shareholders, among whom were both large industrialists and ordinary people. Being privately owned, the Vladikavkaz railway functioned and developedwell. At the same time, the state acquired an important transport artery of great economic and military-strategic importance. It was also important that a number of social facilities were built at the expense of the Vladikavkaz railway - hospitals, educational institutions. The article also shows the interest of the public in Vladikavkaz and the region as a whole in the construction of the railway. Various options for laying the track, building stations were widely discussed by both specialists and ordinary citizens. As a result, the most optimal route and location of the Vladikavkaz station were chosen. Further expansion of transport arteries today can significantly revive the economy of the Caucasus and Russia as a whole, as well as contribute to the development of tourism in the region. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the history of constructing Vladikavkaz railway and adopt the best experience of the past.

The North Caucasus in Contemporary U.S.-Russia Relations: Key Problems and Implications for the Future

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Maxim A. Suchkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The United States ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future ◽  
Boston Marathon ◽  
The U.S

The North Caucasus is a most significant but a least understood problem in contemporary U.S.-Russia relations. The United States as one of the prime pace-setters in the region shaped its own attitude towards Russia’s most volatile region. Over more than twenty years, Washington experienced at least three major stages in its “Caucasus strategy”, and each stage had its impact on the North Caucasus. Since the beginning, the two states stuck to conflicting narratives of developments in the region. With time, some of the assessments were re-evaluated, but some continue to impede cooperation on key security issues. The present article explores these phenomena and examines what implications major events like the 9/11 attacks, the Caucasus Emirate enlistment among top terrorist organisations, the Boston marathon bombings, etc. had for the U.S.-Russia joint efforts in fighting terrorism. It also assesses areas of potential disagreement in the North Caucasus between the two countries.

The Beginning of the Formation of the Railway Network in the North Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Zabelin
Keyword(s):  
Main Line ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Further Development

The problem of the need for construction of railways in the North Caucasus as a strategically and economically important enterprise for maintaining and developing the viability of the region is considered. Preconditions and opinions on the appropriateness of railway connection are given. To achieve this goal in the region, it was decided to establish a new joint-stock company of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway. The dynamics is investigated from planning, choosing the final direction from those proposed by the engineers who carried out surveys on the ground, to the actual opening of permanent traffic on the first (main) line of the Rostov-on-Don - Vladikavkaz Society - the first highway that connected the Caucasus with the central part of the state in 1875 ... A brief description of this path is given. The geography of the line was investigated. Some stages of further development are given, the results and opinions obtained during the operation of the road are summed up. The issue of location and development of the Rostov railway junction is considered. Already in the first years of operation, the enormous potential of railway transport in the North Caucasus was obvious, not only strategically, but also as an economically important enterprise that opened up new opportunities for the development of the region, which in turn made the railway the main industrial giant.

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