scholarly journals INTER-ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE NORTH CAUCASUS: DE-ESCALATION PRACTICES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE AGGRAVATION OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS IN SUMMER OF 1917.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. МАТВЕЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Historical Practices

Июльские события в Петрограде способствовали углублению революционного кризиса в России, сопровождавшегося дестабилизацией обстановки не только в центральных субъектах, но и на окраинах. В пределах Терской области летом 1917 г. участились межэтнические конфликты. И в тех условиях провоцировались они набегами на казачьи и иные русские поселения, а также аулы мирных горцев. В ходе их осуществлялись «грабежи и разбои», подрывавшие сельскохозяйственное производство. Обозначившаяся угроза гражданской войны для народов края оказывалась так или иначе общей. Наметился отток русского населения. Беженцами становились и горцы. По мнению автора, в 1917 г. восстановилась линия противостояния, существовавшая когда‑то в эпоху Кавказской войны. Однако по критерию «свой — чужой» она не имела уже четкой привязки к тем или иным локальным  ареалам. Сказывалось смешение населения, произошедшее из‑за оттока в равнинные аулы с нагорной полосы. Тем не менее, как и в период Кавказской войны, немалая часть горцев включилась в противодействие набегам, подтверждая и в условиях революционной неопределенности приверженность российскому выбору. В статье анализируется исторический опыт поиска решений к восстановлению стабильности в крае и сохранению целостности общего для всех расселявшихся в его пределах народов отечества. Для раскрытия темы привлечена информация из источников, ранее не вводившихся в научный оборот. Показываются усилия всех этнических сообществ края в устранении конфликтных ситуаций и поиске соответствующих конструктивных решений. The July events in Petrograd worked towards further aggravation of Russian revolutionary crisis, followed by onward destabilization sweeping both central and peripheral regions of the country. In the summer of 1917, the northeastern areas of the Caucasus within the Tersky region witnessed an upswing in interethnic conflicts, which were at that point in time encouraged by ongoing raids on Cossack and other Russian settlements, as well as the auls of peaceful mountaineers. These raids came amid plunder and depredation, which undermined agricultural production. The imminent threat of civil war turned out a common peril for the peoples inhabiting the region, whereby both Russian population and the mountaineers fled to become refugees. The author believes that 1917 restored the line of confrontation, which once existed in the era of the Caucasian war. However, in terms of the «insider-outsider» criterion, this line was no longer clearly defined. This had a lot to do with the medley of population that emerged due to collective settling in flat land auls as people moved away from the upland. Nevertheless, just as was the case with the Caucasian War, many mountaineers joined in the resistance to raids, thus affirming their commitment to the choice of ties with Russia even in the context of revolutionary unrest. The article analyzes the historical practices in addressing stability issues in the region and preserving the integrity of the peoples that settled within it. The topic is explored using the data retrieved from sources previously not covered by the scientific nomenclature. In keeping with these data, the study illustrates the efforts of all ethnic communities of the region in eliminating conflicts and finding appropriate practical solutions.

scholarly journals A Valor-Bonded Unity: Participation of Ethnic Minorities’ Representatives in the Battles for Kuban and Crimea (1941–1943)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.Ф. Бугай
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The North ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Units

В статье на основе исследований российских ученых, архивных документов, воспоминаний рассматривается слабо изученная в отечественной историографии проблема участия представителей этнических меньшинств в битвах за Кавказ и Крым в ходе Великой Отечественной войны. В качестве примера автором избраны этнические общности курдов и корейцев. Использованы историко-генетический, историко-биографический и системно-исторический методы. Изучены меры советского командования по формированию национальных воинских подразделений; реконструированы биографии героев войны – корейцев и курдов, участвовавших в освобождении Юга России и получивших боевые награды; прослежена их послевоенная судьба; рассмотрены репрессивные действия советского правительства по отношению к военнослужащим некоторых национальностей. Автор заключает, что представители разных народов СССР, столкнувшись с врагом, проявили стремление к единству и добровольное желание выступить на защиту государства, которое они избрали своей Родиной. The aim of the article is to reconstruct the biographies of participants in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), who belonged to ethnic minorities and fought for the liberation of the Caucasus and Crimea from Nazi invaders. As an example, the author selected ethnic communities of Kurds and Koreans. The study was conducted on the basis of research by Russian scholars, archival documents, and memoirs of direct participants in the events. The historical-genetic, historical-biographical and system-historical methods were used. The measures of the Soviet command for the formation of national military units were studied, the biographies of war heroes, Koreans and Kurds who participated in the liberation of the South of Russia and received military awards (including the title Hero of the Soviet Union) were reconstructed. The author describes in detail the military clashes during which these fighters showed military prowess, presents their photographs, and traces their further military path, post-war fate and forms of their memory perpetuation. Quotations from the war veterans’ front-line letters and their relatives’ memoirs are given. The repressive actions of the Soviet government towards the military personnel of certain nationalities, who after the demobilization received the status of “special settlers” and lost their military tickets and award sheets, are also considered. The author emphasizes that the fight against the enemy was a test of strength for the unity of the peoples living in the Caucasus and Crimea. Examples of civic solidarity in the fight against the enemy shown by ethnic minorities in the early days of the war (mass enrollment in volunteers, holding civil rallies) are given. It is noted that representatives of local ethnic communities became the basis of 12 military units that were at the forefront of the defenders of the Caucasus. The paradoxical nature of the situation in which USSR citizens were repressed for various (often far-fetched) reasons is stated; however, during the war they still heroically fought against Nazism with arms in their hands. The author connects the repressions against members of the ethnic minorities with the ethnosocial policy pursued by the Soviet state, as well as the spread of desertion and draft evasion in the North Caucasus and Crimea. It is concluded that representatives of ethnic minorities living in the USSR, faced with the enemy, showed a desire for unity and a voluntary desire to defend the state, which they chose as their homeland.

scholarly journals Civil War in the North Caucasus in the Reflection of the Mountainous Bourgeoise-Democratic Print (On the Materials of “Volnyy Gorets” Newspaper)

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-119
Author(s):  
Timur Matiev
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Mountain Regions ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Real ◽  
The North ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Method Analysis

Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the attitude of the Mountainous government in exile and the Union of Mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan in a broader sense to the events of the Civil War in the North Caucasus in 1919–1920 based on local printing. Methods and materials. The main emphasis is placed on the analysis of materials of “Volny Gorets” newspaper of the Mountainous government. The authors use the problemchronological, historical-systemic method and the system-functional analysis method. Analysis. The article analyzes the attitude of the mountainous democrats, expressed on the pages of the newspaper, to such aspects of the Civil War as the union of mountain peoples with the Bolsheviks, the assessment of the white and red plans for the mountain regions, the real policy of the warring parties in 1917–1920, the prospects for a confederative structure of the Caucasus. The split of mountain unity by the Bolsheviks is considered by their prosecutors the main reason why the North Caucasus was not able to resist the Denikin invasion. Results. “Volny Gorets” publication is an important and extremely informative source on the events in the North Caucasus during the Civil War of 1919–1920. The newspaper’s publications are both purely informational and analytical. The analysis given by the newspaper’s authors is deep and sober. The events of the civil war in the North Caucasus attracted the closest attention of the editors and, on the whole, remained the priority topic of publications in each issue of “Volny Gorets” during 1919–1920. The analysis of the publication is relatively free from ideological press and bias that distinguishes both purely “white” and “red” publications of that time.

scholarly journals The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Its Policy Towards the Terek and Dagestan (the Second Half of 1919 – the beginning of 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1173
Author(s):  
Arsen M. Kambiev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the little-studied and complex issue of relations between the new Caucasian state entities during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the following Civil War. The Revolution of 1917 led to the appearance on the political map of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia of a number of new state entities that fought for the recognition of their sovereignty. However, the political and military chaos in the region hindered both the internal process of consolidation of the self-proclaimed states, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus in particular, and their entry into the international community. The civil war in Russia and the confrontation between the Red and the White forces instigated even more contradictions. Transcaucasian countries, primarily Azerbaijan and Georgia, support both the insurrectionary movement in the Terek-Dagestan region and the leaders of the overthrown Mountainous Republic who stayed in their territory. However, any attempts to create stable allied military, political and economic relations, undertaken by the leaders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic, were not successful.

Suriye’de Unutulanlar: Tanıdık Bir Hikâye, Çerkesler ve Göç

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62
Author(s):  
Onur Limon
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Periods

Çerkesler, Çarlık Rusyası’nın sürgün politikalarıyla önce Kafkasya’dan, Anadolu’ya ve Balkanlar’a ve daha sonra Ortadoğu’ya göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Çerkeslerin Kuzey Kafkasya’dan başlayan bu sürgünü (göçü), farklı coğrafyalarda ve tarihsel periyotlarda devamlılık göstermektedir. Suriye iç savaşı nedeniyle ülkelerini terk etmek zorunda kalan Suriyeli Çerkeslerden anavatanları Kuzey Kafkasya’ya dönmek isteyenler ise Rusya Federasyonu’nun engelleriyle karşılaşmaktadır. Bugüne kadar Çerkesler ve göç ilişkisi üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Diğer çalışmaların aksine bu çalışma, Çerkeslerin Kafkasya’dan başlayan göç hareketlerinin farklı coğrafyalarda ve tarihsel periyotlarda devamlılık gösterdiğini tarihsel bir içerik analiziyle, literatürde yer alan çalışmalara dayanarak ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, Suriye’de devam eden iç savaş nedeniyle ülkelerini terk etmek zorunda kalan Suriyeli Çerkeslerden Kuzey Kafkasya’ya dönmek isteyenlerin karşılaştıkları zorlukları açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Bu çerçevede, Rusya Federasyonu’nun Kuzey Kafkasya’da Çerkes nüfusu lehine demografik bir değişikliğe izin vermemesinin nedenleri arasında, tarihsel nedenlerin yanı sıra, bürokratik engeller, coğrafî etkiler, iş olanakları ve sosyo-kültürel uyum sorunları Çerkeslerin Kuzey Kafkasya’ya dönüşlerine engel teşkil etmektedir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHForgotten in Syria: A Familiar Story, Circassians and ImmigrationThe Circassians have been deported from the Caucasus to Anatolia and the Balkans and then to the Middle East by the Tsarist Russia. This deportation of the Circassians, starts from the North Caucasus, continues in different geographical and historical periods. Those Circassians from Syria who have been forced to leave the country due to the civil war in Syria and want to return back to their homelands, the North Caucasus, were faced the obstacles by the Russian Federation. There have been many studies on the relationship between the Circassians and immigration until today. Contrary to other studies, this study reveals on the immigration movements of the Circassians, which starts from the Caucasus and continues in different geographical and historical periods, with a historical content analysis based on the studies from the literature. The aim of the study is to clarify the difficulties have been faced by the Circassians who want to return to the North Caucasus because of being forced to leave the country due to ongoing civil war in Syria. In this context, together with the historical reasons, the bureaucratic obstacles, geographical influences, job opportunities and sociocultural adaptation problems can be mentioned among the reasons why the Russian Federation does not allow a demographic change in favor of the Circassian population, which refrain the Circassians from return to the North Caucasus.

Love and Jihad. Female Trajectories from North Caucasus to the Islamic State

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-151
Author(s):  
Denis Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Women ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Caucasian Women

In the 2000s, Al-Qaeda, represented by the Caucasus Emirate, took over the first Chechen resistance, as well as local Islamist armed groups in Dagestan and other republics of the North Caucasus. However, a decade later, the Islamic State won the competition with Al-Qaeda, by including the involvement of women in its project. Hundreds of Russian-speaking Muslim women followed men to live by the rules of Islam. Some joined their husbands or children. Others travelled to the Islamic State in pursuit of love and romance with future husbands they had met on the internet. Based on exclusive interviews done with women detained in the Roj detention camp in the Kurdish territories in northeastern Syria near the Iraqi border, this article analyzes some of the trajectories that has pushed young North Caucasian women to the Syrian war theater in the name of love.

Assessment of the technical condition of underground structures of the largest hydroelectric power station in the North Caucasus, the Chirkeyskaya HPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-420
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. KAVKAZKY ◽  
◽  
Yana V. MEL’NIK ◽  
Alexey P. LEIKIN ◽  
Andrey V. BENIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North

Objective: Chirkeyskaya HPP is by far the most powerful hydroelectric power plant in the North Caucasus with the highest arched dam in Russia and the second highest dam in the country after the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. This explains why it is called the pearl of the Caucasus. Methods: For the operation and maintenance of this unique structure, a large-scale complex of underground structures for various purposes was built, the technical condition of which must be constantly monitored. To carry out work on the survey of underground structures, the management of the design and survey institute of JSC “Lengidroproekt” decided to attract specialists from the Department of Tunnels and Subways and the Test Center “Strength” of Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University. The work was successfully carried out at the end of 2015. Results: The safety of underground structures was objectively assessed. Recommendations for the repair and further comprehensive reconstruction of the Chirkeyskaya HPP have been developed. Practical importance: Carry out work on the survey of underground structures of Chirkeyskaya HPP is allowes elaborate of complex measures on safety from Chirkeyskaya HPP.

scholarly journals FROM THE HISTORY OF THE OPENING OF VLADIKAVKAZ RAILWAY

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Ф.С. Киреев
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institutions ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Privately Owned

В статье анализируются причины строительства Владикавказской железной дороги и механизм сооружения этой важной железнодорожной артерии. Актуальность темы анализа истории развития железнодорожной сети Северо-Кавказского региона определяется необходимостью подробного изучения проблем ее социально-экономического развития. Строительство Ростово-Владикавказской железной дороги также является примером государственно-частного сотрудничества, которое хорошо себя оправдало. Дорога была построена полностью за счет средств акционеров, среди которых были как крупные промышленники, так и простые обыватели. Находясь в частной собственности, Владикавказская железная дорога хорошо функционировала и развивалась. При этом государство получило важную транспортную артерию, имевшую большое экономическое и военно-стратегическое значение. Немаловажным было и то, что за счет Владикавказской железной дороги был построен ряд социальных объектов – больницы, учебные заведения. В статье также показана заинтересованность общественности Владикавказа и региона в целом в строительстве железной дороги. Различные варианты прокладки пути, строительства станций широко обсуждались как специалистами, так и простыми горожанами. В итоге был выбран наиболее оптимальный путь и месторасположения станции Владикавказ. В свое время, благодаря открытию Владикавказской железной дороги, был дан заметный импульс дальнейшему развитию торговли и промышленности на Северном Кавказе. Последующее расширение транспортных артерий уже в наши дни может существенно оживить экономику Кавказа и России в целом, а также внести свой вклад в деле развития туризма в регионе. В связи с этим и необходимо анализировать историю строительства Владикавказской железной дороги и перенимать лучший опыт прошлого. The article analyzes the reasons for constructing Vladikavkaz railway and the mechanism of constructing this important railway artery. The topic relevance of studying the history of the railway network in the North Caucasus is determined by the necessity for further problem research of its socio-economic development. In its time Vladikavkaz railway had a huge impact on the development of trade and industry in the North Caucasus. The construction of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway is also an example of public-private cooperation, which has paid off well. The road was built entirely at the expense of shareholders, among whom were both large industrialists and ordinary people. Being privately owned, the Vladikavkaz railway functioned and developedwell. At the same time, the state acquired an important transport artery of great economic and military-strategic importance. It was also important that a number of social facilities were built at the expense of the Vladikavkaz railway - hospitals, educational institutions. The article also shows the interest of the public in Vladikavkaz and the region as a whole in the construction of the railway. Various options for laying the track, building stations were widely discussed by both specialists and ordinary citizens. As a result, the most optimal route and location of the Vladikavkaz station were chosen. Further expansion of transport arteries today can significantly revive the economy of the Caucasus and Russia as a whole, as well as contribute to the development of tourism in the region. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the history of constructing Vladikavkaz railway and adopt the best experience of the past.

The North Caucasus in Contemporary U.S.-Russia Relations: Key Problems and Implications for the Future

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166
Author(s):  
Maxim A. Suchkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The United States ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future ◽  
Boston Marathon ◽  
The U.S

The North Caucasus is a most significant but a least understood problem in contemporary U.S.-Russia relations. The United States as one of the prime pace-setters in the region shaped its own attitude towards Russia’s most volatile region. Over more than twenty years, Washington experienced at least three major stages in its “Caucasus strategy”, and each stage had its impact on the North Caucasus. Since the beginning, the two states stuck to conflicting narratives of developments in the region. With time, some of the assessments were re-evaluated, but some continue to impede cooperation on key security issues. The present article explores these phenomena and examines what implications major events like the 9/11 attacks, the Caucasus Emirate enlistment among top terrorist organisations, the Boston marathon bombings, etc. had for the U.S.-Russia joint efforts in fighting terrorism. It also assesses areas of potential disagreement in the North Caucasus between the two countries.

The Beginning of the Formation of the Railway Network in the North Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Zabelin
Keyword(s):  
Main Line ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Further Development

The problem of the need for construction of railways in the North Caucasus as a strategically and economically important enterprise for maintaining and developing the viability of the region is considered. Preconditions and opinions on the appropriateness of railway connection are given. To achieve this goal in the region, it was decided to establish a new joint-stock company of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway. The dynamics is investigated from planning, choosing the final direction from those proposed by the engineers who carried out surveys on the ground, to the actual opening of permanent traffic on the first (main) line of the Rostov-on-Don - Vladikavkaz Society - the first highway that connected the Caucasus with the central part of the state in 1875 ... A brief description of this path is given. The geography of the line was investigated. Some stages of further development are given, the results and opinions obtained during the operation of the road are summed up. The issue of location and development of the Rostov railway junction is considered. Already in the first years of operation, the enormous potential of railway transport in the North Caucasus was obvious, not only strategically, but also as an economically important enterprise that opened up new opportunities for the development of the region, which in turn made the railway the main industrial giant.

The Caucasus in Limbo

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (738) ◽  
pp. 283-289
Author(s):  
Svante E. Cornell
Keyword(s):  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North

The fallout of Russia's invasion of Georgia has yet to be seriously addressed; Armenia and Azerbaijan are edging toward a new war; and the situation in the North Caucasus is going from bad to worse.

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