scholarly journals Current Potential Antiviral Agents for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1A) ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
Prayogi Kramy
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Current Potential

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. SARS-CoV-2 infects the respiratory tract, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Various studies have been conducted to find effective therapies. However, there is still no specific treatment or therapy for COVID-19. This literature review, summarizes some recent research on several potential antiviral agents, both drugs that are commonly used in the medical world such as ivermectin, to medicine from herbal plants and some drugs that are in the process of clinical trials such as remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, Interferon ?, ribavirin, convalescent plasma, and monoclonal antibodies  for COVID-19 therapy. KEYWORDS: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Antiviral Agents, Potential therapy.

scholarly journals Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Liver: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Wang ◽  
Jianyong Lei ◽  
Zhihui Li ◽  
Lunan Yan
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The coronaviruses that cause notable diseases, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), exhibit remarkable similarities in genomic components and pathogenetic mechanisms. Although coronaviruses have widely been studied as respiratory tract pathogens, their effects on the hepatobiliary system have seldom been reported. Overall, the manifestations of liver injury caused by coronaviruses typically involve decreased albumin and elevated aminotransferase and bilirubin levels. Several pathophysiological hypotheses have been proposed, including direct damage, immune-mediated injury, ischemia and hypoxia, thrombosis and drug hepatotoxicity. The interaction between pre-existing liver disease and coronavirus infection has been illustrated, whereby coronaviruses influence the occurrence, severity, prognosis and treatment of liver diseases. Drugs and vaccines used for treating and preventing coronavirus infection also have hepatotoxicity. Currently, the establishment of optimized therapy for coronavirus infection and liver disease comorbidity is of significance, warranting further safety tests, animal trials and clinical trials.

scholarly journals Understanding the Molecular Mechanism(s) of SARS-CoV2 Infection and Propagation in Human to Discover Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhruv Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Approach ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In December 2019, outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and exported across the world leading to thousands of deaths and millions of suspected cases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection into the host undergoes a huge number of complex replicative machineries which still remains unclear. Understanding the mechanism (s) of replication and mode of infection of SARS-CoV2 to human cells will help us in the development of novel vaccines or drugs for the eradication and prevention of the disease. This review compiles the knowledge of SARS-CoV2 replicative machinery, mode of infection to the human cells and the development of drugs and vaccines which are currently under clinical trials.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Clinical Trials in a Pandemic: Immediate Implications of Coronavirus Disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Spitzer ◽  
Ben Ren ◽  
Jasper J Brugts ◽  
Joost Daemen ◽  
Eugene McFadden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Research Personnel ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
New Therapies

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, and by 24 April 2020, it had affected >2.73 million people in 185 countries and caused >192,000 deaths. Despite diverse societal measures to reduce transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, such as implementing social distancing, quarantine, curfews and total lockdowns, its control remains challenging. Healthcare practitioners are at the frontline of defence against the virus, with increasing institutional and governmental supports. Nevertheless, new or ongoing clinical trials, not related to the disease itself, remain important for the development of new therapies, and require interactions among patients, clinicians and research personnel, which is challenging, given isolation measures. In this article, the authors summarise the acute effects and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on current cardiovascular trials.

scholarly journals A Focus on the Nowadays Potential Antiviral Strategies in Early Phase of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): A Narrative Review

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Caterina Monari ◽  
Valeria Gentile ◽  
Clarissa Camaioni ◽  
Giulia Marino ◽  
Nicola Coppola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Critical Issues

Background: The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the related disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread to a pandemic proportion, increasing the demands on health systems for the containment and management of COVID-19. Nowadays, one of the critical issues still to be pointed out regards COVID-19 treatment regimens and timing: which drug, in which phase, for how long? Methods: Our narrative review, developed using MEDLINE and EMBASE, summarizes the main evidences in favor or against the current proposed treatment regimens for COVID-19, with a particular focus on antiviral agents. Results: Although many agents have been proposed as possible treatment, to date, any of the potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2 has shown to be safe and effective for treating COVID-19. Despite the lack of definitive evidence, remdesivir remains the only antiviral with encouraging effects in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Conclusions: In such a complex moment of global health emergency, it is hard to demand scientific evidence. Nevertheless, randomized clinical trials aiming to identify effective and safe drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed in order to confirm or reject the currently available evidence.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection of Golden Syrian Hamsters

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 503-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjeanette Roberts ◽  
Leatrice Vogel ◽  
Jeannette Guarner ◽  
Norman Hayes ◽  
Brian Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Significant Pathology ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Small animal models are needed in order to evaluate the efficacy of candidate vaccines and antivirals directed against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV). We investigated the ability of SARS CoV to infect 5-week-old Golden Syrian hamsters. When administered intranasally, SARS CoV replicates to high titers in the lungs and nasal turbinates. Peak replication in the lower respiratory tract was noted on day 2 postinfection (p.i.) and was cleared by day 7 p.i. Low levels of virus were present in the nasal turbinates of a few hamsters at 14 days p.i. Viral replication in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract was accompanied by cellular necrosis early in infection, followed by an inflammatory response coincident with viral clearance, focal consolidation in pulmonary tissue, and eventual pulmonary tissue repair. Despite high levels of virus replication and associated pathology in the respiratory tract, the hamsters showed no evidence of disease. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in sera at day 7 p.i., and mean titers at day 28 p.i. exceeded 1:400. Hamsters challenged with SARS CoV at day 28 p.i. were completely protected from virus replication and accompanying pathology in the respiratory tract. Comparing these data to the mouse model, SARS CoV replicates to a higher titer and for a longer duration in the respiratory tract of hamsters and is accompanied by significant pathology that is absent in mice. Viremia and extrapulmonary spread of SARS CoV to liver and spleen, which are seen in hamsters, were not detected in mice. The hamster, therefore, is superior to the mouse as a model for the evaluation of antiviral agents and candidate vaccines against SARS CoV replication.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Various Monoclonal Antibodies to the Previous Standard of Care Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Advanced-Stage Melanoma

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Verde ◽  
Lauren Johnson ◽  
Alex Clancy ◽  
Ashley Goldberg ◽  
Aleia Monden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Difference

In the year 2015, it is estimated that the number of new cases of invasive melanoma will be 42,670 in males and 31,200 in females.1 Melanoma is treatable with early diagnosis; however, more advanced disease has devastating outcomes. For the past decade, two chemotherapy agents, dacarbazine and temozolomide, have been the treatment of choice for advanced stage III or IV melanoma requiring systemic treatment. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy has been used but with serious side effects. More recently, the focus has shifted to monoclonal antibodies and enzyme inhibitors as the main systemic treatment for advanced cutaneous melanoma. This literature review gathered several studies which looked at the use of monoclonal antibodies, and compared monoclonal antibodies to conventional chemotherapy to assess whether there is a significant difference in tumor response, sustained remissions and side effect profile. An extensive medical literature review was conducted with PubMed and Cochrane databases using the keywords: “monoclonal antibody,” “melanoma,” and “treatment.” This list of articles was further narrowed by specific inclusion and exclusion criteria as well as reviewed for validity and quality using the GRADE system. Seven clinical trials were included in this literature review. One observational study evaluated the overall safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies, while another compared monoclonal antibodies versus placebo under the same variables. Three of the research studies were randomized clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in comparison to chemotherapy. Two retrospective studies assessed patients from expanded access programs who did not meet criteria to participate in a clinical trial. All seven studies had similar inclusion and exclusion criteria and the patients were prognostically similar before starting treatment. Six out of the seven studies demonstrated superiority of monoclonal antibodies advanced-stage melanoma treatment. One study failed to demonstrate a statistically significant survival advantage over traditional chemotherapy. The use of monoclonal antibodies has been demonstrated to be a more specific and effective treatment approach than other therapies tried in the past. While monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated efficacy in first line treatment for advanced stage melanoma, further research is necessary to determine which combination of medications is most beneficial for these patients.

scholarly journals A Minireview of the Promising Drugs and Vaccines in Pipeline for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Current Update on Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeyanthi Venkadapathi ◽  
Venkat Kumar Govindarajan ◽  
Saravanan Sekaran ◽  
Santhi Venkatapathy
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Day By Day

The COVID-19 is affecting thousands of peoples day by day and continues to spread across the world. The present review has focused on promising repurposing drugs, including remdesivir, lopinvar/retinovar, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides, our review has also focused on many organizations that are in the race to develop vaccines using various approaches including DNA, RNA, viral vectors and subunit proteins against this highly contagious respiratory disease. The spike protein is being studied by scientists all over the world to develop potential vaccines. The antiviral drugs, antibodies and vaccines developed by various researchers around the world have entered clinical trials in humans. The current clinical trials for antiviral agents and vaccines with promising outcomes are being discussed. So far, four vaccines developed by the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, the Johnson and Johnson vaccine and two AstraZeneca vaccines (produced by SKBio in the Republic of Korea and Serum Institute of India) are approved by the World Health Organization for public use.

scholarly journals Nelfinavir inhibits replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Yamamoto ◽  
Shutoku Matsuyama ◽  
Tyuji Hoshino ◽  
Naoki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Candidate Drug ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractIn December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. No specific treatment has been established against coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) so far. Therefore, it is urgently needed to identify effective antiviral agents for the treatment of this disease, and several approved drugs such as lopinavir have been evaluated. Here, we report that nelfinavir, an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, potently inhibits replication of SARS-CoV-2. The effective concentrations for 50% and 90% inhibition (EC50 and EC90) of nelfinavir were 1.13 µM and 1.76 µM respectively, the lowest of the nine HIV-1 protease inhibitors including lopinavir. The trough and peak serum concentrations of nelfinavir were three to six times higher than EC50 of this drug. These results suggest that nelfinavir is a potential candidate drug for the treatment of COVID-19 and should be assessed in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals The New Outlook of Monoclonal Antibodies in Neutralizing Target Cells in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-S) ◽  
pp. 138-142
Author(s):  
P Ashwathi ◽  
N Venkateswaramurthy ◽  
R Sambath Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The deadly arrival of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in late December 2019, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged worldwide causing a pandemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proved ineffectiveness against existing medications this influenced the prompt identification of Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which plays a vital role as the prophylactic application that helps in developing new interventions. Objectives: To study the effect of mAbs in high-risk individuals in treating COVID-19. Methodology: The recent studies related to the aim of the review were undertaken through a literature search to analyze the importance of mAbs in combating SARS-CoV-2. Results:  In several countries even though vaccines have reached the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) people still rely on traditional medications. Besides repurposed drugs, recently many mAbs targeting S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been signed up for clinical trials. Currently, no specific neutralizing mAbs have been reported for SARS-CoV-2 and it may take several years for such antibodies to be readily available. The development of mAbs for preventing the SARS-CoV 2 infection is challenged by the threat of antibody-dependent enhancement, antibody-resistant against SARS-CoV-2 variants, acute respiratory infections, clinical trials and risk assessment, and inexplicable. The clinical trial data proved that there is no life-threatening Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) occurred during mAbs therapy for COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Establishing monoclonal antibodies will continue to be the best prophylactic application as it minimizes the risk of hospitalization in the high-risk individuals affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Keywords: COVID-19, Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of Ivermectin Against SARS-CoV-2: An Old-Fashioned Dog with a New Trick—A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudatsir Mudatsir ◽  
Amanda Yufika ◽  
Firzan Nainu ◽  
Andri Frediansyah ◽  
Dewi Megawati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Investigational Drug ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Global Threat

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a major global threat. With no effective antiviral drugs, the repurposing of many currently available drugs has been considered. One such drug is ivermectin, an FDA-approved antiparasitic agent that has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Recent studies have suggested that ivermectin inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), thus suggesting its potential for use against COVID-19. This review has summarized the evidence derived from docking and modeling analysis, in vitro and in vivo studies, and results from new investigational drug protocols, as well as clinical trials, if available, which will be effective in supporting the prospective use of ivermectin as an alternative treatment for COVID-19.

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