scholarly journals Calibration of a rockfall simulator with a fragmentation model in a real-scale test

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Matas Casado ◽  
Nieves Lantada ◽  
Jordi Corominas ◽  
Roger Ruiz-Carulla ◽  
Alber Prades ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fragmentation Model ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Real Scale

scholarly journals Fire Behavior of Electrical Installations in Buildings

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6433
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Fangrat ◽  
Katarzyna Kaczorek-Chrobak ◽  
Bartłomiej K. Papis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Electrical Installation

Electrical installations are a significant component of fire load inside a building, although they are often neglected in the overall fire safety analysis and are not subjected to any kind of fire safety evaluation of a building. A typical electrical installation unconnected to the mains was experimentally studied using a single burning item (SBI) test apparatus, fixed to two types of popular non-combustible or combustible (wooden-based) backgrounds simulating a typical building internal wall or ceiling. The semi-real scale test showed that poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) cable, commonly used in installations in buildings in Europe and used in SBI tests, showed high fire properties related to heat release, smoke production and flame spread to other interior elements. The results of the electrical circuit connected to the main measurements carried out showed a significant impact of the heating effect towards the uncovered surface socket, causing the possibility of easy ignition inside the installation. In conclusion, it was found that even a relatively simple and short section of electrical installation resulted in a significant increase in the heat release rate and smoke generation parameters, obtained during the SBI tests, and as a consequence a reduction of one or two reaction to fire euroclasses of construction materials for internal walls.

Fatigue Life Predictions for a European Pavement Test Section Subjected to Individual and Platoon Truck Configurations

2022 ◽  
pp. 036119812110654
Author(s):  
Paulina Leiva-Padilla ◽  
Juliette Blanc ◽  
Aitor Salgado ◽  
Ferhat Hammoum ◽  
Pierre Hornych
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Traffic Distribution ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Life Predictions ◽  
Real Scale

Truck platooning for the transportation of loads is a strategy recently proposed by the automotive sector to cope with traffic congestion, fuel consumption, and operational costs. This new way of configuring trucks changes the typical pressures pavements structures experience. For this reason, the research efforts of the pavement sector should be aligned with the automotive sector to propose road-friendly platoon configurations. This is one of the objectives of the European project ENSEMBLE. ENSEMBLE, as indicated by its acronym, works on ENabling SafE Multi-Brand pLatooning for Europe. In this context, the present study presents a real scale test done in the Applus IDIADA facilities to evaluate the fatigue behavior of a pavement structure subjected to individual and platoon truck configurations. The effects of parameters such as traffic distribution through the year and by time of day, percentage of platoons, truck loads, number of trucks in platoon configuration, lateral wandering, and inter-truck distances were evaluated. The study’s findings revealed that the reduced rest times between trucks in the platoon configuration reduce the recovery time of the asphalt layers, increasing the fatigue damage to the pavement at high temperature conditions. This underlines the need for further research to allow the proper implementation of truck platoons. For example, research is needed to define strategies to make truck platoon configurations more pavement-friendly and analyze the costs associated with the changes in the required road maintenance/rehabilitation treatments, among others.

New Features for Damage Detection and Their Temperature Stability

2015 ◽  
pp. 12-47
Author(s):  
Fahit Gharibnezhad ◽  
Luis Eduardo Mujica Delgado ◽  
Jose Rodellar
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Change ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Environmental Fluctuation ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Signal Processing Methods ◽  
First Time ◽  
Real Scale

This chapter is devoted to present novel techniques in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). These techniques are based on different statistical and signal processing methods that are used in other fields but their performance and capability in SHM is presented and tested for the first time in this work. This work is dedicated to the first level of SHM, which might be considered the main and most important level. Piezoceramic (PZT) devices are chosen in this work to capture the signals due to their special characteristics such as high performance, low energy consumption and reasonable price. Suggested techniques are tested on different laboratory and real scale test benchmarks. Moreover, this work considers the effect of environmental changes on performance of the presented techniques. This work shows that although those techniques have a significant result in normal conditions, their performance can be affected by any environmental discrepancy such as temperature change. As such, there is a vital need to consider their effect. In this work, temperature change is chosen, as it is one of the main environmental fluctuation factors.

Modelling landfill leachate-induced clogging of field-scale test cells (mesocosms)

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1497-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Cooke ◽  
R. Kerry Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Reactive Transport Model ◽  
Variable Mesh ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Mesh Technique

A two-dimensional fluid flow and reactive transport model, BioClog, created to predict clogging in landfill leachate collection systems is used to calculate the clogging of gravel and treatment of leachate as it flows through the gravel in two real-scale experimental cells, called mesocosms, which represent the portion of a landfill drainage layer adjacent to a landfill collection pipe. These tests were conducted using real-time flows of landfill leachate and were run for about 6 and 12 years. The model computes spatial and temporal changes in clog quantity and composition. An empirical relationship predicts changes in hydraulic conductivity, and a variable mesh technique allows the surface to be free and dependent on calculated hydraulic heads. Calculated porosity change, effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), and calcium concentrations, along with porosity and clog film thickness at termination are compared with the observed values and found to be in reasonable agreement given the variability and uncertainties associated with these processes.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SOLIDS CARRYING CAPACITY IN AERATED FLUID DRILLING: REAL SCALE TESTS AND MODELING

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Martins ◽  
A. M. F. Lourenço ◽  
P. H. Andrade Jr. ◽  
V. Silva Jr. ◽  
P. R. C. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Velocity ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Particle Sedimentation ◽  
Return Times ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Fluid Drilling

This paper summarizes the results of two sets of experimental tests performed at PETROBRAS real scale test facility aiming the evaluation of solids return times in aerated fluid drilling. The effect of the following parameters was studied: liquid and gas injection rates, particle diameter and depth. Results indicate that the gas has a major effect in accelerating the liquid phase, which would be responsible for carrying the particles to the surface. The concept of effective liquid velocity coupled with an adequate procedure for particle sedimentation velocity calculation reproduced the experimental results adequately.

Study on Three-point Support Balancing using Real Scale Test Rotor

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-221
Author(s):  
Seong-Hun Park ◽  
Min-Ah Son ◽  
Dong-Hee Park ◽  
Byeong-Keun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Point Support ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Real Scale

Rockfall fragmentation simulations of real scale tests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Matas ◽  
Nieves Lantada ◽  
Jordi Corominas ◽  
Josep Antoni Gili ◽  
Roger Ruiz-Carulla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Block Size ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Fragmentation Model ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Fractal Fragmentation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real Scale

<p>Consideration of fragmentation during rockfalls is relevant for the assessment of hazard since it affects the number of generated blocks, their trajectories and impact energies, which also depends on the topography. Recently many scholars have paid attention to these phenomena since there are still many uncertainties around fragmentation regarding how mass and energy are distributed after fragmentation and how trajectory dispersion affects risk analysis. We developed a specific fragmentation model (Rockfall Fractal Fragmentation Model), as well as a 3D trajectory simulator called RockGIS with the fragmentation module implemented. In this contribution, we present the calibration of our rockfall trajectory simulator, based on real scale fragmentation tests performed on a quarry.</p><p>The RockGIS model considers a lumped mass approach and accounts block fragmentation upon impact with the terrain. Some improvements have been made on the simulator code regarding the consideration of rotation inside the kinematics of the model and restitution factors. The block size distributions obtained from natural rockfall events inventoried, as well as from the real scale fragmentation tests in a quarry, shows a fractal behaviour. On this way, the fractal fragmentation model implemented in the RockGIS simulator is able to reproduce the observed block size distributions.</p><p>To calibrate the model we used data gathered from a real scale rockfall test performed in a quarry. We calibrate the relations between the impact energy conditions and the fragmentation model parameters to generate the measured fragments size distribution. The initial volume of the tested blocks were measured manually using a tape and the release positions of the blocks were obtained with terrestrial photogrammetry. Both, the volume and spatial distribution of the fragments after each release were measured on the orthophotos obtained from UAV flights. Three calibration criteria were considered: runout distribution, volume distribution and cumulative volume as a function of the runout. Finally, the degree of fragmentation can be adjusted in the simulations allowing the comparison between different possible hazard scenarios (null, moderate, or severe fragmentation).</p><p>Finally, the results of the calibration shows that the RockGIS is able to reproduce the fragmentation behaviour in terms of block size distribution after breakage, as well as the spatial propagation, being a new tool with capabilities to assess the hazard related with fragmental rockfalls and the consequently risk associated.</p><p><span>The RockGIS tool and the fragmentation model based on the data collected from recent rockfall events have been developed within the RockRisk (2014-2016, BIA2013-42582-P) and RockModels (2016-2019, BIA2016-75668-P, AEI/FEDER, UE) projects. Both projects were funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.</span></p>

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