Longitudinal variation of wood basic density and anatomy of Curatella americana L

Studies with Curatella americana L wood are justified due to scarce information about this species. In this context, we collected wood samples from six trees (ages varied between 30-40 years old) planted in Selvíria (MS- Brazil). Our objective was to verify longitudinal variation of basic density and wood anatomy. From each sampled tree, 5 cm thick discs were removed, at three different heights: base of the trunk (≈ 15cm from the ground), DBH (diameter at breast height, 1m30cm from the ground), and top of the trunk (commercial height of tree with a minimum diameter of 5 cm). We use standardized methods for basic density and wood anatomy. According to results, we concluded that basic density, fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, and vessel frequency were influenced by different heights. However, in ray percentage, no significant variation was observed. The basic density correlates positively with length and fiber wall thickness, and negatively with vessel frequency.

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Effect of fertilization on cell size in wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

CERNE ◽

10.1590/s0104-77602010000400006 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 465-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Israel Luiz de Lima ◽

Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽

Luiz Santini Junior ◽

José Nivaldo Garcia ◽

Sandra Monteiro Borges Florsheim

Keyword(s):

Cell Size ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Radial Position ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Vessel Element Length

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

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PERUBAHAN SIFAT FISIK DAN STABILITAS DIMENSI KAYU AKIBAT PENGAWETAN MENGGUNAKAN IMPREGNASI KARBONDIOKSIDA

PERENNIAL ◽

10.24259/perennial.v3i1.163 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Muhammad Asdar

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Wood Identification ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Thin Walled ◽

Perforation Plates

The anatomical characteristics were studied to collect information for wood identification of Gyrinops versteegii from Gorontalo. Anatomical characterisics were determined from microtome sectioned samples and macerated samples. Observation of anatomical structure in accordance to IAWA List included vessel (diameter, height, grouping, frequention, porosity, arrangement, perforation plates, deposits, and pits), rays (type, height, width and frequention), parenchyme, and fiber (diameter, diameter of lumina and wall thickness). The research results obtained are G. versteegii has included phloem, diffuse porous, radial multiple 2-4(7), 90 µm in tangential diameter, 14 per sq.mm, simple perforation plates, intervessel pit alternate and no deposites in vessel. Rays uniseriate, heterocellular and 8,4 rays per mm. Axial parenchyma diffuse or associated with included phloem and there are fusiform parenchyma cells. Intercellular canals absent. This wood has short size and very thin walled fiber. Keywords: Agar wood, wood anatomy, included phloem, G. versteegii

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Influence of anatomy and basic density on specific cutting force for wood from Corymbia citriodora Hill & Johnson

Forest Systems ◽

10.5424/fs/2015243-07712 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. e036

Author(s):

Luiz-E. De L. Melo ◽

José-R. M. da Silva ◽

Alfredo Napoli ◽

José-T. Lima ◽

Débora-F. R. Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Cutting Force ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Basic Density ◽

Cutting Speed ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Tissue Cell ◽

Specific Cutting Force ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Xylem Tissue ◽

Corymbia Citriodora

Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of xylem tissue cell structure, determined through biometry and basic density of the wood from Corymbia citriodora Hill & Johnson on consumption of specific 90º-0º longitudinal cutting force.Area of study: The study area was in the region of the Vale do Rio Doce - Minas Gerais, Brazil.Material and methods: A diametrical board with dimensions of 60 x 18 x 5 cm (length x width x thickness, respectively), with more than 1.3 m from the ground, was removed. In machining trials, a 400 mm diameter circular saw was used, with 24 “WZ” teeth, feed rate of 10 m.min-1, cutting speed of 61 m.s-1, and maximum instantaneous torque of 92.5 N.m. During cutting, test specimens were removed with alternated and parallel 1.5 cm edges in 6 radial positions, which were used for biometric determination of cell structure and basic density.Main results: It was observed that wood basic density, vessel diameter, fiber wall thickness, fiber wall fraction and fiber wall portion were directly proportional to the specific cutting force. In contrast, vessel frequency and fiber lumen diameter proved to be inversely proportional to cutting force.Research highlights: This work provides important values of quantification of influence of xylem tissue cell structure, determined through biometry and physical properties of the wood that may be used to prediction of consumption of specific cutting force.Keywords: wood machining; wood properties; optimization of the process.

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Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001370 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 361-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Helga Lindorf

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Deep Roots ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Hydraulic Safety

In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.

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Wood Anatomical Variation of Acacia Melanoxylon in Relation to Latitude

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000490 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 201-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

A. P. Wilkins ◽

Sabine Papassotiriou

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Basic Density ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Acacia Melanoxylon ◽

Eastern Australia ◽

Total Proportion

The wood anatomy of Acacia melanoxylon samples from various locations in eastern Australia was examined and a number of characteristics were found to be significantly related to latitude. Vessel member length, proportion of fibres and proportion of multiseriate rays were positively related to latitude. Vessel frequency, vessel diameter and the abundance of crystals were negatively related to latitude as were the proportion of: uniseriate rays, vessels and axial parenchyma. Total proportion of ray tissue and basic density was not found to be associated with latitude.Anatomical features associated with lower transpirational demand appeared to be correlated with the cooler, more xeric environmental conditions accompanying increasing latitude.

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Wood Anatomy of Lecythidaceae Species called “Tauari”

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000046 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 97-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rocío A. Bernal ◽

Vera Coradin ◽

José Camargos ◽

Cecília Costa ◽

José Pissarra

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Important Group ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Ray Cells ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Anatomical Characters ◽

Important Character

Woods from an important group of Lecythidaceae species called “tauari” can hardly be identified in the field by their gross and general features. In this study we show that, when properly delimited to the genera Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari, wood anatomical characteristics can be used to identify the species known as “tauari”, even though it is not possible to separate all species. In addition to anatomical characters, wood colour is an important character to help distinguish species of Cariniana and Allantoma from species of Couratari. Detailed wood anatomical descriptions from “tauari” woods Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari are given and a table with diagnostic differences is presented. Common characters of this group are axial parenchyma in narrow continuous bands, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells and silica bodies in ray cells. Microscopic features that help in species identification are: fibre pitting (minutely or distinctly bordered), traumatic intercellular canals, average vessel diameter, vessel element length, axial parenchyma strand length, and ray height and width.

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Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201465301 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 567-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Carmen Regina Marcati ◽

Leandro Roberto Longo ◽

Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽

Claudia Franca Barros

Keyword(s):

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Stem Wood ◽

Growth Increments ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽

Student’S T ◽

Helical Thickenings

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

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Ecological and Systematic Wood Anatomy of Alstonia (Apocynaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001523 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 207-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kade Sidiyasa ◽

Pieter Baas

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Morphological Features ◽

The Other ◽

Infrageneric Classification ◽

Fibre Wall ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Anatomical Characters

The wood anatomy is described of three sections of the genus Alstonia: sections Alstonia, Monuraspermum, and Dissuraspermum. The wood anatomical characters support the infrageneric classification on the basis of macropmorphological and pollen morphological features (Sidiyasa 1998). Vessel frequency, mean tangential vessel diameter, LID ratio, ray frequency, presence or absence of laticifers, parenchyma distribution, fibre wall thickness, and fibre wall pitting are all, in various degrees, diagnostic to separate the light Alstonia timber group (= section Alstonia) from the heavy Alstonia group (including the other two sections studied). Sections Monuraspermum and Dissuraspermum can be separated on vessel frequency and mean tangential vessel diameter. Among the light Alstonia group, the swamp inhabiting species have lower multi seriate rays than the non-swamp species which presumably root in well-aerated soils. Vessel elements and fibres also tend to be shorter in material from swamps, but this difference is not statistically significant. This tendency is perhaps associated with the physiological drought induced by water-logged soils.

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FEEDBACK OF WATER STRESS ON WOOD PROPERTIES OF TREES: EXPERIMENTS WITH MISTLETOES ON RHODODENDRON ARBOREUM SM.

Ecoprint An International Journal of Ecology ◽

10.3126/eco.v11i1.140 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohan P. Devkota ◽

Gerhard Glatzel

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Conservation Area ◽

Rhododendron Arboreum ◽

Central Nepal ◽

Inhibition Of Growth ◽

Infected Area ◽

Anatomical Parameters

Effects of infection by the mistletoe Scurrula elata (Edgew.) Danser, on wood properties of its common host Rhododendron arboreum Sm., were studied in the Annapurna Conservation Area of Central Nepal Himalaya. Heavy infection by mistletoes invariably causes decline of the host. Infested branches show inhibition of growth, defoliation and eventual death of branch parts distal to the site of infection. Anatomical properties of wood were compared in samples of branches proximal to the infection and in uninfected branches. The hypothesis that infection induces changes in basic wood anatomy could not be proven. Vessel density, vessel area, percentage lumen area and mean vessel diameter of the wood of infested and uninfected branches did not show any significant differences. The studied anatomical parameters were not correlated to the diameter of the host branch. These results show that infection by S. elata did not cause any changes in basic wood anatomy of its host R. arboreum. It appears that the studied anatomical parameters of Rhododendron wood are fairly stable and are not changed by stress due to infection by mistletoes. The damage to the host distal to the infected area most likely results from an insufficiency of total conductive area to supply both mistletoe and host. Unfortunately we could not determine annual conductive area increment, because R arboreum does not develop usable annual tree rings in the climate of the study area. Key words: Himalayas, mistletoe. Rhododendron arboreum, Scurrula elata, water stress, wood anatomy. Ecoprint Vol.11(1) 2004.

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WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF AMAZON FOREST TYPES

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000248 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 277-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

D.W. Woodcock ◽

G. Dos Santos ◽

C. Reynel

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Floodplain Forest ◽

Small Samples ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Amazon Forest ◽

Forest Types ◽

Swamp Forest ◽

Climate Controls ◽

Pattern Of Variation

The Tambopata region of the southern Peruvian Amazon supports a high diversity of both woody plants and forest types. Woods collected from low riverside vegetation, floodplain forest, clay-soil forest on an upper terrace, sandy-soil forest, and swamp forest provide an opportunity to test for significant differences in quantitative anatomical characters among forest types. Vessel-element length in floodplain-forest trees is significantly greater than in the other forest types. Specific gravity is lower in the two early-successional associations (low riverine forest and mature floodplain forest). Vessel diameter and density do not show significant differences among forest types and may be responding to overall climate controls. These two characters, however, show a pattern of variation within a transect extending back from the river along a gradient of increasing substrate and forest age; in addition, sites characterized by frequent flooding or presence of standing water lack vessels in the wider-diameter classes. The six characters analyzed show distributions that are, with the exception of wood specific gravity, significantly nonnormally distributed, a consideration that may be important in representing characteristics of assemblages of taxa. The degree of variability seen in some of the quantitative characters shows the importance of either basing analysis on adequate sample sizes or identifying robust indicators that can be used with small samples.

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