Effect of fertilization on cell size in wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

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Relationships Between Water Availability and Selected Vessel Characteristics in Eucalyptus Grandis and Two Hybrids

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001410 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 269-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ed C. February ◽

W.D. Stock ◽

W.J. Bond ◽

D.J. Le Roux

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Water Availability ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Limited Region ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Watering Treatment

The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationships between water availability, plant growth and selected vessel characteristics for Eucalyptus grandis and two hybrids, so as to ascertain whether these xylem characteristics predict water use efficiency. Cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis, E. grandis × camaldulensis and E. grandis × nitens were planted in 220 litre drums from which rainfall was excluded. One half of the individuals received a low watering treatment; one half received a higher watering treatment. Soil moisture depletion through root uptake was monitored weekly and the removed water replaced to maintain 60 and 80 litres in the pots of the low and high watering treatments respectively. Mean values for tangential vessel diameter, vessel frequency and vessel element length were compared for the two treatments. In E. grandis and the hybrid E. grandis × camaldulensis vessel diameter (P < 0.01 ' P < 0.05 respectively) and vessel element length (P < 0.05 for both) increased from the dry to the wet treatment as water uptake through transpiration increased. There is no significant correlation between available water and vessel frequency. For E. grandis × nitens, on the other hand, only vessel frequency was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with water uptake. In all three species/hybrids water availability also had a significant influence on stem diameter (P < 0.0001) and transverse sectional stem area (P < 0.0001) which increased with increased water consumption. These results suggest that E. grandis × nitens may be more water use efficient than E. grandis, which is commonly grown for timber and thus could potentially be used as a replacement species that is more water conservative in this water limited region.

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Longitudinal variation of wood basic density and anatomy of Curatella americana L

Scientific Electronic Archives ◽

10.36560/141020211396 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Gurgel Vicentin ◽

José Cambuim ◽

Sandra Monteiro Borges Florsheim ◽

Mario Luiz Teixeira de Moraes ◽

Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Basic Density ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Longitudinal Variation ◽

Minimum Diameter ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Curatella Americana L ◽

Curatella Americana

Studies with Curatella americana L wood are justified due to scarce information about this species. In this context, we collected wood samples from six trees (ages varied between 30-40 years old) planted in Selvíria (MS- Brazil). Our objective was to verify longitudinal variation of basic density and wood anatomy. From each sampled tree, 5 cm thick discs were removed, at three different heights: base of the trunk (≈ 15cm from the ground), DBH (diameter at breast height, 1m30cm from the ground), and top of the trunk (commercial height of tree with a minimum diameter of 5 cm). We use standardized methods for basic density and wood anatomy. According to results, we concluded that basic density, fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, and vessel frequency were influenced by different heights. However, in ray percentage, no significant variation was observed. The basic density correlates positively with length and fiber wall thickness, and negatively with vessel frequency.

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The endoparasite Pilostyles ulei (Apodanthaceae – Cucurbitales) influences wood structure in three host species of Mimosa

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000038 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marina Milanello do Amaral ◽

Gregorio Ceccantini

Keyword(s):

Fiber Length ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Tree Height ◽

Plant Size ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

The Body ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Hydraulic Safety ◽

First Time

Pilostyles species (Apodanthaceae) are endoparasites in stems of the plant family Fabaceae. The body comprises masses of parenchyma in the host bark and cortex, with sinkers, comprising groups of twisted tracheal elements surrounded by parenchyma that enter the secondary xylem of the host plant. Here we report for the first time the effects of Pilostyles parasitism on host secondary xylem. We obtained healthy and parasitized stems from Mimosa foliolosa, M. maguirei and M. setosa and compared vessel element length, fiber length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency, measured through digital imaging. Also, tree height and girth were compared between healthy and parasitized M. setosa. When parasitized, plant size, vessel diameter, vessel element length and fiber length are all less than in healthy plants. Also, vessel frequency is greater and vessels are narrower in parasitized stems. These responses to parasitism are similar to those observed in stressed plants. Thus, hosts respond to the parasite by changing its wood micromorphology in favour of increased hydraulic safety.

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Wood anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with systematic and ecological implications

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90000087 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 163-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bernard J. De Villiers ◽

Alexei A. Oskolski ◽

Patricia M. Tilney ◽

Ben-Erik Van Wyk

Keyword(s):

Vessel Diameter ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Wood Structure ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Group A ◽

Perforation Plates ◽

Wood Evolution

The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperat species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes.

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ANATOMIA DA MADEIRA DE Toona ciliata CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS FIBRAS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE PAPEL

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v41i4.25337 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Silvana Nisgoski ◽

Rosilani Trianoski ◽

Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muniz ◽

Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos ◽

Francielli Rodrigues Ribeiro Batista

Keyword(s):

Vessel Element ◽

Paper Production ◽

Mean Values ◽

Cellulose Pulp ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Toona Ciliata ◽

Constituent Elements ◽

The Relationship

A madeira de cedro-australiano, plantado no Brasil visando à produção de serrados, foi caracterizada anatomicamente, avaliando-se os elementos constituintes no sentido medula–casca, além das relações entre as dimensões das fibras, índices indicadores da qualidade da polpa celulósica a ser produzida. Foram utilizados discos retirados do diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) de cinco árvores com 18 anos de idade. A madeira apresenta cerne e alburno distintos, anéis de crescimento distintos a olho nu, textura fina a média, com brilho e grã regular. O diâmetro tangencial dos poros e a largura dos raios aumentaram no sentido medula casca, ao contrário do número de poros por milímetro quadrado e a quantidade de raios por milímetro, que diminuíram. Os valores médios do comprimento dos elementos de vaso, das fibras, a largura da fibra e o diâmetro do lume aumentaram no sentido medula–casca, sendo que a espessura da parede teve uma pequena variação, mas não significativa estatisticamente. Os valores obtidos para os índices indicativos da qualidade da polpa celulósica não sugerem a madeira de Toona ciliata M. Roem para a produção de papel do tipo embalagem.Palavras chave: Cedro-australiano; características anatômicas; polpa celulósica. AbstractToona ciliate wood anatomy and fiber characteristics for paper production. The Australian cedar wood, planted in Brazil to aim at saw wood production, was anatomically characterized, evaluating the constituent elements variation from pith to bark, as well the relationship between fiber dimensions, index indicating the quality of cellulose produced. Were obtained discs at breast high (DBH) of five trees with 18 years old. The wood has heartwood and sapwood distinct, growth rings distinct without lens, fine to medium texture, with brightness and straight grain. Tangential diameter of vessel lumina and ray width increased from pith to bark; unlike vessels per square millimeter and rays per millimeter that decreased. The mean values of vessel element length, fiber length, fiber width, lumen diameter increased from pith to bark, and fiber wall thickness had a little variation, but not statistically significant. The obtained values for quality pulp indicative index don’t suggest Toona ciliata M. Roem wood for package paper production. Keywords: Australian cedar; anatomic characteristic; cellulose pulp.

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Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.15.3.5696-5709 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 5696-5709

Author(s):

Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽

Habibollah Khademieslam ◽

Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Basic Density ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Lumen Diameter ◽

Dry Density ◽

Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

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PERUBAHAN SIFAT FISIK DAN STABILITAS DIMENSI KAYU AKIBAT PENGAWETAN MENGGUNAKAN IMPREGNASI KARBONDIOKSIDA

PERENNIAL ◽

10.24259/perennial.v3i1.163 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Muhammad Asdar

Keyword(s):

Wall Thickness ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Fiber Diameter ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Wood Identification ◽

Axial Parenchyma ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Thin Walled ◽

Perforation Plates

The anatomical characteristics were studied to collect information for wood identification of Gyrinops versteegii from Gorontalo. Anatomical characterisics were determined from microtome sectioned samples and macerated samples. Observation of anatomical structure in accordance to IAWA List included vessel (diameter, height, grouping, frequention, porosity, arrangement, perforation plates, deposits, and pits), rays (type, height, width and frequention), parenchyme, and fiber (diameter, diameter of lumina and wall thickness). The research results obtained are G. versteegii has included phloem, diffuse porous, radial multiple 2-4(7), 90 µm in tangential diameter, 14 per sq.mm, simple perforation plates, intervessel pit alternate and no deposites in vessel. Rays uniseriate, heterocellular and 8,4 rays per mm. Axial parenchyma diffuse or associated with included phloem and there are fusiform parenchyma cells. Intercellular canals absent. This wood has short size and very thin walled fiber. Keywords: Agar wood, wood anatomy, included phloem, G. versteegii

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The effect of fiber dimensions on fiber network activation and tensile strength

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2011.120 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Iiro Pulkkinen ◽

Ville Alopaeus

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Fiber Quality ◽

Pulp Fibers ◽

Fiber Network ◽

Network Activation ◽

Fiber Wall ◽

Technical Properties ◽

Comparison Of The Results

Abstract The objective of this work was to check the fiber network activation parameter developed earlier by the authors for eucalypt pulp fibers to predict technical properties of paper. The fiber size analyses were performed with an optical fiber analyzer that applies 2D image analysis techniques on single fibers. The effects of fiber length, fiber width, fiber wall thickness, and fiber curl distributions on the quality potential of eucalypt fibers were evaluated. Fiber curl and fiber wall thickness based parameters were found to have a high potential for evaluation of eucalypt fiber quality. The variations in technical properties of paper were explained with differences in fiber wall thickness and fiber curl distributions. When the model was tested against industrial long fiber pulps, a further modification for fiber length was needed. The Page tensile strength model and the shear-lag theory were applied for comparison of the results obtained by the network activation model. With the approach presented in this article, the strength characteristics of hardwood and softwood pulps can be easily evaluated based on fiber geometry and water retention value.

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Wood and bark fiber characteristics of Acacia melanoxylon and comparison to Eucalyptus globules

CERNE ◽

10.1590/s0104-77602011000100007 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 61-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fatima Tavares ◽

Teresa Quilhó ◽

Helena Pereira

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Wall Thickness ◽

Eucalyptus Globulus ◽

Fiber Length ◽

Tree Height ◽

Specific Pattern ◽

Cell Wall Thickness ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Acacia Melanoxylon ◽

Fiber Wall

Wood and bark fibers of Acacia melanoxylon were characterized and compared to Eucalyptus globulus which is a major quality source of pulp fibers. In 20 trees from four sites, fiber length and wall thickness were measured at 5, 35 and 65% of total tree height and at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% of the distance from pith. Maceration were prepared in a 1:1 glacial acetic acid:hydrogen peroxide solution. Wood and bark fiber length varied between 0.90 - 0.96 mm and 1.33 - 1.59 mm respectively. The cell wall thickness varied between 3.45 - 3.89 µm in wood and 5.01 - 5.40 µm in bark. Wood and bark fiber length decreased from the bottom to the top of the tree and cell wall thickness had no specific pattern for axial variation. Fiber length and wall thickness increased from the pith to the bark, but the wall thickness increased slightly with some fluctuations. In Acacia melanoxylon significant site differences were found in relation to bark fiber length and to wood wall thickness. The fibers of Acacia melanoxylon were similar to those of Eucalyptus globulus but the wood fibers were thinner and the bark fibers thicker. The radial variation was similar in both species. In wood of Eucalyptus globulus, fiber wall thickness increases from the base to the middle of tree height and decreases to the top; in the bark decreases from the base to the top. In Eucalyptus globulus fibers bark are higher in the top.

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Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-90001370 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 361-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Helga Lindorf

Keyword(s):

Tropical Forest ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Vessel Diameter ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Vessel Element ◽

Deep Roots ◽

Vessel Element Length ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Hydraulic Safety

In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.

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