Eco-Anatomical Wood Features of Species from a Very Dry Tropical Forest

IAWA Journal ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Lindorf
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Hydraulic Safety

In 19 species of a very dry forest in Venezuela vessel diameter, vessel frequency, vessel grouping, vessel element length, and intervessel pit size, were studied and compared with data from other habitats. A predominance of characters that presumably contribute to hydraulic safety was observed: numerous grouped vessels of small diameter, short vessel elements, and minute intervessel pits. In some species, a xeromorphic wood anatomy coexists together with adaptations such as deciduousness, xeromorphic foliage, deep or superficially-extended roots, and succulence. In other species studied, the presence of xerophytic adaptations such as assimilating stems, succulence, and deep roots, seem to mitigate the xeromorphic wood appearance and, to some extent, lend it a mesomorphic character.

Wood anatomy of Cussonia and Seemannaralia (Araliaceae) with systematic and ecological implications

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. De Villiers ◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Patricia M. Tilney ◽  
Ben-Erik Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Group A ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Wood Evolution

The wood structure of two related African genera, Cussonia Thunb. (15 of 21 species) and the monotypic Seemannaralia R.Vig. (Araliaceae) is examined. The considerable diversity in wood anatomical characters within these taxa is mostly related to environmental factors; taxonomic groupings or phylogenetic relationships seem to be less important. The shortening of vessel elements and fibres, an increase in vessel number per group, a decrease in vessel diameter and a reduction in the number of bars of perforation plates, are associated with the more temperat species. The changes in vessel grouping show a significant correlation with rainfall. The placement of the simple-leaved Cussonia species in the subgenus Protocussonia and the isolated position of C. paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh., the only member of the subgenus Paniculatae, are supported. Many Cussonia species share a very low fibre to vessel element length ratio. Despite the basal position of Seemannaralia relative to Cussonia revealed by molecular data (Plunkett et al. 2004), its wood structure is more specialised in terms of the Baileyan major trends in wood evolution. This discrepancy may be the effect of a long-term adaptation of tropical ancestors of Seemannaralia to drier biomes.

The endoparasite Pilostyles ulei (Apodanthaceae – Cucurbitales) influences wood structure in three host species of Mimosa

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Milanello do Amaral ◽  
Gregorio Ceccantini
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Hydraulic Safety ◽  
First Time

Pilostyles species (Apodanthaceae) are endoparasites in stems of the plant family Fabaceae. The body comprises masses of parenchyma in the host bark and cortex, with sinkers, comprising groups of twisted tracheal elements surrounded by parenchyma that enter the secondary xylem of the host plant. Here we report for the first time the effects of Pilostyles parasitism on host secondary xylem. We obtained healthy and parasitized stems from Mimosa foliolosa, M. maguirei and M. setosa and compared vessel element length, fiber length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency, measured through digital imaging. Also, tree height and girth were compared between healthy and parasitized M. setosa. When parasitized, plant size, vessel diameter, vessel element length and fiber length are all less than in healthy plants. Also, vessel frequency is greater and vessels are narrower in parasitized stems. These responses to parasitism are similar to those observed in stressed plants. Thus, hosts respond to the parasite by changing its wood micromorphology in favour of increased hydraulic safety.

Wood Anatomy of Lecythidaceae Species called “Tauari”

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío A. Bernal ◽  
Vera Coradin ◽  
José Camargos ◽  
Cecília Costa ◽  
José Pissarra
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Anatomical Characters ◽  
Important Character

Woods from an important group of Lecythidaceae species called “tauari” can hardly be identified in the field by their gross and general features. In this study we show that, when properly delimited to the genera Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari, wood anatomical characteristics can be used to identify the species known as “tauari”, even though it is not possible to separate all species. In addition to anatomical characters, wood colour is an important character to help distinguish species of Cariniana and Allantoma from species of Couratari. Detailed wood anatomical descriptions from “tauari” woods Allantoma, Cariniana and Couratari are given and a table with diagnostic differences is presented. Common characters of this group are axial parenchyma in narrow continuous bands, prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells and silica bodies in ray cells. Microscopic features that help in species identification are: fibre pitting (minutely or distinctly bordered), traumatic intercellular canals, average vessel diameter, vessel element length, axial parenchyma strand length, and ray height and width.

scholarly journals Comparative wood anatomy of root and stem of Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Leandro Roberto Longo ◽  
Alex Wiedenhoeft ◽  
Claudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Growth Increments ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Semideciduous Seasonal Forest ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Helical Thickenings

Root and stem wood anatomy of C. myrianthum (Verbenaceae) from a semideciduous seasonal forest in Botucatu municipality (22º52’20”S and 48º26’37”W), São Paulo state, Brazil, were studied. Growth increments demarcated by semi-ring porosity and marginal bands of axial parenchyma were observed in the wood of both root and stem. Many qualitative features were the same in both root and stem: fine helical thickenings, and simple and multiple perforation plates in vessel elements; large quantities of axial parenchyma in the growth rings, grading from marginal bands and confluent forming irregular bands in earlywood to lozenge aliform in latewood; axial parenchyma cells forked, and varied wall projections and undulations; septate fibres; forked and diverse fibre endings. Quantitative features differing between root and stem wood were evaluated using student’s t-test, and vessel frequency, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray height, and vulnerability and mesomorphy indices differed significantly. Root wood had lower frequency of vessels, narrower and longer vessel elements, and taller rays than wood of the stem. The calculated vulnerability and mesomorphy indices indicated that C. myrianthum plants are mesomorphic. Roots seem to be more susceptible to water stress than the stem.

scholarly journals Anatomia da madeira de Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante

1983 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
José Newton Cardoso Marchiori
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Physiological Aspect ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Perforation Plates

This paper deals with the description of general, macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of Colletia paradoxa (Spreng.) Escalante, an aphyllous and xerophilous shrub from Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Pores of very small diameter, very short vessel elements, spiral thickenings and simple perforation plates in vessels, non sptate libriform fibers, scanty paratracheal axial paranchyma, and Heterogeneous II rays were observed in the wood.. Perforated cells are also common in rays. The presence of perforated ray cells and anatomical features of the vessel elements are discussed with respect to eco-physiological aspect of the plant and wood anatomy literature.

scholarly journals The Piedra Chamana fossil woods and leaves: a record of the vegetation and palaeoenvironment of the Neotropics during the late middle Eocene

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1089
Author(s):  
Deborah W Woodcock ◽  
Herbert W Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Lowland Tropical Forest ◽  
Modern Analogue ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Abstract Background and Aims The Piedra Chamana fossil forest in northern Peru is an assemblage of angiosperm woods and leaves preserved in volcaniclastic rocks dated to 39 Mya (late Middle Eocene). We analysed the anatomical and morphological features of the fossils to reconstruct the palaeoenvironment during this time of global warmth, taking advantage of the co-occurrence of woods and leaves to compare different proxies and analytical approaches. Methods Wood characters analysed include vessel-related functional traits, traits linked to Baileyan trends, and quantitative features such as vessel diameter and density. Diameter-distribution and diameter and position plots are used to represent vessel diameter and arrangement. Leaf margin and area analysis provides additional climate estimates. Key Results The fossil woods show many similarities with modern tropical-forest woods and tropical fossil-wood assemblages; closest correspondence within the Neotropics is to semi-deciduous lowland tropical forest with moderate precipitation (~1000–1200 mm). Features unusual for the modern South American tropics are mainly vessel-related characters (semi-ring porosity, grouped vessels, helical vessel thickenings, short vessel elements) linked to water stress or seasonal water availability. Leaf analysis indicates mean annual temperature of 31 °C (n = 19, 100 % entire-margined) and mean annual precipitation of 1290 mm (n = 22, predominantly microphylls and notophylls). Conclusions The palaeovegetation was clearly lowland tropical forest with a dry aspect, but anomalous aspects of the wood anatomy are consistent with the high temperatures indicated by the leaves and are probably explained by differences in seasonality and water stress compared to the present-day Neotropics. A close modern analogue may be in very seasonal regions of Asia. Pronounced monsoonal (summer-rain) conditions may relate to a location (palaeolatitude of 13°S) outside the near-equatorial tropics.

scholarly journals VARIABILITY OF VESSEL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE XYLEM OF ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS (MATÉ-TREE) FROM SOUTH BRAZIL

IAWA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Dünisch ◽  
Carlos Bruno Reissmann ◽  
Afonso Oliszeski
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Ilex Paraguariensis ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
South Brazil

In this study the wood anatomy of two leaf-morphotypes (“Yellow” and “Grey”) of Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) from South Brazil was compared with special attention to vessel attributes and a possible relationship of leaf morphology and wood structure. Sampling was carried out in a 15-year-old plantation in the state of Paraná, South Brazil. The anatomy of the juvenile and mature wood of five male and five female plants of each morphotype was investigated by light microscopy. In all plants the increment and the proportion of vessels decreased from pith to cambium, while vessel element length increased. Plants of the morphotype “Grey” had shorter vessel members (157–382 μm) and a lower number of bars per perforation plate (14–15) compared to the plants of the morphotype “Yellow” (vessel member length: 304–567 μm, bars: 22–24). No significant differences were found between the wood of male and female plants.

Relationships Between Water Availability and Selected Vessel Characteristics in Eucalyptus Grandis and Two Hybrids

IAWA Journal ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ed C. February ◽  
W.D. Stock ◽  
W.J. Bond ◽  
D.J. Le Roux
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Limited Region ◽  
Vessel Element Length ◽  
Watering Treatment

The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationships between water availability, plant growth and selected vessel characteristics for Eucalyptus grandis and two hybrids, so as to ascertain whether these xylem characteristics predict water use efficiency. Cuttings of Eucalyptus grandis, E. grandis × camaldulensis and E. grandis × nitens were planted in 220 litre drums from which rainfall was excluded. One half of the individuals received a low watering treatment; one half received a higher watering treatment. Soil moisture depletion through root uptake was monitored weekly and the removed water replaced to maintain 60 and 80 litres in the pots of the low and high watering treatments respectively. Mean values for tangential vessel diameter, vessel frequency and vessel element length were compared for the two treatments. In E. grandis and the hybrid E. grandis × camaldulensis vessel diameter (P < 0.01 ' P < 0.05 respectively) and vessel element length (P < 0.05 for both) increased from the dry to the wet treatment as water uptake through transpiration increased. There is no significant correlation between available water and vessel frequency. For E. grandis × nitens, on the other hand, only vessel frequency was significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with water uptake. In all three species/hybrids water availability also had a significant influence on stem diameter (P < 0.0001) and transverse sectional stem area (P < 0.0001) which increased with increased water consumption. These results suggest that E. grandis × nitens may be more water use efficient than E. grandis, which is commonly grown for timber and thus could potentially be used as a replacement species that is more water conservative in this water limited region.

Ecological Wood Anatomy of Miconia Sellowiana (Melastomataceae) in three vegetation types of paraná state, Brazil

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Bosio ◽  
Patrícia Soffiatti ◽  
Maria Regina Torres Boeger
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Ecological Wood Anatomy ◽  
Araucaria Forest ◽  
Dense Forest ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Foliar Morphology

Miconia sellowiana (Melastomataceae), a widespread species occurring in Araucaria Forest, Montane Dense Forest and Upper Montane Forest (Paraná state, Brazil) has a highly variable foliar morphology. This study investigated whether the wood anatomy follows this pattern influenced by environmental conditions. Samples of six individuals per area were collected, fixed and prepared, according to standard techniques in wood anatomy. ANOVA indicated differences for length and diameter of vessel elements and fibres, fibre wall thickness, width of rays and ray frequency, especially regarding the population of the Upper Montane Forest. The secondary xylem from this vegetation is characterized by shorter vessel elements and fibres, thicker fibre walls and wider rays. These characteristics are associated to a certain degree of water stress imposed to the plants in the Upper Montane Forest, mainly due to the shallow neosol soils. The Araucaria Forest and the Montane Dense Forest have more similar environmental conditions, supported by the Cluster analysis. The Principal Components Analysis explained 98% of the total variance, where fibre and vessel element lengths showed a posi-tive correlation; however, this analysis did not allow the separation of three distinct groups. Although less pronounced, the wood anatomical differences corroborate the results obtained with foliar morphology, where leaves from the Upper Montane Forest presented the most xeric characteristics among the populations of Miconia sellowiana studied.

scholarly journals Effect of fertilization on cell size in wood of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden

CERNE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Luiz de Lima ◽  
Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽  
Luiz Santini Junior ◽  
José Nivaldo Garcia ◽  
Sandra Monteiro Borges Florsheim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Radial Position ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Fiber Wall ◽  
Vessel Element Length

The use of fertilization in forest stands results in yield gains, yet little attention has been directed to its potential effects on the quality of wood produced. Information is scarce about the effect of fertilization on anatomical structures of older Eucalyptus wood. This work aims to study the effect of fertilization on tissue cell size of wood from a Eucalyptus grandis stand at age 21 years, the management system of which is based on selective thinning and fertilizer application at the start of the thinning season. Factors to consider include: presence or absence of fertilizers, two log positions and five radial (pith to bark) positions. Results led to the conclusion that fertilization significantly influenced only vessel frequency. Vessel element length was influenced by tree height. Fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter and vessel frequency were influenced by the radial position of the sample in relation to the log. A positive correlation was observed between fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber wall thickness, vessel element length, vessel diameter, ray width and radial position, while a negative correlation was observed between ray frequency and radial position.

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