WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF AMAZON FOREST TYPES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.W. Woodcock ◽  
G. Dos Santos ◽  
C. Reynel
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Floodplain Forest ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Climate Controls ◽  
Pattern Of Variation

The Tambopata region of the southern Peruvian Amazon supports a high diversity of both woody plants and forest types. Woods collected from low riverside vegetation, floodplain forest, clay-soil forest on an upper terrace, sandy-soil forest, and swamp forest provide an opportunity to test for significant differences in quantitative anatomical characters among forest types. Vessel-element length in floodplain-forest trees is significantly greater than in the other forest types. Specific gravity is lower in the two early-successional associations (low riverine forest and mature floodplain forest). Vessel diameter and density do not show significant differences among forest types and may be responding to overall climate controls. These two characters, however, show a pattern of variation within a transect extending back from the river along a gradient of increasing substrate and forest age; in addition, sites characterized by frequent flooding or presence of standing water lack vessels in the wider-diameter classes. The six characters analyzed show distributions that are, with the exception of wood specific gravity, significantly nonnormally distributed, a consideration that may be important in representing characteristics of assemblages of taxa. The degree of variability seen in some of the quantitative characters shows the importance of either basing analysis on adequate sample sizes or identifying robust indicators that can be used with small samples.

Wood Quality of Coppiced Eucalyptus Tereticornisfor Value Addition

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Sharma ◽  
R.V. Rao ◽  
S.R. Shukla ◽  
P. Kumar ◽  
R. Sudheendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference

The anatomical, physical and mechanical properties of non-coppiced and coppiced (after first felling) wood of Eucalyptus tereticornis were studied to evaluate their quality and to recommend it for various end uses. The pith to periphery variation in specific gravity, fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter, double wall thickness, vessel diameter and vessel element length were investigated in both types of wood. Correlation coefficients between anatomical characteristics and specific gravity and among anatomical characteristics were established. The results of physical and mechanical properties indicate that the timber from both non-coppiced and coppiced wood can be classified as very heavy, strong, tough, very hard but liable to warp and crack badly. The studies suggest that there is no significant difference in anatomical and mechanical properties of non-coppiced and coppiced wood suggesting their timbers can be utilized for similar purposes.

scholarly journals Within-Site Variability of Liana Wood Anatomical Traits: A Case Study in Laussat, French Guiana

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félicien Meunier ◽  
Sruthi M. Krishna Moorthy ◽  
Hannes P. T. De Deurwaerder ◽  
Robin Kreus ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Hydraulic Architecture ◽  
Woody Vines ◽  
Wood Trait ◽  
The Individual

Research Highlights: We investigated the variability of vessel diameter distributions within the liana growth form among liana individuals originating from a single site in Laussat, French Guiana. Background and Objectives: Lianas (woody vines) are key components of tropical forests. Lianas are believed to be strong competitors for water, thanks to their presumed efficient vascular systems. However, unlike tropical trees, lianas are overlooked in field data collection. As a result, lianas are often referred to as a homogeneous growth form while little is known about the hydraulic architecture variation among liana individuals. Materials and Methods: We measured several wood hydraulic and structural traits (e.g., basic specific gravity, vessel area, and vessel diameter distribution) of 22 liana individuals in a single sandy site in Laussat, French Guiana. We compared the liana variability of these wood traits and the correlations among them with an existing liana pantropical dataset and two published datasets of trees originating from different, but species-rich, tropical sites. Results: Liana vessel diameter distribution and density were heterogeneous among individuals: there were two orders of magnitude difference between the smallest (4 µm) and the largest (494 µm) vessel diameters, a 50-fold difference existed between extreme vessel densities ranging from 1.8 to 89.3 vessels mm−2, the mean vessel diameter varied between 26 µm and 271 µm, and the individual theoretical stem hydraulic conductivity estimates ranged between 28 and 1041 kg m−1 s−1 MPa−1. Basic specific gravity varied between 0.26 and 0.61. Consequently, liana wood trait variability, even within a small sample, was comparable in magnitude with tree surveys from other tropical sites and the pantropical liana dataset. Conclusions: This study illustrates that even controlling for site and soil type, liana traits are heterogeneous and cannot be considered as a homogeneous growth form. Our results show that the liana hydraulic architecture heterogeneity across and within sites warrants further investigation in order to categorize lianas into functional groups in the same way as trees

A SIMPLE RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SMALL SAMPLES OF URINE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 814-818
Author(s):  
Allen S. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Gradient System ◽  
Small Opening ◽  
Flotation Method ◽  
Made In

THE THERAPY of infants with disturbances in fluid balance is greatly assisted by knowledge of the specific gravity of the urine. Frequently only a few milliliters can be collected at any one time, while a minimum sample of 25 ml is necessary for use of the smallest urinometers currently available. The existing methods of determining specific gravity of one drop of urine are somewhat laborious, and require expensive equipment and the services of a relatively skilled technician. The present report describes a method which is rapid and simple and requires only a few drops of urine in its use. It is similar in principle to the determination of specific gravity of blood by the copper-sulfate method. For use with urine, mixtures are employed of two relatively nonvolatile liquids, immiscible with water, and with specific gravities nearly equally above and below the range in urine. The specific gravity of urine is determined by allowing one drop to fall into each of a series of tubes containing a mixture of the two liqquids made up to various specific gravities ranging from 1.005 to 1.030 (Fig. 1). That mixture in which the drop of urine comes most nearly to remaining still (neither rising nor falling after coming to rest) approximates the specific gravity of the urine. The total sample needed is only a few drops, which can be quite small if a dropper with a small opening (2 mm) is used. The determination takes a few minutes. A year's supply of the mixtures can be made in one afternoon and costs less than $6.00. MATERIALS The two solutions used were selected from the flotation method of Kirk, using a density gradient system. These are Liquid 1, dibutyl-n-phthalate (Eastman), specific gravity 1.04820°; and Liquid 2, kerosene, specific gravity 0.8220°. (Similar results were obtained by substituting California mineral oil, specific gravity 0.842-0.88420°, for kerosene.)

scholarly journals Geographic distribution of ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae

2000 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Nijman
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Western Boundary ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Swamp Forest ◽  
Trachypithecus Auratus ◽  
Leaf Monkey ◽  
Freshwater Swamp ◽  
Fundamental Units

As one of the fundamental units of ecology and biogeography, the geographic distribution of the endemic and threatened ebony leaf monkey Trachypithecus auratus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) on the islands of Java, Bali, and Lombok (Indonesia) has been assessed. All localities where the species has been collected are listed, and forty-two areas (each in itself consisting of numerous smaller sites) where the species has been recorded are discussed. The species occurs in a large variety of forest types, including mangrove, beach, and freshwater swamp forest; everwet lowland and hill forest; dry decidious forest; montane forest up to 3,000 - 3,500 m a.s.l.; and in some forest plantations (teak Tectona grandis, rasamala Altingia excels, acacia Acacia spp). In East Java, certain populations are dimorphic, containing, besides the more common melanic individuals, also erythristic individuals. This erythristic pelage morph only occurs in the easternmost part of Java of which the line between Mt. Penanggunang and the surroundings of Mojokerto running southwards, via Wonosalam and Blitar, to Mts Kidul roughly forms the western boundary. Localities where individuals of the erythristic pelage morph have been collected or observed are given.

Between- and Within-Tree Variation in the Anatomy and Specific Gravity of Wood in Oregon White Oak (Quercus Garryana Dougl.)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Lei ◽  
Michael R. Milota ◽  
Barbara L. Gartner
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Quercus Garryana ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Earlywood Vessel ◽  
Oregon White Oak

In order to analyze the variation in wood properties within and between trees of an underutilized tree species, we sampled six Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.) trees from an 80-year old mixed stand of Q. garryana and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the Coast Range of Western Oregon, USA. Fibre length, earlywood vessel diameter, tissue proportions, and specific gravity were measured on samples across the diameter at two heights. Trees had a slight lean (2-12°), so we sampled separately both radii of a diametric strip that ran from the lower to upper side of lean.

Stem length, not climate, controls vessel diameter in two trees species across a sharp precipitation gradient

2019 ◽  
Vol 225 (6) ◽  
pp. 2347-2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Fajardo ◽  
Cecilia Martínez‐Pérez ◽  
María Angélica Cervantes‐Alcayde ◽  
Mark E. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Precipitation Gradient ◽  
Climate Controls

scholarly journals Tree Strata Structure in an Ecotone among the Amazon Forest Types: A Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-702
Author(s):  
Aline Canetti ◽  
Evaldo Muñoz Braz ◽  
Patrícia Póvoa de Mattos ◽  
Afonso Figueiredo Filho ◽  
Renato Olivir Basso
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Importance Value ◽  
Structural Pattern ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Morisita Index ◽  
Percent Similarity ◽  
Middle Strata

AbstractThis work aimed to describe the structural dynamics of the Transitional Amazonian Forest and to evaluate whether the most abundant tree species present a structural pattern. As it is an ecotone composed of two forest types, a high composition complexity is expected. Forest analysis occurred with six 100 percent inventories data considering all trees with diameter at breast height ≥15.7 in., totalizing over 13 000 ac. The study areas were compared in terms of tree density, number of species, and importance value of the most abundant species. The Morisita index and the cluster analysis tested the forests similarity. We also evaluated the importance value of species in the upper and middle strata. Differences between study areas were detected regarding tree density and number of species. However, the forests presented more than 75 percent similarity and were grouped in three structural clusters. Some species showed alternations of dominance in the middle and upper strata. Although the forest is an ecotone, the trees had a structural pattern, where the same species dominate large areas, allowing us to apply the results on a huge scale.

scholarly journals Wood specific gravity of trees and forest types in the southern Peruvian Amazon

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah W. WOODCOCK
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
High Terrace ◽  
Carbon Stores ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Terrestrial Biomass

Estimates of terrestrial biomass depend critically on reliable information about the specific gravity of the wood of forest trees. The study reported on here was carried out in the southern Peruvian Amazon and involved collection of wood samples from trees (70 spp.) in intact forest stands. Results demonstrate the high degree of variability in specific gravity (ovendry weight/green volume) in trees at single locations. Three forest types (swamp, high terrace forest with alluvial soil, and sandy-soil forest) had values close to the average reported for tropical forest woods (.69). Two early successional forest types, which make up as much as 12% of the total vegetated area in this part of the Amazon, had values significantly lower (.40). An increase in specific gravity with increasing age of the tree, which has been reported in some spe cies of tropical-forest woods, is seen in a positive relationship between specific gravity and di ameter for a species prevalent in one plot. Increases in specific gravity with tree and forest age may be significant in estimating changes in carbon stores over time.

Stem anatomy of Apioideae (Apiaceae): effects of habit and reproductive strategy

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Kamil E. Frankiewicz ◽  
Alexei A. Oskolski ◽  
Jean-Pierre Reduron ◽  
Łukasz Banasiak ◽  
Jorge-Alfredo Reyes-Betancort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Plate Type

Abstract Apioideae is the biggest and the most diverse of four subfamilies recognised within Apiaceae. Except for a few, likely derived, woody clades, most representatives of this subfamily are herbaceous. In the present study, we assessed stem anatomy of 87, mostly therophytic and hemicryptophytic, species from at least 20 distinct lineages of Apioideae, and juxtaposed them with 67 species from our previous anatomical projects also focused on this subfamily. Comparing our data with the literature, we found that wood anatomy does not allow for a distinction between apioids and their close relatives (Azorelloideae, Saniculoideae), but more distantly related Mackinlayoideae differ from Apioideae in their perforation plate type. Vessel element and fibre length, and vessel diameter were positively correlated with plant height: phenomena already reported in literature. Similar pattern was retrieved for vertical intervessel pit diameter. Wood ground tissue in apioids ranges from entirely fibrous to parenchymatous. The shortening of internodes seems to favour the formation of parenchymatic ground tissue, whereas the early shift to flowering promotes the deposition of fibrous wood in monocarpic species. These results support a hypothesis on interdependence among internode length, reproductive strategy, and wood ground tissue type.

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