INTRA- AND EXTRA-WORD NATURE OF THE COMPONENT OF THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
В.Н. Лысенкова
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Deep Levels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Independent Features ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

Постановка задачи. В статье приведен анализ взглядов исследователей на определение фразеологического потенциала отдельных лексических единиц с позиций словного и несловного подходов. Цель исследования - рассмотреть семантику компонентов фразеологических единиц на поверхностном и глубинном уровнях. Статья раскрывает содержание следующих понятий: компонент ФЕ, словный подход, внесловный подход. Результаты исследования. Чтобы стать компонентом ФЕ, лексеме необходимо пройти через определенные изменения: деактуализация, метафоризация, лексико-грамматическая трансформация. Эти преобразования проявляются не только в ослаблении связности и проницаемости значений у компонента ФЕ, но и служат основой для возникновения новых значений. Компонентный состав определяет степень идиоматичности всего фразеологического оборота. Рассмотренные в статье противоположные теоретические позиции относительно природы компонента ФЕ (словный и несловный подходы) определяют: ведущая или малозаметная роль в построении значения оборота зависит от словной и внесловной природы самих компонентов ФЕ. Полученные выводы. Понимание природы компонента ФЕ имеет двойственную сущность. С одной стороны, внесловность компонента ФЕ отделяет его от обычного слова, лишая некоторых самостоятельных признаков. С другой стороны, словный характер компонента ФЕ можно выявить даже при высокой степени семантической целостности оборота. Однако анализ словной и несловной природы компонентов ФЕ в большинстве случаев не раскрывает прямого, опосредованного влияния семантики свободного значения лексемы на семантику фразеологизма в целом. Statement of the problem. The article provides an analysis of the views of researchers on determining the phraseological potential of individual lexical units from the standpoint of verbal and non-verbal approaches. The purpose of the study is to consider the semantics of components of phraseological units (PU) at surface and deep levels. The article discloses the content of the following concepts: the PU component, the intra- and extra-word nature of the component. Results. To become a component of PU, lexeme must go through certain changes: deactualization, metaphorization, lexico-grammatical transformation. These transformations appear not only in the weakening of the connectivity and permeability of the values of the PU component, but also serve as the basis for the emergence of new meanings. The component composition determines the degree of idiomaticity of the entire phraseological unit. The opposite theoretical positions considered in the article regarding the nature of the PU component (intra- and extra-word nature approaches) determine: the leading or stealthy role in constructing the value of the phraseologism depends on the intra- and extra-word nature of the PU components. Conclusion. Understanding the nature of the PU component has a dual essence. On the one hand, the extra-word nature of the PU component separates it from the usual word, depriving it of some independent features. On the other hand, the intra-word character of the PU component can be revealed even with a high degree of semantic integrity of the phraseologism. However, the analysis of the intra- and extra-word nature of the components of PU in most cases does not reveal the direct, but indirect effect of the semantics of the free meaning of the lexeme on the semantics of phraseologism as a whole.

Protective Effect of Warfarin in Arterial Thrombosis: Evidence from a Vascular Prosthesis Model in Rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (04) ◽  
pp. 821-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ine Reyers ◽  
Giovanni de Gaetano ◽  
Maria Benedetta Donati
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Vascular Prosthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antithrombotic Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

SummaryThree different schedules of treatment with warfarin were studied in rats bearing a polyethylene cannula in their abdominal aorta. The time of occlusion of the vascular prosthesis was significantly prolonged when warfarin was started 24 hr previously, at the time of loop insertion or 24 hr later. When the drug treatment was started 24 hr before insertion of the loop, however, a high degree of toxicity was observed. The animals of this group that died of hemorrhage had significantly lower mean thrombotest levels.On the other hand, the correlation between occlusion of the loop and level of anticoagulation was not as simple as one might anticipate; on the one hand, severe anticoagulation did not protect all of the rats from loop occlusion, but, on the other hand, recovery from hypocoagulability was not always immediately followed by occlusion of the loop.In order to better elucidate the mechanism of the antithrombotic effect of warfarin, we also assessed the effect of the drug on platelet-vessel wall interaction by the template bleeding time. A close association existed between warfarin-induced hypocoagulability and prolongation of the bleeding time.These observations may constitute the experimental basis for a better understanding of the antithrombotic effect of warfarin in some arterial diseases and in myocardial infarction.

Adam Smith on What Is Wrong with Economic Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS C. RASMUSSEN
Keyword(s):  
Adam Smith ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Commercial Society ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

This article explores Adam Smith's attitude toward economic inequality, as distinct from the problem of poverty, and argues that he regarded it as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, as has often been recognized, Smith saw a high degree of economic inequality as an inevitable result of a flourishing commercial society, and he considered a certain amount of such inequality to be positively useful as a means of encouraging productivity and bolstering political stability. On the other hand, it has seldom been noticed that Smith also expressed deep worries about some of the other effects of extreme economic inequality—worries that are, moreover, interestingly different from those that dominate contemporary discourse. In Smith's view, extreme economic inequality leads people to sympathize more fully and readily with the rich than the poor, and this distortion in our sympathies in turn undermines both morality and happiness.

Dispersion of Pigments in Aqueous Medium. I. Mechanism and Evaluation of Dispersing Agents

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-632
Author(s):  
F. K. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Consistency Test ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dispersing Agent ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Sedimentation Volume ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Distinct Line

Abstract (1) In Part I the difference in the functions of wetting, dispersing and protecting agents is discussed, and explanations of the different mechanisms by which they act are suggested. (2) The known methods for testing dispersion are cited. (3) In Part II the dispersing qualities of four different types of agents are compared by the method of sedimentation volume. From the results of this test a newly discovered dispersing agent appears to be the most efficient of the four agents tested. (4) It is found that this new agent has the peculiar property of making a number of pigments actively dilatant. Dilatancy was previously known only as an inherent property of certain substances, not as a property which can be induced by means of surface active agents. (5) Dilatancy is linked with dispersion. It is shown that flocculation, thixotropy, passive dilatancy and finally active dilatancy can be regarded as different states of dispersion, with no distinct line of demarcation between them. Active dilatancy is obtained only at a most complete degree of dispersion. (6) The dilatancy test is regarded as a quick and convenient method of evaluating dispersions in all cases where dispersions of a relatively high degree are obtained. (7) An inconsistency in the results between the sedimentation volume and dilatancy tests on the one hand and the consistency test on the other hand is discussed. Systems containing agent C show no dilatancy and have a relatively large sedimentation volume; yet they remain fluid at concentrations even higher than those reached by dilatant systems. This discrepancy cannot be fully explained, but it is not believed to invalidate the above deductions on the relation between dilatancy and small volume of sedimentation on the one hand and dispersion on the other hand. (8) The mechanism of dilatancy is discussed. The ζ potential and hydration are assumed to be the most important factors. With the addition of discharging cations, dilatancy is gradually destroyed and the state of dispersion reversed.

THE COMPETENCE OF RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE STRUCTURE OF EDUCATIONAL CONTENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Halyna Baluta ◽  
◽  
Andrii Abdula ◽  
Olena Olifer ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Content ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

The current scientific and technological development demonstrates a prominent paradox: on the one hand, society seeks to accelerate the pace of development to achieve pragmatic results of scientific research; on the other hand, such rapid scientific and technological development causes dangerous transformations of biosocial reality characterized by a high degree of uncertainty of possible trends and scenarios. Global, fixed in time human-made and natural disasters lead to an understanding of the utopianism of the assurance that the consequences of probable changes can be considered in advance or predicted.

Language of Empire: Politics of Arabic and Persian in the Abbasid World

PMLA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayrettidn Yücesoy
Keyword(s):  
Political Engagement ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The Political ◽  
Edward Said ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The One

This essay aims to contribute to current studies of language and empire by considering arabic and persian in the ninth and tenth centuries. Following the lead of Edward Said on colonial empires and translation, I focus on the political aspects of language and translation in “premodern” trans-Asian societies, which have not received the nuanced attention they deserve. Accentuating the act of adopting and supporting a language as political, I argue that the wax and wane of imperial languages were predicated on two usually simultaneous dynamics: intra-imperial interests and, to use Laura Doyle's term, inter-imperial competition. Imperial patronage aimed, on the one hand, to consolidate power, exercise control, stabilize administration, and order lived reality for imperial subjects and, on the other hand, to create a discourse to fashion and project an image of rule capable of competing with rival claims in Afro-Eurasia. On both fronts, the promotion of one vernacular as “high language” entailed resisting another one in an already filled political, sociocultural, and linguistic space. The new language thus proceeded in an intrusive and even disruptive way since it involved a construction of new meanings to conform to alternative sociopolitical and cultural norms and priorities and to tame the multiplicity of language. Yet, such a political engagement or competition with existing language(s) and discourse(s) also led to new forms of hybridity of language and discourse, as was the case for Persian when the Samanids (819-999) adopted the script of the Arabic language and much of its vocabulary and idioms to express their thoughts.

scholarly journals The digestibility of straw after treatment with soda

1920 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Godden
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

The use of straw as fodder is beset by the double difficulty that on the one hand its bulky character seriously limits the extent to which it can be consumed by the animal, whilst on the other hand its tough and fibrous nature entails such a heavy expenditure of energy to secure the high degree of comminution and further preparation essential for effective action of the digestive agents that only a comparatively small surplus of energy remains over to serve productive nutritional ends. Thus it was found by Kellner and Köhler in the case of oat straw that of the total energy contained in the straw only 35·8 per cent, was usefully digested, whilst only 12·9 per cent, could be applied after digestion to productive purposes. For wheat straw the corresponding proportions were 31·1 per cent, and 5·5 per cent, respectively. These may be contrasted with the proportions of 49 per cent, and 20·7 per cent, respectively found by the same observers for meadow hay; and the proportions of 74·9 per cent, and 45·9 per cent, respectively found by Armsby and Fries for maize meal.

scholarly journals Anglo-Saxon and Latinate Synonyms: The Case of Speed vs. Velocity

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Daniele Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Specific Relation ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Distinct Features

The aim of this paper is to provide an initial analysis of the semantic relations holding between Anglo-Saxon and Latinate synonyms in present-day English. It is an acknowledged fact that the lexicon of English consists of a basic indigenous vocabulary of Germanic origin with many foreign borrowings especially from French, Latin and Greek. This has produced an etymologically diverse word-stock characterized by distinct features. Near-synonymous words with a different etymology can be a source of confusion and dictionaries often fail to clearly distinguish between them. Pairs of Anglo-Saxon vs. Latinate words, such as speed/velocity, sweat/perspire, lunatic/insane, etc., are often said to be equivalent in meaning, with differences only in terms of style and register. The scenario, however, is more subtle, complex and interesting than this. A finer-grained analysis of speed and velocity, for instance, shows, on the one hand, that there is a high degree of interchangeability between the two words. On the other hand, though, the semantics of speed is more generic, neutral and broader in scope, while velocity expresses specific and restricted meanings. In addition to this generic-specific relation between the two words, velocity appears to undergo metaphoric extension.

scholarly journals The Semantics of the Dutch Gender System

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot Kraaikamp
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The One ◽  
Gender System ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Semantic Distinction ◽  
Semantic Agreement

In this paper, it is argued that, although Dutch gender assignment is not systematically organized along semantic lines in the lexicon, the gender system has a semantic basis. This semantic basis involves a distinction between masculine/common gender associated with a high degree of individuation on the one hand, and neuter gender associated with a low degree of individuation, on the other hand. This is in line with Audring (2006, 2009), who found that Dutch pronouns often show semantic agreement along these lines. It is shown that the same semantic distinction between the genders can also be found in the nominal domain. It surfaces particularly in cases where lexically stored gender does not play a role. The semantic distinction arguably goes back to Proto-Indo-European. It is argued that, since nominal gender has become an invariable, lexically stored feature of nouns, the semantic basis of nominal gender assignment has become disrupted. This causes a con-flict between lexical and semantic gender agreement in pronouns. It is suggested that the surfacing of semantic agreement in this conflict is connected with a reduced marking of lexical gender on adnominal elements.

scholarly journals Jacques Lacan’s Theory of Rupture: the Perspective of the Real

Problemos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 100-113
Author(s):  
Kasparas Pocius
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Alternative Scenario ◽  
The Real ◽  
Political Subject ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One

The article analyses Jacques Lacan’s theory of rupture that encompasses the three planes – the imaginary, the Symbolic and the Real – that comprise his topology. It is named the theory of rupture because it allows grasping the unfinished Lacanian subject as it encounters Other in all of those planes. The main question is whether this lack could be considered as positive. The attention is paid to the phallic signifier; the hypothesis is that this signifier, by linking the symbolic and the Real, allows the creation of new meanings and the resistance towards the fundamental fantasy.The Lacanian ternary conception of topology helps us to analyse the field of politics. While grasping this field from the “ex-sisting” perspective of the Real, we can observe the two scenarios of the development of (political) subject. On the one hand, there is a possible link between the subject and fantasy, in which one tries to compensate for the lack of the Real by “comforting” itself in the plane of symbolic discourse. On the other hand, in the alternative scenario, the subject consciously admits its lack, rejects the fantasy and begins to create new names which “hole” the symbolic discourse itself as well as the insufficiency of the symbolic field. The Real is defended by the phallic signifier, which helps to maintain the subject’s negativity and militancy. By enclosing the Real into the Symbolic we create the new consistency as the subject seeks not to maintain a passive form and place inside the structure, but names the positive lack in the structure itself and thereby creates the new political content.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

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