An altered skin microbiome is the most important symptom of atopic dermatitis.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga B. Tamrazova ◽  
Evgenia A. Glukhova ◽  
Anait V. Tamrazova ◽  
Natalia F. Dubovets
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Important Symptom ◽  
Immune Imbalance

Fast traslate Icon translate Fast traslate Icon translate The progressive increase in the incidence of atopic dermatitis among children, an increase in persistence in adulthood, combined with an inevitable decrease in the quality of life of patients, determine the relevance of studying the mechanisms of the development of this disease not only for dermatology, but also for the entire health care system. Thus, the prerequisites for the emergence of new concepts of pathogenesis and the search for the most effective therapeutic modalities arise. At the moment, atopic dermatitis is considered as the interaction of endogenous (impaired immune response, insufficient function of the epidermal barrier) and exogenous (exposure to allergens, chemical or physical irritants, microorganisms) factors. Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, genetic makeup, antibiotic use, and good hygiene play a critical role in the maintenance and stability of the skin microbiome. Normally, the skin microbiota is mainly formed by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus. While in patients with AD, in 70% of cases, there is colonization of Staphylococcus aureus on the affected skin, in 39% on intact skin, which secondarily contributes to the development of immune imbalance and increased skin xerosis. This fact determines the importance of the use of basic therapy, which, on the one hand, helps to strengthen the epidermal barrier, and on the other hand, normalizes the microbiome of the skin, reducing the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals A Derivative of Butyric Acid, the Fermentation Metabolite of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Inhibits the Growth of a Staphylococcus aureus Strain Isolated from Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supitchaya Traisaeng ◽  
Deron Raymond Herr ◽  
Hsin-Jou Kao ◽  
Tsung-Hsien Chuang ◽  
Chun-Ming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Acid Fermentation

The microbiome is a rich source of metabolites for the development of novel drugs. Butyric acid, for example, is a short-chain fatty acid fermentation metabolite of the skin probiotic bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Glycerol fermentation of S. epidermidis resulted in the production of butyric acid and effectively hindered the growth of a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain isolated from skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro and in vivo. This approach, however, is unlikely to be therapeutically useful since butyric acid is malodorous and requires a high concentration in the mM range for growth suppression of AD S. aureus. A derivative of butyric acid, BA–NH–NH–BA, was synthesized by conjugation of two butyric acids to both ends of an –NH–O–NH– linker. BA–NH–NH–BA significantly lowered the concentration of butyric acid required to inhibit the growth of AD S. aureus. Like butyric acid, BA–NH–NH–BA functioned as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor by inducing the acetylation of Histone H3 lysine 9 (AcH3K9) in human keratinocytes. Furthermore, BA–NH–NH–BA ameliorated AD S. aureus-induced production of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and remarkably reduced the colonization of AD S. aureus in mouse skin. These results describe a novel derivative of a skin microbiome fermentation metabolite that exhibits anti-inflammatory and S. aureus bactericidal activity.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Exploits Epidermal Barrier Defects in Atopic Dermatitis to Trigger Cytokine Expression

2016 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 2192-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruaki Nakatsuji ◽  
Tiffany H. Chen ◽  
Aimee M. Two ◽  
Kimberly A. Chun ◽  
Saisindhu Narala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Epidermal Barrier

Gut microbiome skin axis in the development of atopic dermatitis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hitham Abduarhman Alghamdi ◽  
Ahmed Behieldin ◽  
Sherif Edris
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Bacterial Composition ◽  
Strong Relation

Abstract Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the main focus of this review which mostly starts with children in early life. Beside the etiological factors like environmental, dietary or medical exposures, Gut-skin axis microbiome studies have an impact to investigate and to understand the relation between the gut microbiome and changes to the skin microbiom and some skin diseases resulting like AD. Infants start forming their microbiome in early life and some researches suggest that this time have a crucial role in development of AD. Balanced bacterial composition is important to maintain healthy skin as the gut microbiome dysbiosis may result in dramatic shifting in the skin microbiome that gives better chance for some bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus to over prevail which has been reported to contribute in AD development. Among several factors, immunological activity has a strong relation to microbiome changed composition and development of AD. Continuous....  

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota, Probiotics, and Their Interactions in Prevention and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Fang ◽  
Lingzhi Li ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Jianxin Zhao ◽  
Wenwei Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Epidermal Barrier ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a public health concern and is increasing in prevalence in urban areas. Recent advances in sequencing technology have demonstrated that the development of AD not only associate with the skin microbiome but gut microbiota. Gut microbiota plays an important role in allergic diseases including AD. The hypothesis of the “gut-skin” axis has been proposed and the cross-talk mechanism between them has been gradually demonstrated in the research. Probiotics contribute to the improvement of the intestinal environment, the balance of immune responses, regulation of metabolic activity. Most studies suggest that probiotic supplements may be an alternative for the prevention and treatment of AD. This study aimed to discuss the effects of probiotics on the clinical manifestation of AD based on gut microbial alterations. Here we reviewed the gut microbial alteration in patients with AD, the association between gut microbiota, epidermal barrier, and toll-like receptors, and the interaction of probiotics and gut microbiota. The potential mechanisms of probiotics on alleviating AD via upregulation of epidermal barrier and regulation of immune signaling had been discussed, and their possible effective substances on AD had been explored. This provides the supports for targeting gut microbiota to attenuate AD.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus and the Cutaneous Microbiota Biofilms in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enea Gino Di Domenico ◽  
Ilaria Cavallo ◽  
Bruno Capitanio ◽  
Fiorentina Ascenzioni ◽  
Fulvia Pimpinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Immune Disorder ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Local Immune Modulation

Biofilm is the dominant mode of growth of the skin microbiota, which promotes adhesion and persistence in the cutaneous microenvironment, thus contributing to the epidermal barrier function and local immune modulation. In turn, the local immune microenvironment plays a part in shaping the skin microbiota composition. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an immune disorder characterized by a marked dysbiosis, with a sharp decline of microbial diversity. During AD flares biofilm-growing Staphylococcus aureus emerges as the major colonizer in the skin lesions, in strict association with disease severity. The chronic production of inflammatory cytokines in the skin of AD individuals concurs at supporting S. aureus biofilm overgrowth at the expense of other microbial commensals, subverting the composition of the healthy skin microbiome. The close relationship between the host and microbial biofilm resident in the skin has profound implications on human health, making skin microbiota an attractive target for the therapeutic management of different skin disorders.

The Propensity to Form Biofilm in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from the Anterior Nares of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: Clinical Associations

Dermatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Leszek Blicharz ◽  
Maryla Michalak ◽  
Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak ◽  
Grażyna Młynarczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Skowroński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Microtiter Plate Assay ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lesional Skin ◽  
Inflammatory Dermatosis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with complex pathogenesis. The skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis is dominated by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> which shows the ability to produce biofilm. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this work was to assess the influence of <i>S. aureus</i> biofilm on the course of atopic dermatitis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Disease severity was evaluated based on the SCORAD index in 56 adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Microtiter plate assay of the propensity to form biofilm was performed on <i>S. aureus</i> strains isolated from the anterior nares, lesional skin, and nonlesional skin. Microbiological results were correlated to the clinical parameters and total IgE concentration. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Biofilm-producing strains of <i>S. aureus</i> were identified in 76.3% (29/38) and 79.1% (34/43) of samples from the anterior nares and lesional skin, respectively (<i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05), and in 48.5% (16/33) of samples from nonlesional skin (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.03). Patients colonized by biofilm-producing strains of <i>S. aureus</i> within the anterior nares showed statistically higher mean values of total and objective SCORAD and its components (extent, dryness), and of the largest extent of skin lesions during the flares in the last year when compared to patients colonized by non-biofilm-producing strains. Carriage of biofilm-producing <i>S. aureus</i> on lesional skin was associated with higher mean values of the extent of skin lesions during stable periods of the disease. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The results of this study may suggest a relationship between the production of biofilm by <i>S. aureus</i> strains colonizing the anterior nares and the course of atopic dermatitis. Biofilm seems crucial for dispersal and persistent colonization of large areas of the skin by this pathogen. Destruction of <i>S. aureus</i> biofilm could positively affect the course of atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus colonization on antecubital non-exacerbated atopic dermatitis patient compared to healthy children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Khamidah ◽  
Evy Ervianti ◽  
Hari Sukanto
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis Patient ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Atopic dermatitis is chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease affects one third of children in the world, and the highest number of child`s skin problems in Indonesia. The complex role of the skin microbiome in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis is being elucidated. Interaction between skin barrier defects, and immunological factors can change the skin microbiome, and increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization. The aim of this study was to compare the colony of Staphylococcus aureus from antecubital fossa of non-exacerbated atopic dermatitis children to healthy children without history of atopic dermatitis. A comparative observational analytic with cross sectional design, examined antecubital swab culture from 17 non-exacerbated atopic dermatitis patients and 17 controls to investigate the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and density of the colonization. Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization was seen in 5 patients (29.41%) in non-exacerbated atopic dermatitis patients but none in control group (statistically significant with p=0.044), relative risk 2.417. All of positive colonization revealed moderate and heavy bacterial growth (104->105 cfu/cm2). This finding supports previous study that atopic dermatitis prone to colonized with Staphylococcus aureus.

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