scholarly journals A bicameral parliament in the context of forming constitutional democracy

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
Andrey Irkliienko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Constitutional Theory ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The World

The article analyzes peculiarities of formation of a two-house parliament in the conditions of constitutional democracy. It has been established that parliamentarism, which theoretical origins date back into the doctrines about folk and national sovereignty, is logically connected with the establishment of principles of the supremacy of law and democracy in society and the state, with the implementation of effective mechanisms to guarantee constitutional human rights, as well as with the formation of such institutions that would ensure the most complete and comprehensive conduction of its functions and meeting the needs of society. Ukrainian parliamentarism has long-standing historical roots. Modern legal scholars consider that there are a few precursors of national parliamentarism. These are Viche democracy and feudal congresses in Kyievan Rus, Cossack councils and Cossack democracy in general, the activities of the Central Rada and even to some extent the “parliamentarism” of the Soviet era. However, the establishment and development of full-fledged national parliamentarism became possible only after Ukraine’s independence in 1991. It has been summarized that nowadays, comprehensive outspread of the theory and practice of bicameralism should be recognized as one of the most distinctive tendencies of genesis of modern constitutionalism. In the last decades, many countries around the world, regardless their state form of government, have intensified processes of transition to a bicameral structure of a parliament. Even if in the early 70’s of XX century two-house parliaments functioned in 45 countries in the world, in 2008 their number reached 70. Yet, another ten more countries are preparing to switch to the bicameral structure of their parliaments. Currently, two-house parliaments have ceased to be a tribute of historical traditions of constitutionalism or some “anomaly” of the state legal development of countries, which are united by one legal system. Bicameralism has become a daily political and legal phenomenon for a large number of population of our planet. These are the most economically developed countries of the world that have chosen such a system of parliamentarism at present. Therefore, out of fifteen countries that have the highest indicators of the gross domestic product in the world, only two, that is China and South Korea, have one-house national legislative bodies. It has been recapitulated that the European Union and its member states are gradually asserting bicameralism both in the constitutional theory and in practice. Particularly, two-house parliaments are successfully functioning in such unitary member states of the European Union as Austria, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Poland, Slovenia, Romania, France, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and others.

DEFINITION OF THE RATIONAL CONFORMITY OF THE OFFICIAL COMPOSITION OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE FOR THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ARMY OF STATES - NATO MEMBERS

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-141
Author(s):  
І. Кrasota ◽  
V. Skorik
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Junior Officers ◽  
The World ◽  
Senior Officers ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defense Reform

The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of the armies of the developed countries of the world, first of all the NATO member states and the Armed Forces of Ukraine in determining the ratio of officers. The scientific task of establishing a rational balance of officers' composition is one of the key tasks of the defense reform in Ukraine on personnel management. The Matrix's achievement of the strategic objectives and the fulfillment of the main objectives of the defense reform in the Strategic Defense Bulletin of Ukraine determined the goal of achieving a more rational ratio of the categories of personnel of the defense forces, including the ratio of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. In 2002-2004 and 2016, for the optimization of the ratio of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, an analysis was made of the existing correlation between the categories of officers in the armies of the leading countries of the world, including the armed forces of the NATO member states. According to the results of the conducted research, it was proposed to have the following ratios of the officers of the Armed Forces of Ukraine: officers - about 25% of the total number of servicemen, senior and senior officers - about 40%, junior officers - about 60% of the total number of officers, of them : generals - 0,4%; colonels - 5%; Lieutenant Colonels - 14.6%; Majors - 20%; captains - 25%, senior lieutenants, lieutenants - 35% of the regular number of military officers by military rank. Bringing the rational balance of senior and junior officers in the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be conducted in a balanced manner to the state of security environment and needs of the state's defense, taking into account the financial and economic capabilities of the state, the long-term nature of the military threat posed by the Russian Federation, taken on the strategic course of Ukraine towards integration with the European Union and formation of conditions for joining NATO.

scholarly journals Assessing the Level of Renewable Energy Development in the European Union Member States. A 10-Year Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3765
Author(s):  
Jarosław Brodny ◽  
Magdalena Tutak ◽  
Peter Bindzár
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Renewable Energy Development ◽  
European Union Countries

The global economic development is, to a great extent, dependent on access to large amounts of cheap energy sources. The growing social awareness of ecology and the enormous damage to the Earth’s ecosystem due to the production of energy from conventional sources have forced fundamental changes in the energy sector. Renewable energy is considered to be an opportunity for such changes. The current state of the art allows such changes to be made without restricting economic development. Therefore, activities related to the energy transition are being taken all over the world. The European Union has definitely managed to achieve the most tangible effects in this regard. This article presents the findings of the research aimed at presenting the current state of renewable energy in the European Union and analyzing the changes reported in this sector in the last decade. The research was carried out using a selected set of 11 indicators characterizing renewable energy in individual countries. These indicators were selected on the basis of literature review and own studies of the state of renewable energy and its development prospects. Based on these indicators, changes in the energy structure of individual European Union countries between 2008–2018 were determined. The study is divided into two main stages. The principal components analysis (PCA) was used for the first analysis. In turn, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was adopted to assess the level of renewable energy development in the European Union countries. Both these methods and the extended statistical analysis were applied to determine the state of renewable energy development in the European Union countries in the studied period and to divide the Member States into classes with different levels of development. The results of the study showed that the EU countries are characterized by significant differences in the development of RES during the period in question. The unquestionable leaders in this respect are Sweden, Austria, Finland, and Latvia. Based on the findings, it is possible to evaluate the effects of activities related to renewable energy development and to prepare assumptions for future activities. Additionally, both the research and its findings broaden the knowledge of the directions of renewable energy development in individual European Union countries. This is particularly important in the context of changes related to the need to reduce harmful substance emissions and the implementation of the European Green Deal idea.

Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-514
Author(s):  
Ivan Vuković
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
The Eu

In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.

scholarly journals Stan i prognoza rozwoju systemu gospodarki odpadami w Europie i USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Biernat ◽  
Paulina Luiza Dziołak ◽  
Izabela Samson-Bręk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World

This article presents waste management in the world and in some highly developed countries in the European Union such as Germany, Netherlands, and Sweden. The article presented also waste management systems in these countries, with special attention to the processes of energy use of waste (Waste to Energy - WTE) in existing plants.

scholarly journals Economic Development and Growth in Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Csilla Polster
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Migration Activity ◽  
Member States

The study investigates the economic growth in Central and Eastern Europe in the last 25 years. The economy can be regarded as a substantial topic in any country, but it is even more interesting in developing countries. One of the basic ideas of the European Union is the convergence between member states, namely the reduction of development disparities, which can be achieved through faster economic growth in less‑developed countries. Growth theory is one of the main topics in economics. Its significant importance is because the desire for development is one of the main driving forces of mankind. The aim of the study is to reveal the crucial differences and common features between the growth paths of the eleven Central and Eastern European member states of the European Union. After presenting growth theories, the growth performance of the examined Central and Eastern European member states is pinpointed. During the research, GDP per capita, population, migration, activity rate, employment rate, unemployment rate, foreign direct investment and foreign trade openness are considered.

GLOBAL DIMENSION OF INNOVATION CAPACITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER COUNTRIES

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Zayats ◽  
◽  
Tomash Yarema ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Union Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovation Capacity ◽  
Innovative Capacity ◽  
European Union Member States

The article examines the essence of the global innovation capacity of the member states of the European Union and its interconncetion with involvement in the processes of international economic integration and disintegration. It is noted that the global innovative force has a significant impact on stable economic growth and competitive positions of any economic entity in the world arena. In addition, it was determined that the unification of countries into interstate integration groupings leads to the transformation of the innovation capacity of the member country and the formation of the innovation capacity of the international integration associations. As a result of the study, it was noted that today there is no single methodology for measuring innovative capacity. As part of the innovation capacity research of the European Union member states, the most prominent and frequently used method for measuring the innovation capacity of the country amongst of global economy, namely the global innovation index, is considered. The aim of this article is to compare the positions of the innovative capacity of the member states of the European Union and to study how the integration and disintegration processes in the European Union affect the innovation capacity of participants and, in the prospect, develop a methodology for ranking the innovation capacity of interstate integration associations. The positions of the innovation capacity in the global economy of the European Union member states are analyzed according to the global innovation index. It has been established that five member countries of the European Union are in the top 10 most innovative economies in the world economy. The innovation capacity index of the European Union 2020 is proposed to be calculated and was calculated. It is noted that albeit the ratings do not give any propositions, but only actually determine the state, however, with their assistance it is possible to carry out adequate monitoring, analysis, forecast of activation and measurement of innovation leadership of all economic and innovative entities of the global economy. It has been proved that methodological approaches to measuring the innovation capacity of the subjects of the global economy ought to be improved furthermore ratings should be developed not only in the context of countries, but of international integration associations as well.

Právně ekonomické aspekty kritéria právního státu jako podmínky pro přidělení prostředků z rozpočtu EU

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-143
Author(s):  
Tereza Čejková
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Financial Framework ◽  
The Impact

After expressing concerns about the state of democracy and civil rights in Poland and Germany in recent years, the European Commission proposed to implement the so-called rule of law condition in the 2021–2027 multiannual financial framework scheme, under which EU budget funding would not be allocated to those Member States which do not comply with the condition. This work will examine the financial and legal aspects of this condition and assess the impact of its application on the economy of the European Union.

scholarly journals The Czech agricultural insurance market and a prediction of its development in the context of the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vávrová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Position ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Basic Approaches

In the market economy, agriculture ranks among the important political and economic issues. Risks associated with agricultural activity can be catastrophic. For farmers and farms, damages resulting from materialized risks represent significant and existence-threatening problems. For the state, damages in agriculture can endanger the food supply chain, cause fluctuation in employment or jeopardize the state’s foreign-policy position due to lack of self-sufficiency. This is why it is necessary to discuss the methods and ways to deal with the problem, to eliminate agricultural risks or to minimize their occurrence and materialization. One of the possible ways is insurance. With regard to these facts, the author attempts to make an analysis of the possible ways to eliminate risks that endanger agricultural production and, according to this analysis, to describe the basic approaches to minimizing or eliminating the materialization of risks associated with agricultural activity. Subsequently, the author focuses on agricultural insurance systems in the countries of the European Union, and on the present-day situation in the field of agricultural insurance in the Czech Republic. 

Scratching the heart of the artichoke? How international institutions and the European Union constrain the state monopoly of force

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Herschinger ◽  
Markus Jachtenfuchs ◽  
Christiane Kraft-Kasack
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Court ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Over Time

In recent years, a growing literature has argued that European Union (EU) member states have undergone a profound transformation caused by international institutions and by the EU, in particular. However, the state core – the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force, embodied by the police – seemed to remain intact. The literature has argued that in this area, international institutions are weak, and cooperation has remained informal and intergovernmental. We take issue with these claims and evaluate the strength of international institutions in two core areas of policing (terrorism and drugs) over time. We find that in terms of decision-making, precision, and adjudication, international institutions have become considerably stronger over time. Even when international institutions remain intergovernmental they strongly regulate how EU member states exercise their monopoly of force. Member states are even further constrained because adjudication is delegated to the European Court of Justice. Thus, even the state core is undergoing a significant transformation.

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