Structural adaptations of bovine ungulates modern agrocenosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Posyabin ◽  
◽  
Elena N. Borkhunova ◽  
Vladislav V. Belogurov ◽  
Mikhail D. Kachalin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Static Load ◽  
High Weight ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Structural Adaptation ◽  
Solid Soil ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Structural Adaptations

The article presents the results of studies of anatomical, histological and morphometric characteristics of bovine ungulates aimed at identifying signs of structural adaptation of the distal part of the limb to anthropogenically modeled content conditions. The factors that the hoof experiences are the predominance of static load, the high weight of the animal, and the support on solid soil. As a morphological control, elk is considered as a parrotfish animal with similar body size and weight, located in the conditions of natural biotsenose and moving on forest soils. It is shown that constant presence of cattle in conditions of hypokinesia on hard floors leads to change of limb setting and change of hoof shape, which is reflected in change of hoof shape, increase of hoof angle, ratio of plantar and dorsal hoof surfaces length. At the same time, the biomechanical load is redistributed between parts of the hoof so that the load on the wall increases and on the ball decreases. This may be a factor predisposing the hoof to the appearance of microtraumas, later manifested by laminites.

Four new species of the superfamily Galumnoidea (Acari: Oribatida) from Ecuador

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3481 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SERGEY G. ERMILOV ◽  
STANISLAV KALÚZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Oribatid Mite ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Pore Length ◽  
Smooth Body ◽  
First Time ◽  
Oribatid Mite Species

Four new oribatid mite species of the superfamily Galumnoidea, Pergalumna paradecoratissima sp. nov., Pergalumnaparalongisetosa sp. nov., Pergalumna ecuadorensis sp. nov. and Galumnopsis lanceosensilla sp. nov., are described fromEcuador. The genus Galumnopsis is recorded for the first time for the Ecuador. Pergalumna paradecoratissima sp. nov.is very similar in having the combination of foveolate prodorsum, striate notogaster, setiform sensilli, interlamellar setaeshorter than lamellar and rostral setae, absence of anterior notogastral margin and three pairs of notogastral porose areas,to Pergalumna decoratissima Pérez-Íñigo & Baggio, 1986 from Brazil, however it differs from the latter by morphologyof rostrum, body size, surface of anal plates and length of epimeral setae. Pergalumna paralongisetosa sp. nov. is verysimilar in having the combination of setiform sensilli, long prodorsal setae, absence of anterior notogastral margin, threepairs of notogastral porose areas and long adanal setae ad 1 and ad 2 to Pergalumna longisetosa Balogh, 1960 from CentralAfrica, however it differs from the latter by body size, lengths of sensilli and interlamellar setae, absence of medial pore,length of epimeral setae. Pergalumna ecuadorensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from all similar species by having theround rostrum, setiform sensilli, long and setiform prodorsal setae, absence of anterior notogastral margin, smooth bodysurface and three pairs of oval notogastral porose areas, and by the very long interlamellar setae. Galumnopsis lanceosen-silla sp. nov. can be distinguished from all similar species (with smooth body surface) by the morphology of sensilli which are lanceolate, with tooth in distal part.

Reproductive patterns of European pond turtles differ between sites: a small scale scenario

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-349
Author(s):  
Marco A.L. Zuffi ◽  
Elena Foschi
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Shell Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Reproductive Females ◽  
Similar Body

From 1996 to 2002, we studied the body size, measures of reproductive strategy (relative clutch mass and delayed reproduction at sexual maturity), and reproductive output (clutch frequency and annual egg production) of female European Pond turtles,Emys orbicularis, at two sites separated by 12 km in central Mediterranean Tuscany (San Rossore and Camp Darby, central northern Italy). Females did not reproduce at the first appearance of external sexual characters, but reproduced at larger sizes, probably as older turtles. Among years, reproductive females were more common than were non-reproductive females, yet both groups had similar body sizes. Body size (carapace length and width, plastron length and width, shell height and body mass) varied between localities and among years. Body size differed between reproductive and non reproductive females in Camp Darby, but not in San Rossore females. Shell volume did not vary among years, nor between localities, nor between reproductive status. Reproductive females had higher body condition indices (BCI) than did non-reproductive females, while BCI did not differ between females laying one clutch and females laying multiple clutches. Clutch size did not vary among years. One clutch per year was much more frequent than multiple clutches, and multiple clutches were more frequent in Camp Darby than in San Rossore females, likely due to differences in population structures between sites.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism in mud crabs: a tale of three sympatric Scylla species

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10936
Author(s):  
Hanafiah Fazhan ◽  
Khor Waiho ◽  
Yushinta Fujaya ◽  
Nita Rukminasari ◽  
Hongyu Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Mud Crabs

Sexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. To test the consistency of sexual dimorphism patterns among sympatric species of the same genus, ten morphometric characteristics of mud crabs Scylla olivacea, S. tranquebarica and S. paramamosain were measured and compared using Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). The descriptive analysis revealed that in all three species, body size dimensions and cheliped dimensions were significantly larger in males whereas the abdomen width was female-biased. Also, we described a morphological variation (carapace width, CW ≤ CW at spine 8, 8CW) that is unique to S. olivacea. Discriminant function analysis revealed that all nine morphometric characteristics were sexually dimorphic in S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica (except right cheliped’s merus length, ML) and S. paramamosain (except 8CW). The obtained discriminant functions based on the morphometric ratios (with CW as divisor) correctly classified 100% of adults of known sex of all three species. Further, based on the selected body traits, DFA was able to almost completely distinguish males (94%), but not females (74%), among the three Scylla species. This study highlights that congeneric species of portunids (e.g., Scylla spp.) show similar sexually dimorphic characteristics (body size and secondary sexual characteristics).

Brain evolution: How constrained is it?

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-297
Author(s):  
Georg F. Striedter
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Allometric analyses suggest that there are some developmental constraints on brain evolution. However, when one compares animals of similar body size, these constraints do not appear to be very tight. Moreover, the constraints often differ between taxonomic groups. Therefore, one may ask not only what causes developmental constraints but also how (and why) these constraints might be altered (or circumvented) during the course of evolution.

Pristina trifida sp. nov., a new soil-dwelling microannelid (Oligochaeta: Naididae) from Amazonian forest soils, with comments on species recognition in the genus

Zootaxa ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUT COLLADO ◽  
RÜDIGER M. SCHMELZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Prostate Gland ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Large Prostate ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the oligochaete genus Pristina (Naididae) is described from Central Amazonian soil and litter samples. Investigations were carried out on living and preserved material, with emphasis on characters of the soft-bodied anatomy as seen in living specimens, including the sexual organs. Regarding the chaetal pattern, Pristina trifida is almost indistinguishable from the syntopic P. silvicola Collado & Schmelz, 2000. Conspicuous differences exist, however, in the presence of a stomach with intracellular canals, in the location of the first nephridium in segment IX, and in details of the male reproductive system such as a large prostate gland and a widening of the distal part of the vas deferens. The new species resembles also a group of taxonomically problematic species, P. sima, P. minuta, and P. osborni, whose synonymy has been assumed by several authors. Pristina trifida differs from this group mainly by smaller needle and ventral chaetae and by equally long teeth in the anterior ventral chaetae. The high similarity in the chaetal pattern between P. trifida and P. silvicola implies that there are more species in Pristina than the chaetae might suggest. It further questions the accuracy of chaetae-based species identifications and synonymizations in the group of P. osborni, P. minuta, and P. sima, and possibly the genus in general.

scholarly journals Effect of Replacing Dietary Corn with Broken Rice on Goose Growth Performance, Body Size and Bare Skin Color

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuai Chen ◽  
Haiming Yang ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Xiaoli Wan ◽  
Zhiyue Wang
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broken Rice ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Similar Body

This study investigated the effect of replacing dietary corn with broken rice (BR) on goose growth performance, body size and bare skin color. In total, 240 28-day-old healthy male Yangzhou goslings with similar body weight (BW) were randomly divided into five groups, with six replicates per group and eight geese per replicate. The control group was fed with a corn-soybean meal. The BR25, BR50, BR75 and BR100 groups had 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of corn replaced with BR, respectively (corresponding to 15.95%, 31.88%, 47.63% and 62.92% of BR in the feed, respectively), each with constant metabolizable energy (ME) to crude protein (CP) ratio (ME/CP). At 28, 42, 56 and 70 d, BW and feed intake for each pen were measured. Blood was collected, and body size and bare skin color were evaluated at 70 d. The results showed that different BR replacement proportions had no effect on BW at 42, 56 or 70 d or on average daily feed intake (ADFI) or average daily gain (ADG) from 28 to 42 d (p > 0.05) but BR50 and BR75 decreased the feed/gain ratio (F/G) from 28 to 42 d (p < 0.05). From 42 to 56 d, BR75 and BR100 geese had a lower ADFI than the control geese (p < 0.05), and BR75 and BR100 geese had a lower F/G than the BR25 geese (p < 0.05). Group BR50, BR75 and BR100 geese had a lower ADFI from 56 to 70 d than the control geese (p < 0.05). From 28 to 70 d, BR50, BR75 and BR100 groups had a lower ADFI (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the control and BR25 groups had a higher flipper score than the BR50, BR75 and BR100 groups (p < 0.05), and the control group had a higher flipper score than the BR25 group (p < 0.05). All BR groups reduced the bill scoring (p < 0.05). Different BR replacement proportions did not negatively affect serum biochemical variable at 70 d (p > 0.05). Overall, under these conditions, BR can totally replace corn in goose diets, and we recommend 75% replacement of corn with BR from 28 to 70 d.

SEASONAL VARIATION IN BODY SIZE AND REPRODUCTIVE CONDITION OF A PAPER WASP, POLISTES METRICUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE)

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance M. Haggard ◽  
George J. Gamboa
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Paper Wasp ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Polistes Metricus ◽  
Colony Cycle ◽  
Similar Body

AbstractSeasonal morphometric analysis of 788 adult Polistes metricus Say showed that: (1) Queens sampled throughout the colony cycle were of similar body size but significantly smaller than fall gynes. (2) Queens’ ovaries are large in the spring, decline early in the colony cycle, peak near the mid-postemergence period and decline late in the colony cycle. (3) There are no significant correlations between head width, ovary width, and size of nest in workers or queens. (4) Early and late workers are small but workers emerging during the mid-postemergence period are large. (5) All workers and gynes emerge with small, similar sized ovaries but older workers may develop larger ovaries. (6) Queens are larger than early and late workers but the same size as workers emerging during the mid-postemergence period. (7) The class with the largest adults were intermediates collected when colonies began production of males. These adults, intermediate in fat content between workers and gynes, comprised a large proportion of females emerging late in the colony cycle. (8) The body size of gynes is independent of colony size. (9) Males were significantly more variable in body size than gynes.

Apparent source level of free-ranging humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, in the South China Sea

2014 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoko Kimura ◽  
Tomonari Akamatsu ◽  
Liang Fang ◽  
Zhitao Wang ◽  
Kexiong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Train Duration ◽  
Apparent Source ◽  
Click Train ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Passive Acoustic ◽  
Hydrophone Array ◽  
Free Ranging

The acoustic performance and behaviour of free-ranging cetaceans requires investigation under natural conditions to understand how wild animals use sound. This is also useful to develop quantitative evaluation techniques for passive acoustic monitoring. There have been limited studies on the acoustics of the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin; nevertheless, this species is of particular concern because of the anthropogenic activity in the coastal habitats. In the present study, we used a four-hydrophone array to estimate the apparent source levels (ASLs) of biosonar sequences (click trains), of this species in San-Niang Bay, China. As the dolphins approached the array, 173 click trains were found to meet the criteria of on-axis sounds produced within 60 m of the equipment. In total, 121 unclipped click trains were used for the ASL estimation. The qualified click trains contained 36.3 ± 32.5 clicks, lasting for 1.5 ± 1.5 s, with average inter-click intervals (ICIs) of 51.2 ± 38.3 ms. Average ICIs showed a bimodal distribution, with a cut-off at 20 ms. Short-range click trains, with short ICIs of <20 ms on average, were characterized by smaller ASLs, relatively stable ICIs and a shorter click train duration. The mean back-calculated ASL for humpback dolphins with an approximately maximum body size of 2.5 m was 181.7 ± 7.0 dB re 1 μPa at a distance of 1.6–57.2 m. This value was comparable to that recorded for other dolphins of similar body size, although the ASL estimates obtained in this study might be conservative.

Ingestive and Digestive Responses to Dietary Fiber and Nitrogen by 2 Macropodid Marsupials (Macropus-Robustus-Erubescens and M-R-Robustus) and a Ruminant (Capra-Hircus)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
DO Freudenberger ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fibre Plant ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Capra Hircus ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Similar Body

It has been hypothesised that large macropodids can maintain greater intakes of increasingly fibrous diets than ruminants of similar body size because of the tubular nature of the macropodid forestomach compared with the sac-like rumen. Responses to changes in levels of dietary fibre (plant cell walls) and nitrogen were examined in captive euros (Macropus robustus erubescens), wallaroos (M. r. robustus) and goats (Capra hircus). When all animals were fed pelleted isonitrogenous diets of 40, 60 and 80% barley straw, the macropodids compensated for decreasing dry matter (DM) digestibility by increasing DM intakes of the 60% and 80% straw diets. In contrast, the goats were unable to fully compensate for falling DM digestibility. Consequently, in the goat, digestible DM intakes tended (P<0.12) to decline from 43 g DM per kg0.75 per day on the 40% straw diet to 35 g DM per kg0.75 per day on the 80% straw diet. In comparison, digestible DM intakes only declined from 28 to 25 g DM per kg0.75 per day in the macropodids. When euros and goats were offered pelleted or chopped 80% straw diets, with and without dietary nitrogen (N) supplementation, pelleting improved DM intakes in both species. N supplementation had no effect on intakes of the chopped diets, but improved intakes of the pelleted diets. When euros, wallaroos and goats were fed chopped 50 and 80% straw diets, with and without N supplementation, DM and digestible DM intakes fell equally among the species on the 80% straw diet compared with the 50% straw diets. N supplementation had no effect on intakes of the 80% straw diet, but improved digestible DM intakes on the 50% straw diet. It was-concluded that the macropodids can maintain relatively greater intakes of increasingly fibrous diets if the constraint of mastication is removed by grinding and/or pelleting the feed on offer. Intakes were equally depressed among the species by increasingly fibrous chopped diets. On the 50% chopped-straw diet, maintenance dietary N requirements were 273, 364 and 413 mg N per kg0.75 per day, and truly digestible N requirements were 160, 251, 250 mg N per kg0.75 per day, in the euro, wallaroo and goat, respectively. These N requirements support the conclusion that the euro has a particularly low requirement for N, and that macropodid N requirements are often lower than those of eutherian grazers.

Functional differences of the proboscides of short- and long-tongued bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1580-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence D. Harder
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Ingestion of liquids by a short-tongued bee (Andrena carlini), recorded cinematographically, involved repeated protraction and retraction of the prementum and coordinated lapping by the glossa while the maxillae remained motionless. The action of the proboscis of a long-tongued bee (Bombus pennsylvanicus) differs from this in that the prementum remains stationary. Differences in proboscidial mechanics are associated with morphological differences, which together affect the ingestion rates observed for five species of each of the two types of bees. Although small bees of both morphological types ingested nectar at equivalent rates, large long-tongued bees were more efficient than short-tongued bees of similar body size. The relative abundance of large bees in long-tongued families in two faunas suggests that the comparative efficiencies of these two morphological conditions has had evolutionary consequences.

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