Modulation of gut microbiota by dietary macronutrients in type 2 diabetes: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Jing Hang ◽  
Oumaima Battousse ◽  
Amutha Ramadas
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Term Management

Dietary interventions have been a first-line strategy in the long-term management and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, low carbohydrate diets and ketogenic diets emerged as common dietary approaches in managing T2DM. Literature suggests macronutrients impose significant impacts on the gut microbiome related to glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and inflammation. Although there is insufficient literature on gut microbiota modulation via dietary macronutrient management, this area of study has been gradually gaining interest amongst researchers. This review describes the current evidence and summarizes specific dietary macronutrients' effects in sculpting the diverse gut microbiome. Potential crucial research concepts could help develop macronutrient-specific diets to modulate gut microbiota beneficial to T2DM management and pathogenesis.

An alcohol-free beer enriched with isomaltulose and a resistant dextrin modulates gut microbiome in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Mateo-Gallego ◽  
Isabel Moreno-Indias ◽  
Ana M. Bea ◽  
Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado ◽  
Antonio J. Fumanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Resistant Dextrin ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

An alcohol-free beer including the substitution of regular carbohydrates for low doses of isomaltulose and maltodextrin within meals significantly impacts gut microbiota in diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolla ◽  
Caretto ◽  
Laurenzi ◽  
Scavini ◽  
Piemonti
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Reducing Carbohydrates

Low-carb and ketogenic diets are popular among clinicians and patients, but the appropriateness of reducing carbohydrates intake in obese patients and in patients with diabetes is still debated. Studies in the literature are indeed controversial, possibly because these diets are generally poorly defined; this, together with the intrinsic complexity of dietary interventions, makes it difficult to compare results from different studies. Despite the evidence that reducing carbohydrates intake lowers body weight and, in patients with type 2 diabetes, improves glucose control, few data are available about sustainability, safety and efficacy in the long-term. In this review we explored the possible role of low-carb and ketogenic diets in the pathogenesis and management of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Furthermore, we also reviewed evidence of carbohydrates restriction in both pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, through gut microbiota modification, and treatment of type 1 diabetes, addressing the legitimate concerns about the use of such diets in patients who are ketosis-prone and often have not completed their growth.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota and their metabolic contribution to type 2 diabetes and obesity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Cunningham ◽  
J. W. Stephens ◽  
D. A. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common, chronic metabolic disorders with associated significant long-term health problems at global epidemic levels. It is recognised that gut microbiota play a central role in maintaining host homeostasis and through technological advances in both animal and human models it is becoming clear that gut microbiota are heavily involved in key pathophysiological roles in the aetiology and progression of both conditions. This review will focus on current knowledge regarding microbiota interactions with short chain fatty acids, the host inflammatory response, signaling pathways, integrity of the intestinal barrier, the interaction of the gut-brain axis and the subsequent impact on the metabolic health of the host.

scholarly journals Type 2 diabetes in women of reproductive age

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Williams ◽  
Kathryn Evans Kreider
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Nurse Practitioners ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in women of reproductive age ranges from 3% to 7%. Due to the common nature of this condition, it is imperative for nurse practitioners who care for women to understand evidence-based methods of diabetes management. The aim of this article is to describe current screening and diagnostic criteria for type 2 diabetes, discuss current evidence-based management and patient education necessary to prevent long-term complications, and provide the tools for a healthy reproductive plan in women with type 2 diabetes from puberty until menopause. Diabetes management extends well beyond glucose control, and nurse practitioners should be attuned to all factors that can impact cardiovascular risk and quality of life.

scholarly journals Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate–high-fat diet recommendable?

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1301-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Brouns
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

Abstract In the past, different types of diet with a generally low-carbohydrate content (< 50–< 20 g/day) have been promoted, for weight loss and diabetes, and the effectiveness of a very low dietary carbohydrate content has always been a matter of debate. A significant reduction in the amount of carbohydrates in the diet is usually accompanied by an increase in the amount of fat and to a lesser extent, also protein. Accordingly, using the term “low carb–high fat” (LCHF) diet is most appropriate. Low/very low intakes of carbohydrate food sources may impact on overall diet quality and long-term effects of such drastic diet changes remain at present unknown. This narrative review highlights recent metabolic and clinical outcomes of studies as well as practical feasibility of low LCHF diets. A few relevant observations are as follows: (1) any diet type resulting in reduced energy intake will result in weight loss and related favorable metabolic and functional changes; (2) short-term LCHF studies show both favorable and less desirable effects; (3) sustained adherence to a ketogenic LCHF diet appears to be difficult. A non-ketogenic diet supplying 100–150 g carbohydrate/day, under good control, may be more practical. (4) There is lack of data supporting long-term efficacy, safety and health benefits of LCHF diets. Any recommendation should be judged in this light. (5) Lifestyle intervention in people at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, while maintaining a relative carbohydrate-rich diet, results in long-term prevention of progression to type 2 diabetes and is generally seen as safe.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of a Very Low Carbohydrate Compared With a High Carbohydrate Diet on Renal Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes

Medicine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 94 (47) ◽  
pp. e2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannie Tay ◽  
Campbell H. Thompson ◽  
Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh ◽  
Manny Noakes ◽  
Jonathan D. Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
High Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Low Carbohydrate

scholarly journals Analyzing Type 2 Diabetes Associations with the Gut Microbiome in Individuals from Two Ethnic Backgrounds Living in the Same Geographic Area

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3289
Author(s):  
Manon Balvers ◽  
Mélanie Deschasaux ◽  
Bert-Jan van den Born ◽  
Koos Zwinderman ◽  
Max Nieuwdorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Functional Pathways ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

It is currently unknown whether associations between gut microbiota composition and type 2 diabetes (T2D) differ according to the ethnic background of individuals. Thus, we studied these associations in participants from two ethnicities characterized by a high T2D prevalence and living in the same geographical area, using the Healthy Life In Urban Settings (HELIUS) study. We included 111 and 128 T2D participants on metformin (Met-T2D), 78 and 49 treatment-naïve T2D (TN-T2D) participants, as well as a 1:1 matched group of healthy controls from, respectively, African Surinamese and South-Asian Surinamese descent. Fecal microbiome profiles were obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Univariate and machine learning analyses were used to explore the associations between T2D and the composition and function of the gut microbiome in both ethnicities, comparing Met-T2D and TN-T2D participants to their respective healthy control. We found a lower α-diversity for South-Asian Surinamese TN-T2D participants but no significant associations between TN-T2D status and the abundance of bacterial taxa or functional pathways. In African Surinamese participants, we did not find any association between TN-T2D status and the gut microbiome. With respect to Met-T2D participants, we identified several bacterial taxa and functional pathways with a significantly altered abundance in both ethnicities. More alterations were observed in South-Asian Surinamese. Some altered taxa and pathways observed in both ethnicities were previously related to metformin use. This included a strong negative association between the abundance of Romboutsia and Met-T2D status. Other bacterial taxa were consistent with previous observations in T2D, including reduced butyrate producers such as Anaerostipes hadrus. Hence, our results highlighted both shared and unique gut microbial biomarkers of Met-T2D in individuals from different ethnicities but living in the same geographical area. Future research using higher-resolution shotgun sequencing is needed to clarify the role of ethnicity in the association between T2D and gut microbiota composition.

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