scholarly journals A Glance of China with Lewis' Two Sector Growth Modelling: Has Been Reached to Growth Limit?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Nişancı ◽  
Selahattin Sarı ◽  
Aslı Cansın Doker ◽  
Ahmet Alkan Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Rural Workforce ◽  
Authoritarian Government ◽  
Industrialization Process ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Growth Limit

The growth model developed by Lewis depends on availability of cheap and sustainable labor and this can be explained by a country on the path of industrialization, rural / urban population in the agricultural sector / industry is the labor store. In this approach, which is based on in particular the labor-intensive growth model, the labor demand that the investments will need, will be met by the rural labor store. In Lewis's model, it is important to prevent uncontrolled migration to the urban area in order for the mechanism to function. This, however, is only possible with a very authoritarian government aspect. In this framework, China's industrialization process is worthy of examination in the Lewis model's perspective. In the study, urbanization and its dynamics were analyzed in China between 1960 and 2015 by RStduio programming. Thus, research has been conducted on how long the industrialization of China, which constitutes the dynamics of economic development, can be sustained by the function of rural workforce storage. According to the analysis by the HoltWinters method, it can be said that the Chinese economy's growth form based on the labor store will continue for the next 20 years. However, according to findings, it can be argued that when China reaches the limits of this growth form, socio-economic inertia will become inevitable if it does not push the capital-intensive and transition to technology-containing growth phase.

scholarly journals Integration Efforts in Agriculture

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Judit Beke Lisányi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Consumer Prices ◽  
Downward Pressure ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Capital Intensive

The economic and political transition brought many challenges for the Hungarian agricultural sector. The break-up of large agricultural holdings had serious negative impacts on food production and on the export of agricultural products. Capital intensive profit-seeking intermediaries dominate the trading of agricultural goods that has injurious effects in terms of downward pressure on production prices and an increase in consumer prices. Cooperatives have a key role in effectively tackling the common challenges that small-scale producers have to face. More vertical integration along the food chain could contribute to providing rural employment and to an increase in living standards in rural areas. This study reviews the development, the specific features and the driving forces of modern cooperatives in Central Europe in general, and in Hungary in particular. The focus is on the integrator role of cooperatives and their future role in our globalised world. JEL Classification: Q10, Q13

scholarly journals Tarım Sektöründe İşgücü Terminolojisinin Tanımlanması

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Zeki Bayramoğlu ◽  
Merve Bozdemir
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
Total Labor

Labor is the efficient part of the population in production. Total labor supply that occurs subject to the developments in the population and labor demand that shapes according to the economic conditions; are two basic elements of market formation. Labor markets can be defined as a social organization where supply and demand are met and wage occurs. Labor market among all market structures are in such position that is significantly affected by other units of the economy and highly affects them due to its functioning and features. Therefore, during the production process and planning, it is necessary to analyze the labor markets in detail. The agricultural labor market within the labor markets which forms the basis of the economy and contributes to other markets from various sources, needs to be analyzed. The agricultural labor should be analyzed and classified because of the following reasons; the agricultural labor has direct contribution in the use of natural resources and capital elements in agricultural sector; the labor is used more intensively in the unit area in agricultural activities compared to other sectors; transfer of labor is realized from the agricultural sector to other sectors; agricultural labor composes the source of the hidden unemployment and structural unemployment. In addition, labor in agricultural sector should be classified in order to determine the types of labor force to be used in data formation for public institutions / organizations and to facilitate access to the correct decision processes in the projects and policies to be created by contributing to obtaining reliable statistical data. In line with those determined objectives, this study was carried out to determine the types of labor force in the agricultural sector, to combine the conceptual definitions made and to provide semantic integrity in the literature.

Provincial Total Factor Productivity in Vietnamese Agriculture and Its Determinants

2014 ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Bao Ho Dinh
Keyword(s):  
Total Factor Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Land Quality ◽  
Land Fragmentation ◽  
Output Structure ◽  
Capital Intensive

This paper was designed to capture the determinants of the agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) level across 60 provinces in Vietnam during the period 1990-2006. The TFP level in Tornqvist form was used to regress on 4 groups of determinants: omitted inputs of agricultural production process; quality of inputs used in agricultural production; technology factors; and output structure. The estimated results showed that: (i) Vietnam’s agricultural sector became relatively more capital intensive; (ii) South provinces were more productive, while North Midlands and Central Coast tended to lag further behind; (iii) labour mobility played a very important role in resources accumulation in agriculture in Vietnam, and so in improving TFP; and (iv) agricultural TFP was significantly influenced by land quality, farm size and land fragmentation.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Labor Demand and Supply in the Sugarcane Industry of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Reinaldo Calero ◽  
Parimal Choudbury ◽  
George E. Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Daily Wage ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

Farm-labor demand and supply relations were estimated for the agricultural sector of the sugarcane industry. The analysis is based on time-series data for the period covering 1950-51 to 1965-66. A linear regression model was used because of its suitability and convenience. The results indicated that about 89 percent of the variation (R2 = 0.8908) of farm-labor requirements could be accounted for by the combined effects of: 1, Annual acreages of sugarcane grown; 2, labor productivity per man-day; and 3, average wage for hired farm-labor. The equation for the postulated functional relationship indicates that an increase of 1 acre of sugarcane land is associated with an increase in demand of 16.23 man-days of farm hired labor. In the opposite direction, an increase in labor productivity of 0.10 of cane per man-day and $1 in average daily wage tend to reduce farm labor demand by 902,800 man-days and 1,809,500 man-days, respectively. On the other hand, it was postulated that the quantity of labor available to the agricultural sector of the sugarcane industry is a function of: 1, Average daily wage paid for hired farm labor; 2, population change; and 3, period of time. The estimated response function strongly supported this postulation. About 96 percent of the variation (R2 = 0.9596) in labor availability in the agricultural sector of the sugarcane industry is explained by these three variables. Both factors, population growth and higher wages for hired farm labor, tend to increase labor availability in the agricultural sector of the sugarcane industry, but in the long run, changing conditions related to time cause the opposite. For instance, an increase of $1 in average daily wage for farm labor and one unit change in the index of population are associated, respectively, with an increase of 854,000 and 367,000 man-days in the quantity of labor available. But, over time, labor availability in this sector of the sugarcane industry is associated with a reduction of 1,607,000 man-days according to the estimated response function.

The Household and Class Formation: Determinants of Residential Location in Ciudad Juaréz

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
El Paso ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Ciudad Juarez ◽  
Regional Labor Market ◽  
Regional Labor ◽  
Manufacturing Activity ◽  
Industrialization Process ◽  
The City

An increasing number of jobs in the Ciudad Juárez-El Paso region is directly attributable to the growth of export-oriented manufacturing activity. These jobs, particularly those in Ciudad Juarez, tend to be at the bottom of the production hierarchy, low-skilled, and impermanent. Sectoral diversification in the regional labor market is being accompanied by homogenization of skills required for available jobs. Analysis of a survey of 1236 households in Ciudad Juárez indicates how they are responding to the changing character of labor demand. The households most directly affected by the industrialization process, those of the maquiladora or assembly-plant work force, arc compared with other types of households in the city. In addition, determinants of income in spatial sectors of the city are analyzed.

The Role of Agriculture in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
pp. 299-316
Author(s):  
Nyanjige Mbembela Mayala
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Support Employment ◽  
Industrialization Process

Agriculture's importance to industrialization efforts in Tanzania goes far beyond its direct impact on the manufacturing sector, but on farmers' incomes, economic stability, and reduction of poverty. The challenges are on both sides; agricultural development initiatives are needed on one hand while manufacturing obstacles are supposed to be dealt with on the other hand. Using literature review approach, the study found that there should be a balance between infrastructure development and agricultural support so that the two may support well the industrialization process. Massive efforts have been myths to the smooth changes which call for serious attention to the planners to review strategies, policies and programme. On the other hand, the potentials of the agricultural sector are observed to support the industrialization process in Tanzania. The potentials include food security, private investments support, employment, and exports enhancement and supply strain stabilization through various crops and produce.

scholarly journals HOW MUCH HEAVIER IS A “HOE” FOR WOMEN? WAGE GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-62
Author(s):  
Kalu Soraia Schwaab ◽  
Vanessa Rabelo Dutra ◽  
Paulo Fernando Marschner ◽  
Paulo Sergio Ceretta
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Wage Differentials ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Rural Labor

This paper aims at analyzing the existence of wage differentials by genders in the agricultural labor market in the Brazilian rural area, with the purpose of verifying if the differentials are due to differences in explained characteristics or discriminatory. Equations were estimated and the wage differential detailed decomposition with microdata from the PNAD 2015 with the Heckman's correction. The method used was the decomposition of Oaxaca-Blinder. The main results show that the wage/hour of men is 157.62% higher than that of women, and the effect of discrimination is 108.38% this gap. The main conclusion indicates that the gender wage differential decreases with the formality of work and with the increase of hours worked by women. It is worth nothing that the results provide the visualization of gender discrimination in the rural labor market, adding contributions to the empirical studies on wage differentials.

scholarly journals Efficiency in the Rice Farming: Evidence from Northwest Bangladesh

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Shokhrukh-Mirzo Jalilov ◽  
Mohammed Mainuddin ◽  
Md. Maniruzzaman ◽  
Md. Mahbubul Alam ◽  
Md. Towfiqul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Efficiency Frontier ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Rural Workforce ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Rice production takes a leading role in the agricultural sector of Bangladesh contributing to 35% of the gross value added of total agricultural production (December 2011), employing 48% of the rural workforce. While the country achieved self-sufficiency in rice, continuous population growth requires Bangladesh to further increase the production of this staple cereal. However, considering the steady decline of the cropped area and available rural workforce, such increase could be reached by increasing the efficiency in rice production. This study aims to examine the resource use efficiency and its drivers in the performance of rice farms in the Northwest region of Bangladesh, which is considered as the food bowl of the country. The study applied a two-stage approach of Data Envelopment Analysis followed by Ordinary Least Squares to estimate the impact of contextual variables on rice production. The empirical research results show that 83% of rice farms among the sample of 184 farms are efficient being located on efficiency frontier, while the 2% farms are inefficient and could improve their efficiency. The remaining 15% of farms are at level that is close to the efficiency frontier. Such factors as the cost of irrigation, pest control, and crop harvesting and carrying are the main drivers of efficiency amongst the considered rice farms.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE PROSPECTS OF INCREASING RURAL LABOR COSTS IN RUSSIAN REGIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
N.M. SVETLOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
Labor Resources ◽  
Unused Capacity ◽  
Positive Effect

The paper proposes the methodology for estimating the effect of climate change on the prospects of increasing agricultural workers’ wages and the stocks reserved for wages, providing this capacity is employed. The methodology relies on the scenario analysis, which is conducted using the economic model of partial equilibrium in the agricultural markets of Russia’s regions (federal subjects). The capability of increasing agricultural workers’ wages is measured by means of the shadow prices of regional agricultural labor resources. It has been found that in the majority of the federal subjects the wages in agriculture are economically reasonable and the same situation extends to the modelled warming scenario. However, 21 federal subjects are characterized by the unused capacity of wages increase in agriculture. The prevailing influence of climate warming on this capacity is negative for all but five regions (federal subjects), where the effect is opposite. The largest positive effect is possible in the Orel region and Zabaykalsky krai. The study entails two practical conclusions: it is recommended, first, to eliminate obstacles to the use of the existing capabilities for higher wages, including those that emerge due to the failures in risk management; second, to proactively respond to reduced demand in agricultural workers caused by warming via distributing the funds aimed at developing alternative labor and entrepreneurship opportunities according to the expected labor demand reduction in a particular region.

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