Pathomorphological changes in internal organs in acute poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (according to the data of the Bureau of forensic medical expertise)

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
A. G. Sinenchenko ◽  
A. N. Lodyagin ◽  
T. V. Gorbacheva ◽  
G. I. Sinenchenko ◽  
B. V. Batotsyrenov
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Fatal Poisoning ◽  
Medical Expertise ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hydroxybutanoic Acid

The aim of the study was to establish objective reliable morphological signs of fatal poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (4-HBA).Material and methods. The 49 acts of forensic medical examination of corpses with «Acute poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid» as the main cause of death were analyzed. The work was done in the Saint Petersburg Bureau of Forensic Medical Expertise.The results of morphological (macro - and microscopic) as well as forensic chemical studies of biological tissues were evaluated.The results were statistically processed using Statistic for Windows software (version 10). The numerical characteristics of the variables (M ± SD, Me [Q25; Q75]), χ2 — Pearson's criterion, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were applied for statistical processing.Results. The average lethal dose of 4-HBA in arterial blood was found to be equal to 273,6 ± 125,1 mg/l. In a forensic chemical study the combined use of 4-HBA and other narcotic substances (NS) and psychoactive substances (PAS) was diagnosed in 48.9% of cases. Of the causes leading to death, non-violent and «non-criminal» death due to 4-HBA poisoning was established more often - in 67.3% (33) of cases, a fall of the victim from a height with a fatal outcome - in 22.4% (11), less often violent death as a result of blunt and acute trauma - in 4.09% (2) cases.Among the macroscopic signs of acute lethal poisoning with 4-HBA were an increased mass of internal organs (heart, lungs, spleen, liver) in direct connection with the concentration of the toxicant in the blood. Microscopic signs of acute lethal poisoning by a toxicant included blood circulation features characteristic of sudden death.Concomitant pathology was diagnosed in 32.6% of cases in the form of degenerative changes in internal organs. In turn, hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were detected in 26.5% (13) of the dead.Conclusions. Thus, the signs characteristic for acute fatal poisoning with 4-HBA include the features of hemocirculation characteristic of sudden death. The brain is most severely affected, which is manifested by destructive edema. Poisoning is also characterized by the presence of serous pulmonary edema. Macroscopic signs of poisoning were revealed, including an increase in the weight of the heart, lungs, spleen and liver in direct connection with the concentration of the toxicant in the blood.It should be noted that the concomitant pathology in the form of dystrophic changes in the internal organs indicates the long-term nature of the use of the toxicant leading to pronounced metabolic disorders.

Mechanism of hemoglobin-induced protection against endotoxemia in rats: a ferritin-independent pathway

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (2) ◽  
pp. L268-L275 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Otterbein ◽  
B. Y. Chin ◽  
S. L. Otterbein ◽  
V. C. Lowe ◽  
H. E. Fessler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Serum Lactate ◽  
Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Normal Mean

Hemoglobin (Hb) induces heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which catalyzes the breakdown of heme to bilirubin, and ferritin. Rats pretreated with Hb have been shown to survive lethal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; see L. Otterbein, S. L. Sylvester, and A. M. Choi. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13: 595-601, 1995). The physiological basis of this increased survival and the mechanism(s) involved in the protection against LPS by Hb are unknown. Here we investigated 1) the effects of Hb on the hemodynamic and biochemical parameters of LPS-induced tissue injury and 2) the mechanism(s) by which Hb conferred protection against shock and tissue injury. Hb-treated rats maintained normal mean arterial blood pressure, whereas control rats experienced cardiovascular collapse after a lethal dose of LPS. Hepatic and renal functions, peripheral white blood cells, serum lactate dehydrogenase, and phosphate also remained normal after LPS in Hb-treated rats. Hb also attenuated LPS-induced neutrophil alveolitis and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Pretreatment with both desferoxamine, which, like ferritin, can bind iron, and with exogenous apoferritin failed to protect against LPS. In contrast, treatment with Hb plus desferoxamine, which induced HO-1 but not ferritin, did protect against LPS. Treatment with iron-dextran, which induced ferritin but not HO-1, did not protect against LPS. We conclude that Hb pretreatment reduces the inflammatory and physiological consequences of LPS and that the Hb-induced protection against LPS is dependent on HO-1 and not ferritin induction.

scholarly journals Residual entanglement and sudden death: A direct connection

2011 ◽  
Vol 375 (48) ◽  
pp. 4255-4260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G.G. de Oliveira ◽  
J.G. Peixoto de Faria ◽  
M.C. Nemes
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Direct Connection

In vivo protection studies of bis-quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK oximes) against tabun and soman poisoning in Swiss albino mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1270-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kumar ◽  
D Swami ◽  
DP Nagar ◽  
KP Singh ◽  
J Acharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ache Activity ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Brain Ache Activity ◽  
Protection Index

The study reports antidotal efficacy of three HNK [ bis quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives] and pralidoxime (2-PAM), against soman and tabun poisoning in Swiss albino mice. Protection index (PI) was determined (treatment doses: HNK oximes, ×0.20 of their median lethal dose (LD50) and 2-PAM, 30 mg/kg, intramuscularly (im)) together with atropine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Probit log doses with difference of 0.301 log of LD50 of the nerve agents administered and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 50% (IC50) was calculated at optimized time in brain and serum. Using various doses of tabun and soman (subcutaneously (sc)), in multiples of their IC50, AChE reactivation ability of the oximes was studied. Besides, acute toxicity (0.8× LD50, im, 24 h postexposure) of HNK-102 and 2-PAM was also compared by determining biochemical, hematological variables and making histopathological observations. Protection offered by HNK-102 against tabun poisoning was found to be four times higher compared to 2-PAM. However, nearly equal protection was noted with all the four oximes against soman poisoning. HNK-102 reactivated brain AChE activity by 1.5 times more than 2-PAM at IC50 dose of soman and tabun. Acute toxicity studies of HNK-102 and 2-PAM showed sporadic changes in urea, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, and so on compared to control group, however, not supported by histopathological investigations. The present investigation showed superiority of newly synthesized HNK-102 oxime over standard 2-PAM, as a better antidote, against acute poisoning of tabun (4.00 times) and soman (1.04 times), in Swiss albino mice.

scholarly journals Toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) to juvenile catfish, Clarias batrachus

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Shafina Shawon Sharmin ◽  
Md Baki Billah ◽  
Md Kawser Ahmed ◽  
Md Abdus Salam
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Clarias Batrachus ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
Different Tissues

Effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on Clarias batrachus in the aquarium at a sub lethal dose of 0, 15, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mg/l for a chronic exposure period of 120 days were evaluated. The histopathological alterations in different tissues from brain, gill and liver were examined in fishes showed abnormal behaviors. Such as rupture of hepatocytes, congestion, necrosis pyknosis, cellular infiltration, and degenerative changes. In case of liver, individualization of hepetocytes, mild necrosis, vacuolation, pyknosis and hemorrhage were observed. These results suggest that NaF affects severely on the tissues of the internal organs leading to threat of life and survival. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 22(1): 1-7, 2013 (January)

scholarly journals The Influence of Anticholinergic Drug and Oxime Selection on the Effectiveness of Antidotal Treatment Against Tabun-Induced Poisoning in Mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Kassa
Keyword(s):  
Anticholinergic Drug ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Anticholinergic Drugs ◽  
Drug Selection ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Hi 6 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators

1. The influence of oximes (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6) and anticholinergic drugs (atropine, benactyzine, biperiden, scopolamine) on the effectiveness of antidotal treatment to eliminate tabun-induced lethal effects was studied in mice. 2. Obidoxime seems to be the most efficacious oxime for the elimination of tabun-induced lethal effects in mice, although the difference in the efficacy of obidoxime and HI-6 is not significant when they are combined with atropine. 3. Obidoxime and HI-6 when combined with centrally acting anticholinergic drugs (benactyzine, biperiden and scopolamine) seem to be more efficacious in the elimination of toxic effects of the lethal dose of tabun than their combination with atropine. 4. The findings support the hypothesis that the choice of acetylcholinesterase reactivators as well as the anticholinergic drug selection are important for the effectiveness of antidotal mixture in the case of antidotal treatment of tabun-induced acute poisoning.

scholarly journals When the disease goes beyond the skin, changes in the skin can be a sign of systemic disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
L. A. Khachatryan ◽  
D. M. Nikolaeva ◽  
A. P. Shcherbakov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Coarctation Of The Aorta ◽  
Infantile Hemangioma ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Skin Changes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cranial Fossa

Infantile hemangioma may be accompanied by malformations of internal organs and blood vessels. In 1996 PHACE syndrome was defined as a disease which is characterized by the association of segmental infantile hemangioma with localization in the head/neck region and the presence of malformations in the posterior cranial fossa, abnormalities of arterial blood vessels including coarctation of the aorta, heart defects, as well as malformations of the eyes and central nervous system. This article presents a clinical case of a child who was diagnosed this syndrome at the age of 1.5 months based on the presence of segmental hemangioma, as well as large and small criteria specific for this disease. In addition to the main symptoms, the child had an accompanying pathology: Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome. Therapy with non-selective b-blockers and polychemotherapy allowed stopping already developed and prevent possible complications associated with this syndrome. Parents gave their consent to use information about the child, including fotos, in the article.

scholarly journals Differential diagnostics of the presence of damage by the method of digital polarization mapping of microsocopy images of hystological sections of human organs

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Litvinenko ◽  
Oleh Vanchulyak ◽  
Irina Soltys ◽  
Olga Mikhailova ◽  
Artem Motrich
Keyword(s):  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Microscopic Images ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Ellipticity Of Polarization

The article presents the results of experimental testing of methods of azimuthal-invariant polarization mapping of microscopic images of samples of histological sections of the myocardium and lung tissue; time monitoring of changes in the magnitude of statistical moments of the 1-4th orders, characterizing the distributions of the azimuth and ellipticity of polarization of microscopic images of myocardial and lung tissue samples with different age of damage; determination of the diagnostic efficiency (time interval and accuracy) of establishing the age of damage to human internal organs by digital histological methods of mapping azimuth maps and polarization ellipticity of microscopic images. Aim of the work. Development of a digital histology technique for samples of human internal organs. Materials and methods. The object of the study was the histology of samples of human internal organs (myocardium, lung tissue) with different duration of damage from 1 hour to 120 hours. For control, we used BT samples from those who died from coronary artery disease with different duration of damage from 1 hour to 120 hours. The studies were carried out using the method of digital polarization mapping of microscopic images of histological sections of biological tissues of human internal organs. Results. Revealed the following ranges ramp variation quantity statistics polarizing digital histology and accuracy of the limitation of damage: a. Arts azimuth polarization microscopic image of a magnification ×40 (asymmetry – 12 hours, kurtosis – 12 hours, accuracy – 55-60 min), maps of ellipticity of polarization of microscopic images with a magnification of ×40 (asymmetry – 12 hours, kurtosis – 12 hours, accuracy – 65-75 min). Conclusions. Scenarios of changes in the statistical structure of maps of azimuth and ellipticity of polarization of microscopic images of histological sections of human internal organs have been determined - with an increase in the duration of damage, the value of the mean and variance decreases, the asymmetry and kurtosis increase.

M16-Type Metallopeptidases Are Involved in Virulence for Invasiveness and Diffusion of Leptospira interrogans and Transmission of Leptospirosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1020
Author(s):  
Yu-Mei Ge ◽  
Ai-Hua Sun ◽  
David M Ojcius ◽  
Shi-Jun Li ◽  
Wei-Lin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Matrix Proteins ◽  
Leptospira Interrogans ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Cell Monolayers ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
And Diffusion

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic infectious disease caused by Leptospira interrogans. The pathogen rapidly invades into hosts and diffuses from bloodstream into internal organs and excretes from urine to cause transmission of leptospirosis. However, the mechanism of leptospiral invasiveness remains poorly understood. Methods Proteolytic activity of M16-type metallopeptidases (Lep-MP1/2/3) of L. interrogans was determined by spectrophotometry. Expression and secretion of Lep-MP1/2/3 during infection of cells were detected by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot assay, and confocal microscopy. Deletion and complementation mutants of the genes encoding Lep-MP1/2/3 were generated to determine the roles of Lep-MP1/2/3 in invasiveness using transwell assay and virulence in hamsters. Results Leptospira interrogans but not saprophytic Leptospira biflexa strains were detectable for Lep-MP-1/2/3-encoding genes. rLep-MP1/2/3 hydrolyzed extracellular matrix proteins, but rLep-MP1/3 displayed stronger proteolysis than rLep-MP2, with 123.179/340.136 μmol/L Km and 0.154/0.159 s-1 Kcat values. Expression, secretion and translocation of Lep-MP1/2/3 during infection of cells were increased. ΔMP1/3 but not ΔMP2 mutant presented attenuated transmigration through cell monolayers, decreased leptospiral loading in the blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, and urine, and 10/13-fold decreased 50% lethal dose and milder histopathologic injury in hamsters. Conclusions Lep-MP1 and 3 are involved in virulence of L. interrogans in invasion into hosts and diffusion in vivo, and transmission of leptospirosis.

THE PATOMORFOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RATS POIISONED WITH CYANOPYRETHROID AND USAGE OF THERAPEUTIC DRUGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-349
Author(s):  
G.R. Yamalova ◽  
◽  
K.F. Khalikova ◽  
A.V. Malanev ◽  
D.V. Aleуev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Sedative Effect ◽  
Sodium Bromide ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Negative Effect

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of medicinal products consisting of dipyroxime, sodium bromide, pyridoxine and phenazepam with diosmectite on pathomorphological changes in the internal organs of white rats with β-cypermethrin poisoning in an average lethal dose. The results of the study showed that the most pronounced effect of the pesticide has on the liver, kidneys, and brain. Necrobiological and dystrophic changes were noted. The use of a therapeutic agent consisting of dipyroxime, sodium bromide and pyridoxine leads to a decrease in the negative effect of the pesticide on the liver, brain and kidneys. The use of phenazepam and diosmectite leads to a sedative effect on animals, and promotes the adsorption and excretion of β-cypermethrin from the animal body.

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