Nochmals zur Kataphora im Älteren Ägyptisch

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
Carsten Peust
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Semantic Constraint ◽  
The Subject

“Once more on Earlier Egyptian cataphora” -- This is a supplement to Uljas’ recent paper on cataphora in Earlier Egyptian. Opposing his suggestion of a semantic constraint in the use of cataphora, I argue that the principal constraint in Egyptian cataphora is a syntactic one: A personal pronoun may only receive a cataphoric interpretation if it refers to the subject of the clause.

scholarly journals Revealing the Meanings of Prince Harry’s First Speech after Royal Split: Systemic Functional Grammar Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-375
Author(s):  
Widi Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Mental Process ◽  
Functional Grammar ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Systemic Functional Grammar ◽  
The People ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Grammar Analysis ◽  
Media Power

The speech is delivered by Prince Harry. Three areas of SFG are applied to analyze the speech. The result shows that in terms of ideational metafunction, material, and mental processes are 2 highest occurrences in the speech. It happens since the speaker displays all his concrete actions including doing charity and meeting many people of his country. Through mental process, it shows that he involves his senses to communicate the language in his mind. Three types of mental process, namely cognition, affection, and perception are found in the speech indicating his empathy to the people towards the news of the royal split. The interpersonal metafunction shows that he does take sides on the wife and family. Using modality, he employs that the media power force creates huge speculations among the citizens. They accuse his wife for bringing bad impacts for him. By applying high commitment of modality, he reassures people that his wife is not the cause of the split. He also requests the people to love her as much as they love him. The modality shows that the split will not change the commitment he has for serving the country. The polarity displays a clarification that the decision of splitting is taken after long consideration. The personal pronoun ‘I’ shows that the speaker is the subject matter of the speech. The textual metafunction in the speech shows that unmarked theme deploys the idea that it is a declarative speech which functions to give information or clarification. The additional conjunction is used to explore detailed information people must know.

scholarly journals The interpretation of German personal pronouns and d-pronouns

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-190
Author(s):  
Markus Bader ◽  
Yvonne Portele
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Function

Abstract Three experiments investigated the interpretation and production of pronouns in German. The first two experiments probed the preferred interpretation of a pronoun in contexts containing two potential antecedents by having participants complete a sentence fragment starting either with a personal pronoun or a d-pronoun. We systematically varied three properties of the potential antecedents: syntactic function, linear position, and topicality. The results confirm a subject preference for personal pronouns. The preferred interpretation of d-pronouns cannot be captured by any of the three factors alone. Although a d-pronoun preferentially refers to the non-topic in many cases, this preference can be overridden by the other two factors, linear position and syntactic function. In order to test whether interpretive preferences follow from production biases as proposed by the Bayesian theory of Kehler et al. (2008), a third experiment had participants freely produce a continuation sentence for the contexts of the first two experiments. The results show that personal pronouns are used more often to refer to a subject than to an object, recapitulating the subject preference found for interpretation and thereby confirming the account of Kehler et al. (2008). The interpretation results for the d-pronoun likewise follow from the corresponding production data.

The development of person agreement and the cliticization of personal pronouns in Batsbi

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Finite Form ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Noun Class ◽  
Person Agreement

Abstract Most Nakh-Daghestanian languages have gender (or noun class) agreement in the verb, but do not have person agreement. This is the case with Chechen and Ingush, which are genetically the closest to Batsbi. Batsbi, by contrast, has developed person agreement with the subject in the verb along with gender agreement. This is assumed to be due to the strong influence of Georgian, which has long been the second language of Batsbi speakers. In Georgian, the verb shows person agreement with the subject as well as with the direct or indirect object. Present-day Batsbi, presumably inspired by the polypersonal agreement of Georgian, further develops the cliticization of non-subject personal pronouns. To put it simply, it seems as though Batsbi attempts to express what a Georgian verb may encode in a single, finite form by means of a verb and a personal pronoun that is cliticized to it.

Inversion after Clause-Initial Adverbs in Old English: The Special Status of þa, þonne, nu, and swa

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Cichosz
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Information Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Syntactic Behavior ◽  
Diachronic Changes

This study is a corpus-based analysis of clause-initial adverbs and their ability to invert pronominal and nominal subjects in Old English (OE) prose. There is a limited set of adverbs, referred to as “operators” in generative studies of OE syntax, which may cause inversion of personal pronoun subjects; these are þa, þonne, nu, and swa. In this study, numerous differences between the syntactic behavior of these adverbs are revealed, showing that they should not be treated as a syntactically coherent group. The analysis is focused on various factors that have an impact on inversion rates of the adverbs: the presence of the interjection hwæt before the adverb the frequency of correlation, Latin influence on translated texts, information status of the subject, semantic differences and the extra-clausal status of the adverb, as well as diachronic changes within the OE period.

scholarly journals Comparison of Personal Pronoun between Arabic and Its Indonesian Translation of Koran

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markhamah ◽  
Abdul Ngalim ◽  
Muhammad Muinudinillah Basri ◽  
Atiqa Sabardila
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Person Pronoun ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Linguistic Units

The system of pronoun in Indonesian language and Arabic is diverse. This becomes the main consideration of the emergence of the current study. This comparative-descriptive-qualitative study aims at comparing the Indonesian translation of Quran with its Arabic version to differentiate pronouns of both languages in relation to gender (male, female, neutral), grammatical categories of number (singular, plural, dual), and tenses (past, present, and future). Al-Qur’an which is written in Arabic is then compared to the Indonesian translation of it. Moreover, the objects of the research are personal pronouns and the data are all linguistic units consisting of personal pronouns in the Indonesian translation of Quran compared to its Arabic version. The data were collected through content analysis. Then, the comparative and distributional methods were employed to analyze the data. The findings show that in terms of gender, personal pronoun has different translation in the two languages. Indonesian does not distinguish the personal pronoun that refers to male or female, while Arabic does. In terms of quantity, Indonesian first person pronoun kami ‘we’ is commonly used for plural. However in the translated verses, kami ‘we’ refers to both singular and plural. Furthermore, in terms of tenses, Indonesian and Arabic utilize different systems. Indonesian does not distinguish the pronoun in terms of past, present, or future act, while Arabic adjusts the grammatical conformity between the verb and the subject or between the adverb and the subject in relation to number, person, and gender to express an element of tense. 

scholarly journals IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION FUNCTIONS OF PRONOUNS IN THE TEXT

2020 ◽  
Vol 9.1 (85.1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Matviichuk ◽  
◽  
Iryna Zhytar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Text Cohesion

Given that the pronoun is one of the complex linguistic phenomena and many issues related to it have not been finally resolved, attention paid to this category of words is perceived as a natural phenomenon. The functioning of such semantically and grammatically specific words, which are pronouns as a means of expression of textual categories is of particular note. The article researches the usage of pronouns for text cohesion when the pairs of words in anaphoric structures are constructions with adjectival indicative pronouns. The paper outlines that the identifiers refer the name to the same subject of speech, expressing the meaning of the defined subject to the listener. Differentiators refer the known name to other subjects of the certain type emphasizing the fact that the listener doesn’t know the subject. The article analyses typical substantive components in the pair structure, and describes cases of ellipsing the nominative unit of the correlate structure. Using both substantive and adjective demonstratives in one context which function as correlates or parts of the corresponding correlative structures, increases the difference of their relations with the antecedent, and the structures of the separate correlate can consist of other words of pronoun semantics. The authors analysed absolutely opposite cases when the antecedent, which is expressed by a predicative unit, can extend either to the predicative part of the next complex sentence, in which there is a pronoun correlate, or the correlate functions as the antecedent in the same sentence, and then is duplicated in the next. It was found that the nature of the function is determined by the distribution of the unit, and the difference in the ways of performing the anaphoric function by pronouns of different categories can be demonstrated by a common context: the personal pronoun demonstrates self-sufficiency as a correlate. There are cases when the indicative adjective pronoun is not used and the coherence of the text becomes much weaker, as the generally accepted stereotype of perception is destroyed. The functions of adjectival demonstrations can be performed by: 3 person pronouns, promoted adjectives and verb adjectives.

Expressing the selves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Zeman
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Mental Content ◽  
The Self ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Indirect Discourse ◽  
Hierarchical Relations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Self Reference

By drawing parallels to neuro-philosophical approaches to self-consciousness that give up the notion of an a priori psychological self, Zeman argues that linguistic self-reference does not reflect the self as a holistic subject of consciousness, but as a set of different ‘selves’ that are commonly neutralized behind the personal pronoun ‘I’. The argument is grounded in an investigation of ‘multiple-perspective constructions’ (MPC) like the epistemic use of modal verbs, Free Indirect Discourse, and the ‘Future of Fate’ constructions where the subject is split in more than one dimension. The analysis shows that the impression of a holistic self emerges as a discourse effect based on the integration of the hierarchical relations between (i) an ‘internal’ and ‘external’ self with respect to the mental content, and (ii) ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ perspectives with respect to the communicative roles.

Examining the Use of Personal Pronouns in Political Speeches by Tun Dr. Mahathir and President Trump

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Nur Ilyana Elisa Aiman Haris Fadzilah ◽  
Maizura Mohd Noor
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
The Political ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Coding Schemes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Speeches ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Political Persuasion

Personal pronouns are often used to the point they often get overlooked. Unlike content words, they do not convey meaning but portray the perception of the speaker (Nakaggwe, 2012). Looking deeper into this, personal pronouns have the power to include or exclude a person or people of the subject (Khafaga, 2021), and it is crucial to master them especially in the political context. However, cultural differences exist in the use of personal pronouns since culture affects the way a person communicates and interprets information (Gocheco, 2012). For this reason, this qualitative research attempts to identify the use of personal pronouns, specifically those that demonstrate inclusiveness and exclusiveness, in the collectivistic Malaysian and individualistic American cultures, and compare the similarities and differences in the use of personal pronouns in speeches given by Tun Dr. Mahathir who represents the collectivistic Malaysian culture and Mr. Trump who represents the individualistic American culture. The AntConc software was used to determine the speech profiles and identify the personal pronouns based on the coding schemes and guidelines. It was found that the most popular personal pronoun used in their speeches is we, while the least popular are me and the subject singular you. They was used more frequently by Tun Dr. Mahathir to indirectly address the audience, while Mr. Trump opted to directly convey his message by using the plural you. The results have practical implications for speech writing and political persuasion and negotiation skills.

The V-2 rule in Old English conjunct clauses

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-296
Author(s):  
Anna Cichosz
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Discourse Function ◽  
Object A ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Initial Element ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

Abstract This study shows that Old English conjunct clauses, i.e. main declarative clauses introduced by the coordinating conjunctions and and ac, resemble non-conjunct main clauses as far as the V-2 rule is concerned. Most importantly, this study reveals that the mechanism of SV inversion observed in OE conjunct clauses works according to all the principles defined for non-conjunct main clauses. The only difference, driven by the main discourse function of conjunct clauses, is that the clause-initial element in these clauses is usually the subject. However, if the subject is preceded by some other fronted constituent (e.g. an object, a complement, an adverb or a prepositional phrase), SV inversion is typical with nominal subjects, while personal pronoun subjects are only inverted if the clause-initial constituent belongs to a limited set of adverbs, i.e. þa and þonne (‘then’). In this way, this study reveals that the difference between Old English conjunct and non-conjunct main clauses is not as clear-cut as has traditionally been suggested.

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