Morphological characteristics of intrinsic foot muscles among flat foot and normal foot using ultrasonography_

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the morphology of the intrinsic foot muscle between typical foot and flat foot with the use ultrasound. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy participants were recruited in this study. Foot types were classified using the Foot posture index 6-item version. A total of 43 flat feet and 31 typical feet were examined. Using B-mode ultrasound imaging, the morphology of the abductor hallucis, oblique head of adductor hallucis, abductor digiti minimi, and flexor digitorum brevis muscles were measured. Morphology of all muscles measured was normalized by body height. The independent Student’s t-test was used to examine the differences in the thickness and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the intrinsic foot muscle among the two groups. Results: The thickness of abductor hallucis was significantly larger in flat foot group. The thickness and CSA of abductor digiti minimi and the thickness of oblique head of adductor hallucis were significantly smaller in flat foot group. Conclusions: Our results showed hypertrophied adductor hallucis, atrophied abductor digiti minimi, and atrophied oblique head of the adductor hallucis in individuals with flat feet, suggesting a possible tendency to hypertrophy in muscles that are located in a medial position and a possible tendency to atrophy in muscles that are located in a lateral position in flat feet.

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Endoscopic Plantar Fascia Release: A Cross-sectional Anatomic Study

Foot & Ankle International ◽

10.1177/107110079701800704 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 398-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Fredrick Reeve ◽

Richard T. Laughlin ◽

Douglas G. Wright

Keyword(s):

Average Distance ◽

Plantar Fascia ◽

Anatomic Study ◽

Abductor Hallucis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Abductor Hallucis Muscle ◽

Fresh Frozen ◽

Abductor Digiti Minimi ◽

The Relationship ◽

Plantar Fascia Release

Endoscopic plantar fascia release is a new procedure proposed to treat heel pain and plantar fasciitis. The purpose of this study was to assess the structures at risk during plantar fascia release using this method. Ten fresh-frozen cadaver feet were divided into two groups. All specimens underwent cannula placement inferior to the plantar fascia. Five of the specimens had plantar fascia release using the endoscopic technique. Six of the specimens were then frozen and cut in transverse, sagittal, and coronal sections to visualize the relationship between the cannula and plantar fascia and surrounding structures. Gross dissection was performed on the remaining four specimens. The amount of plantar fascia released, the relationship to the nerve to abductor digiti minimi, and the fascia of the abductor hallucis muscle were assessed. The average distance from the cannula margin to the nerve to the abductor digiti minimi was 6 mm at the medial border of the plantar fascia. The average amount of plantar fascia released was 90%. Although a complete release was attempted, the fascia to the abductor hallucis was not released in any of the specimens. The nerve to the abductor digiti minimi was not damaged in any of the specimens. On coronal sections, the nerve was closer to the cannula and plantar fascia release than previously reported.

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A comparison of selective muscle activity in the abductor hallucis between flat feet and normal feet during single mini-squat exercise

Isokinetics and Exercise Science ◽

10.3233/ies-203202 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jun-Seok Kim ◽

Dong-Chul Moon

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Emg Activity ◽

Abductor Hallucis ◽

Flat Foot ◽

Functional Movement ◽

Gender Comparison ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Flat Feet ◽

Strengthening Exercises ◽

The Stability

BACKGROUND: The abductor hallucis (AbH) is a key muscle in the stability of the foot by supporting the medial longitudinal arch (MLA). Individuals with flat foot show a flattening of the MLA with a decreased selective AbH activity relative to the other foot extrinsic muscles during functional movement. OBJECTIVE: To examine the selective muscle activity of the abductor hallucis (AbH) during single-leg mini-squat (SMS) in subjects with flat foot and normal individuals. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy adults (13 men and 11 women) with flat or normal feet participated in this study. All subjects performed single minisquat (SMS), and data were collected using sEMG from the AbH, TA, and GCM during SMS. RESULTS: An inter-gender comparison of the EMG data revealed no difference. The EMG activity of the AbH in individuals with flat foot was significantly lower than that of individuals with normal feet. Moreover, the AbH/TA ratio in subjects with flat foot, , was significantly lower than that in subjects with normal feet. CONCLUSION: In a clinical setting, clinicians should focus on strengthening exercises of the AbH muscle due to reduced activation of the AbH muscle in individuals with flat foot. The selective muscle activity of the AbH muscle during SMS should be emphasized.

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Associations Between the Size of Individual Plantar Intrinsic and Extrinsic Foot Muscles and Toe Flexor Strength

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1173645/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuki Kusagawa ◽

Toshiyuki Kurihara ◽

Sumiaki Maeo ◽

Takashi Sugiyama ◽

Hiroaki Kanehisa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Flexor Hallucis Longus ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Leg Length ◽

Abductor Hallucis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Toe Flexor Strength ◽

Flexor Digitorum ◽

Flexor Strength ◽

Adductor Hallucis

Abstract Background The size of the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles has been shown to be associated with toe flexor strength (TFS). Previous studies adopted the size of a limited plantar intrinsic foot muscle or a compartment containing several muscles as an independent variable for TFS. Among the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles, therefore, it is unclear which muscle(s) primarily contributes to TFS development. The present study aimed to clarify this subject. Methods In 17 young adult men, a series of anatomical cross-sectional area of individual plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles was obtained along the foot length and the lower leg length, respectively, using the magnetic resonance imaging. Maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAmax) and muscle volume (MV) for each constituent muscle of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles (flexor hallucis brevis; flexor digitorum brevis, FDB; abductor hallucis; adductor hallucis oblique head, ADDH-OH; adductor hallucis transverse head, ADDH-TH; abductor digiti minimi; quadratus plantae) and extrinsic foot muscles (flexor hallucis longus; flexor digitorum longus) were measured. TFS was measured with a toe grip dynamometry. Results TFS was significantly associated with the ACSAmax for each of the ADDH-OH (r = 0.674, p = 0.003), ADDH-TH (r = 0.523, p = 0.031), and FDB (r = 0.492, p = 0.045), and the MV of the ADDH-OH (r = 0.582, p = 0.014). As for the ADDH-OH, the correlation coefficient with TFS was not statistically different between ACSAmax and MV (p = 0.189). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that ACSAmax and MV of the ADDH-OH alone explained 42% and 29%, respectively, of the variance in TFS. Conclusion The ADDH-OH is the key muscle that primarily contributes to TFS development among the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles.

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Flat Foot and Postural Harmony in 6-Year-Old Caucasians: What is Their Relationship?

Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine ◽

10.5535/arm.19091 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 320-326

Author(s):

Teresa Paolucci ◽

Letizia Pezzi ◽

Alice Mannocci ◽

Giuseppe La Torre ◽

Rosa Grazia Bellomo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Clinical Examination ◽

The Other ◽

Centre Of Pressure ◽

Flat Foot ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Other Hand ◽

Flat Feet ◽

Posterior Direction ◽

Postural Assessment

Objective To determine whether asymptomatic flexible flat feet show specific postural assessment with respect to neutral feet in 6-year-old children.Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, 164 subjects were observed and divided into two groups: 57 with flexible flat feet and 107 with neutral feet. A non-quantitative inspection by podoscopy and baropodometry were performed to evaluate plantar support, and a clinical examination to assess postural setting.Results The prevalence of flexible flat feet was 34.8%. The differenceinthe mean centre of pressure (CoP) between the two groups was significant (p=0.028), regarding the antero-posterior direction of CoP only. There was no significant differencein the presence of postural growth disharmony between the neutral and flat-feet groups.Conclusion The flattening of the plantar archseems to be linked to a displacement of CoP Y, more posterior in flat feet than in neutral feet; on the other hand, postural harmony in 6-year-old children during growth is not influenced by flat feet.

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Morphological and mechanical properties of plantar fascia and intrinsic foot muscles in individuals with and without flat foot

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery ◽

10.1177/2309499018802482 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 230949901880248 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Serkan Taş ◽

Nezehat Özgül Ünlüer ◽

Feza Korkusuz

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Plantar Fascia ◽

Abductor Hallucis ◽

Flat Foot ◽

Foot Posture ◽

Intrinsic Foot Muscles ◽

Flexor Digitorum Brevis ◽

Flexor Digitorum ◽

Intrinsic Muscles

Purpose: Many musculoskeletal disorders are associated with over-pronated foot and decreased medial longitudinal arch (MLA) height. Foot intrinsic muscles and plantar fascia (PF) are the primary structures that support MLA. An important reason for the over-pronated foot and the reduction in the MLA height may be the morphological characteristics of the foot intrinsic muscles and PF as well as changes in their mechanical properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the morphologic structure and mechanical properties of PF, flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and abductor hallucis (AbH) muscles in individuals with flat foot and to compare the results with those of healthy individuals. Methods: The study included 80 participants, 40 with flat foot and 40 with normal foot posture. The foot posture of the participants was assessed using the Foot Posture Index. PF, FHB, FDB, and AbH thickness and stiffness were measured with an ultrasonography device using a linear ultrasonography probe. Results: Individuals with flat foot had higher AbH thickness compared to individuals with normal foot posture ( p < 0.001), whereas both groups were similar in terms of PF ( p = 0.188), FHB ( p = 0.627), and FDB ( p = 0.212) thickness. Stiffness values of the assessed tissues were similar in both groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: AbH thickness was higher in individuals with flat foot; however, PF, FHB, and FDB thickness were similar in both groups. In addition, our results suggest that foot posture is not related to the stiffness of the assessed tissues.

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Examination of Construct Validity and Criterion-Related Validity of the German Motor Test in Egyptian Schoolchildren

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18168341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (16) ◽

pp. 8341

Author(s):

Osama Abdelkarim ◽

Julian Fritsch ◽

Darko Jekauc ◽

Klaus Bös

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Large Scale ◽

Body Height ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Latent Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

First Order ◽

Motor Test ◽

Health Related

Physical fitness is an indicator for children’s public health status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the construct validity and the criterion-related validity of the German motor test (GMT) in Egyptian schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 931 children aged 6 to 11 years (age: 9.1 ± 1.7 years) with 484 (52%) males and 447 (48%) females in grades one to five in Assiut city. The children’s physical fitness data were collected using GMT. GMT is designed to measure five health-related physical fitness components including speed, strength, coordination, endurance, and flexibility of children aged 6 to 18 years. The anthropometric data were collected based on three indicators: body height, body weight, and BMI. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with IBM SPSS AMOS 26.0 using full-information maximum likelihood. The results indicated an adequate fit (χ2 = 112.3, df = 20; p < 0.01; CFI = 0.956; RMSEA = 0.07). The χ2-statistic showed significant results, and the values for CFI and RMSEA showed a good fit. All loadings of the manifest variables on the first-order latent factors as well as loadings of the first-order latent factors on the second-order superordinate factor were significant. The results also showed strong construct validity in the components of conditioning abilities and moderate construct validity in the components of coordinative abilities. GMT proved to be a valid method and could be widely used on large-scale studies for health-related fitness monitoring in the Egyptian population.

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Assessment of the Foot’s Longitudinal Arch by Different Indicators and Their Correlation with the Foot Loading Paradigm in School-Aged Children: A Cross Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5196

Author(s):

Beata Szczepanowska-Wołowiec ◽

Paulina Sztandera ◽

Ireneusz Kotela ◽

Marek Zak

Keyword(s):

Morphological Structure ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

School Aged Children ◽

Longitudinal Arch ◽

Flat Feet ◽

Foot Loading ◽

Static Conditions ◽

Increased Pressure

Background: There are numerous studies assessing the morphological structure of the foot, but there is a notable scarcity of those focused on juxtaposing various longitudinal arch indices with foot loading paradigm. The present study aimed to determine the overall reliability, diagnostic accuracy of respective variables, and their correlation with the foot loading paradigm. Methods: The study group consisted of 336 children, aged 10–15 years (girls 49.1% and boys 50.9%). The morphological structure of the plantar part of the foot in static conditions was assessed with the aid of a 2D podoscan. Individual foot loading paradigm in static conditions was assessed making use of the FreeMed platform. Results: Staheli (SI), Chippaux–Smirak (CSI), and Sztriter–Godunow (KY) indices were strongly correlated with each other (ρ > 0.84, p < 0.001). Own research corroborated an increased pressure of hollow feet, as assessed by the SI, CSI, and KY indices, on the forefoot and the hindfoot, foot zones B, E, F; these correlations being statistically significant. The results yielded by the present study also indicate an increased pressure on the metatarsal, and foot zones C, D of the flat feet. Conclusions: Flatfootedness is not believed to be a common deformity among children and adolescents. The SI, CSI, and KY indices were found to be strongly correlated, as well as proved reliable in assessing the foot’s longitudinal arch.

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Gravity determines the direction of nerve roots sedimentation in the lumbar spinal canal

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-021-04032-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jun Yang ◽

Zhiyun Feng ◽

Nian Chen ◽

Zhenhua Hong ◽

Yongyu Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Spine ◽

Mr Imaging ◽

Spinal Canal ◽

Ventral Side ◽

Lateral Position ◽

Dorsal Side ◽

Mr Images ◽

Nerve Roots ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dural Sac

Abstract Objectives To investigate the role of gravity in the sedimentation of lumbar spine nerve roots using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of various body positions. Methods A total of 56 patients, who suffered from back pain and underwent conventional supine lumbar spine MR imaging, were selected from sanmen hospital database. All the patients were called back to our hospital to perform MR imaging in prone position or lateral position. Furthermore, the sedimentation sign (SedSign) was determined based on the suspension of the nerve roots in the dural sac on cross-sectional MR images, and 31 cases were rated as positive and another 25 cases were negative. Results The mean age of negative SedSign group was significantly younger than that of positive SedSign group (51.7 ± 8.7 vs 68.4 ± 10.5, P < 0.05). The constitutions of clinical diagnosis were significantly different between patients with a positive SedSign and those with a negative SedSign (P < 0.001). Overall, nerve roots of the vast majority of patients (48/56, 85.7%) subsided to the ventral side of the dural sac on the prone MR images, although that of 8 (14.3%) patients remain stay in the dorsal side of dural sac. Nerve roots of only one patient with negative SedSign did not settle to the ventral dural sac, while this phenomenon occurred in 7 patients in positive SedSign group (4% vs 22.6%, P < 0.001). In addition, the nerve roots of all the five patients subsided to the left side of dural sac on lateral position MR images. Conclusions The nerve roots sedimentation followed the direction of gravity. Positive SedSign may be a MR sign of lumbar pathology involved the spinal canal.

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The Accuracy of Broselow Tape Weight Estimate among Pediatric Population

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2016/7042947 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Turki M. AlHarbi ◽

Abdullaziz AlGarni ◽

Fasial AlGamdi ◽

Mona Jawish ◽

Tariq Ahmad Wani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Body Height ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Actual Weight ◽

Medical City

Objective.To determine the accuracy of the Broselow Tape (BT) versions 2007 and 2011 in estimating weight among pediatric population.Methods.A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Fahad Medical City and six schools across Riyadh province on 1–143-month-old children. BT 2007 and 2011 estimated weights were recorded. Both tapes via the child’s height produce an estimated weight, which was compared with the actual weight.Results.A total of 3537 children were recruited. The height (cm) of the subjects was97.7±24.1and the actual weight (kg) was16.07±8.9, whereas the estimated weight determined by BT 2007 was15.87±7.56and by BT 2011 was16.38±7.95. Across all the five age groups, correlation between actual weight and BT 2007 ranged between 0.702 and 0.788, while correlation between actual weight and BT 2011 ranged between 0.698 and 0.788. Correlation between BT 2007 and BT 2011 across all the five age groups ranged from 0.979 to 0.989. Accuracy of both the tape versions was adversely affected when age was >95 months and body weight was >26 kilograms.Conclusions.Our study showed that BT 2007 and 2011 provided accurate estimation of the body weight based on measured body height. However, 2011 version provided more precise estimate for weight.

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