scholarly journals Architectural and structural peculiarities of large tonnage container vessels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Юй. Синьянь
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Design ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Large Capacity ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Successful Solution ◽  
Structural Peculiarities ◽  
Small Container ◽  
Container Capacity

Проектирование крупнотоннажных контейнеровозов и конструкций корпуса таких судов, в частности – сложные технические задачи. Для их успешного решения необходимо располагать достаточным опытом и иметь в наличии данные по существующим судам-прототипам. Публикации по этим вопросам, особенно в России, судостроительная отрасль которой не специализируется на проектировании таких судов, достаточно ограничены и касаются в основном проблем проектирования контейнеровозов с относительно небольшой контейнерной вместимостью. В настоящее время крупнейшие контейнеровозы, которые поставляются уже с 2013 года, достигают вместимости 13800 – 22000 TEU. Эти суда - большой шаг к значительному росту размеров контейнеровозов, происходящему в течение последних лет. Цель настоящей статьи – представить некоторые результаты обобщения современной информации об архитектурно-конструктивных особенностях крупнотоннажных контейнеровозов с контейнерной вместимостью от 10 до 20 тыс. TEU, которая необходима для решения задач параметрического проектирования / выполнения проверочных расчетов прочности конструкций корпуса таких судов. В статье представлены данные о тенденциях в строительстве и заказе контейнеровозов различных размеров по всему миру с 1960 по 2020 г. Приведены статистические зависимости, связывающие водоизмещение, дедвейт, количество перевозимых контейнеров, а также соотношения главных размерений с длиной крупнотоннажных контейнерных судов в диапазоне вместимости 8800-22000 TEU. Рассмотрены архитектурно-конструктивные особенности крупнотоннажных контейнерных судов в части: компоновки грузового района, размеров и формы грузовых трюмов. Отмечены особенности конструкции корпуса контейнеровоза и факторы их обуславливающие. Указано определяющее влияние размеров контейнеров на формирование геометрии и конструкции корпуса. Выделены главные проблемы, которые приходится решать при проектировании конструкций корпуса крупнотоннажных контейнеровозов The design of large-capacity container ships and the hull structures of such ships, in particular, are complex technical tasks. For their successful solution, it is necessary to have sufficient experience and to have available data on existing prototype vessels. Publications on these issues, especially in Russia, the shipbuilding industry of which does not specialize in the design of such vessels, are quite limited and deal mainly with the problems of designing container ships with a relatively small container capacity. Currently, the largest container ships that have been supplied since 2013 reach a capacity of 13,800 - 22,000 TEU. These vessels are a big step towards a significant increase in the size of container ships over the past few years. The purpose of this article is to present some results of summarizing modern information on the architectural and structural features of large-capacity container ships with a container capacity of 10 to 20 thousand TEU, which is necessary for solving the problems of parametric design / performing verification of the hull's structural strength of such vessels. The article presents data on trends in the construction and ordering of container ships of various sizes around the world from 1960 to 2020. Statistical dependencies that link the displacement, deadweight, the number of containers transported, as well as the ratio of the main dimensions with the length of large-tonnage container vessels in the range of capacity 8800- 22,000 TEU are presented. The architectural and structural features of large-tonnage container ships in application to the layout of the cargo area, the size and shape of cargo holds are considered. The design features of the container ship's hull and their contributing factors are noted. The determining influence of container sizes on the formation of the geometry and structure of the ship's hull is indicated. The main problems that have to be addressed when designing the hull structures of large-tonnage container ships are identified.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

scholarly journals Sphingolipids of Asteroidea and Holothuroidea: Structures and Biological Activities

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Timofey V. Malyarenko ◽  
Alla A. Kicha ◽  
Valentin A. Stonik ◽  
Natalia V. Ivanchina
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Lipids ◽  
Complex Sphingolipids

Sphingolipids are complex lipids widespread in nature as structural components of biomembranes. Commonly, the sphingolipids of marine organisms differ from those of terrestrial animals and plants. The gangliosides are the most complex sphingolipids characteristic of vertebrates that have been found in only the Echinodermata (echinoderms) phylum of invertebrates. Sphingolipids of the representatives of the Asteroidea and Holothuroidea classes are the most studied among all echinoderms. In this review, we have summarized the data on sphingolipids of these two classes of marine invertebrates over the past two decades. Recently established structures, properties, and peculiarities of biogenesis of ceramides, cerebrosides, and gangliosides from starfishes and holothurians are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide the most complete information on the chemical structures, structural features, and biological activities of sphingolipids of the Asteroidea and Holothuroidea classes.

Neighborhoods and Intimate Partner Violence: A Decade in Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 155708512098763
Author(s):  
Emily M. Wright ◽  
Gillian M. Pinchevsky ◽  
Min Xie
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Gender

We consider the broad developments that have occurred over the past decade regarding our knowledge of how neighborhood context impacts intimate partner violence (IPV). Research has broadened the concept of “context” beyond structural features such as economic disadvantage, and extended into relationships among residents, collective “action” behaviors among residents, cultural and gender norms. Additionally, scholars have considered how the built environment might foster (or regulate) IPV. We now know more about the direct, indirect, and moderating ways that communities impact IPV. We encourage additional focus on the policy implications of the research findings.

Progressive Regional Metamorphism in Southern New Zealand

1938 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Turner
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Regional Metamorphism ◽  
Parent Rock ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Peculiarities ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Pelitic Rocks

During the past ten years a number of papers dealing with progressive regional metamorphism in the southern portion of New Zealand have been published. In the following pages a brief summary of the assemblages of minerals typical of the various metamorphic zones is given, but the writer's main object is to draw attention to certain mineralogical and structural peculiarities that appear to differ in some degree from what are usually regarded as the normal features of regional metamorphism in such classic areas as the Scottish Highlands and the Caledonian chain of Norway. The possibility that such departures from the normal may in some instances be connected with chemical peculiarities in the parent rock is suggested by such phenomena as the well-known general limitation of chloritoid, staurolite, and low-grade garnets to pelitic rocks of special chemical compositions. Other unusual features, especially when found to recur in widely separated regions, may well be governed by some particular combination of physical rather than chemical conditions.

scholarly journals Does the Forty Year’s Success Myth of the Korea Shipbuilding Industry Come to an End?

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Hong-Yul Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
Offshore Plants ◽  
Future Plans

<p><em>Shipbuilding industry, having a great ripple effect on national economy, has been fostered by some countries as the national key industries. Korea also has supported shipbuilding industry as one of the industries politically fostered by the state. Accordingly, the shipbuilding industry of Korea has started to developed since 1970’s, reaching the world’s top position in 2000</em><em>’</em><em>s with reference to all the relevant indices.</em></p><p><em>However, after the global financial crisis in 2008, the shipbuilding industries of Korea focused on offshore plants, resulting in huge deficit and being outranked by China.</em></p><p><em>In this article, the past growing procedure of Korea’s shipbuilding industry was briefly reviewed, and the future plans for regaining the past glories as the shipbuilding power were sought.</em><em></em></p>

Digital research in architecture: reflecting on the past, analysing the trends, and considering the future

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Ostwald
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Analysis ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Research Trends ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Professional Needs ◽  
The Future ◽  
Industry Applications ◽  
Architectural Research

This paper traces the rising and falling significance of twenty-two topics in digital architectural research. These topics, which are divided into seven primary themes, are examined using a longitudinal analysis (1995 to 2017) of research in the CumInCAD database. This database, which indexes more than 12,000 publications spanning the last four decades, is the largest dedicated resource for digital architectural research. The primary themes examined in this paper include research into: documentation and representation; environmental immersion; transformative methods or approaches; industry applications and impacts; pedagogy and interaction; and cross-disciplinary and sub-disciplinary focus. Some of the specific topics examined within these themes include research trends in BIM, virtual reality, parametric design, rapid-prototyping, the design studio and space syntax. In addition to these primary themes and topics, the longitudinal analysis is also used to examine a further twenty social, cultural and philosophical topics. Some of these secondary themes include crime, homelessness, politics, poverty, gender, emotions, ethics and violence. From this two-part analysis of the prevalence (or lack thereof) of various themes in the last twenty-one years of digital architectural research, the paper identified several challenges for the future. These challenges include the dangers of self-referentiality and insularity, the possible loss of grounding in industrial or professional needs and applications, and the lack of consideration of a growing number of problems facing the modern world.

The Long March to Merger, 1965-1970

Scott Lithgow ◽  
2005 ◽  
pp. 157-206
Author(s):  
Lewis Johnman ◽  
Hugh Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lengthy Process ◽  
Employment Concerns

This chapter follows the lengthy process of the merger between Scotts and Lithgows Limited, taking place over a five year period between 1965 and 1970. It analyses whether or not the merger was inevitable via a detailed history of the contributing factors. It begins with the establishment of the Shipbuilding Inquiry Committee (SIC) and the efforts made to re-invigorate the industry to match international competitors; before tackling the labour question and employment concerns; the transition of the Admiralty to the Ministry of Defence; the status of the Warship Group; competition from Japanese shipyards; the revitalising recommendations of the SIC Report (Geddes Report); the establishment of the Shipbuilding Industry Board; and the difficult industrial relations that persisted throughout. It concludes by suggesting that the merger would be one of name only, due to the four years of unproductive talks, disruptions, and deliberations by those involved.

Complexity, Corruption, and Tax Evasion

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-178
Author(s):  
Vito Tanzi
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tax Laws ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Laws And Regulations

This chapter explores the various links that exist between growing complexity, corruption, and tax evasion. Over the past three decades corruption and tax evasion seem to have increased in many countries. The growing complexity of tax systems that now require thousands of pages of laws and regulations has clearly been a determining factor. Tax laws have become increasingly difficult to interpret and to comply with. This has created an important asymmetry between clever and rich individuals who have the means to hire tax experts to prepare their tax returns and the rest. This asymmetry has also convinced many taxpayers, especially in Anglo-Saxon countries, that their taxes are higher than they actually are. The complexity and its impact on the taxpayers is likely to have been a contributing factors to the growing income inequality that has characterized recent years.

The Glossary

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-35
Author(s):  
Drew Massey
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Past

This chapter considers Adès’s compositional priorities by exploring his works which respond to complete, pre-existing musical pieces. I refer to these efforts collectively as Adès’s glossary. These glosses refract an existing piece through the lens of his own aesthetic, and also constitute a kind of commentary on practices through which composers have historically recruited music of the past into their work. Moreover, Adès’s engagements with composers ranging from Dowland to Nancarrow can be grouped according to a few overarching goals. Some of his glosses seek to comment or clarify on the harmonic or structural features of a piece; others focus on questions of performativity. In the case of his reconfiguration of his own music, Adès engages in a process of intensification of the source material, resulting in self-borrowings which distill the sometimes uncanny—or even disturbing—qualities present in the originals.

scholarly journals Terpenoids and Sterols from Some Japanese Mushrooms

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunori Yaoita ◽  
Masao Kikuchi ◽  
Koichi Machida
Keyword(s):  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Tricholoma Matsutake ◽  
Pholiota Nameko ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polyporus Umbellatus ◽  
Hericium Erinaceum ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Hypsizigus Marmoreus

Over the past twenty years, our research group has been studying the chemical constituents of mushrooms. From nineteen species, namely, Amanita virgineoides Bas (Amanitaceae), Daedaleopsis tricolor (Bull.: Fr.) Bond. et Sing. (Polyporaceae), Grifola frondosa (Fr.) S. F. Gray (Polyporaceae), Hericium erinaceum (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Hericiaceae), Hypsizigus marmoreus (Peck) Bigelow (Tricholomataceae), Lactarius piperatus (Scop.: Fr.) S. F. Gray (Russulaceae), Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Pleurotaceae), Lyophyllyum connatum (Schum.: Fr.) Sing. (Tricholomataceae), Naematoloma sublateritium (Fr.) Karst. (Strophariaceae), Ompharia lapidescens Schroeter (Polyporaceae), Panellus serotinus (Pers.: Fr.) Kuhn. (Tricholomataceae), Pholiota nameko (T. Ito) S. Ito et Imai in Imai (Strophariaceae), Pleurotus eringii (DC.: Fr.) Quel. (Pleurotaceae), Polyporus umbellatus Fries (Polyporaceae), Russula delica Fr. (Russulaceae), Russula sanguinea (Bull.) Fr. (Russulaceae), Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) S. Ito (Thelephoraceae), Tricholoma matsutake (S. Ito et Imai) Sing. (Tricholomataceae), and Tricholoma portentosum (Fr.) Quel. (Tricholomataceae), we isolated eight new sesquiterpenoids, six new meroterpenoids, three new triterpenoids, and twenty eight new sterols. In this review, structural features of these new compounds are discussed.

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