scholarly journals ДЕЙСТВИЯ ПАРТИЙНО-СОВЕТСКОГО АППАРАТА ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ ПО ВНЕДРЕНИЮ В ЖИЗНЬ ПРИНЦИПОВ НОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Y.O. Kurenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Orenburg Region

The article evaluates the actions of the Soviet government in the Orenburg province to implement the principles of the new economic policy. The reasons for the need to change the economic policy in the country and the region are indicated. Examples of measures and forms of work of the Soviet party apparatus and other institutions are given. The priorities of local authorities in transforming the life of peasants are indicated. The diffi culties of implementing NEP in the province at the fi rst stage are revealed. The reaction of various social groups to the introduction of NEP and attitudes towards it are described. A conclusion is made about the results of the work of the Soviet party bodies on the implementation of NEP by the mid-1920s. in the Orenburg region.

scholarly journals DONBASS CONFLICT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) PERIOD AS A REFLECTION OF THE SOVIET SYSTEM’S CONTRADICTIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-78
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Kabachek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Political System ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Subsequent Period

The article is devoted to the conflict in Donbass took place at the beginning of the NEP (New Economic Policy) period. This conflict is considered in terms of the general problem of interrelationships between Local and Central power bodies. The author shows, that this factor was the main driving force of the Donbass conflict. Human factor had only additional dramatic effect in this conflict. Even G. Pyatakov’s expelling from Donbass has not discarded contradictions between the "Center" and "Local power" in reference to mines leasing. As observed from a variety of historical sources, it went on though less acute forms during the subsequent period of the New Economic Policy (NEP). The similar situation was marked in the other branches of industry and in the other regions (provinces and counties) of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR). In spite of the very many-sided nature of the conflict, its inter-personal as well as subjective motivations, economic conflicts between ventral and local authorities became a very important component of it. The struggle of Local Power (Republican Departments) and Central one for the control over small commercial companies had been continuing during the whole NEP (New Economic Policy) period and had objectively progressive nature. However, the forces in this fight were too unequal. The problem, which hasn’t been solved correctly at the beginning of 1920s, resulted in an excessive centralization in the management of the Ukrainian industry as well as the rights restriction of the State power Local Bodies and the opportunities of Local Budgets. The autor concluads, that in spite of of transformations of political system, the problem of economical and finantional independace of the local authorities stays actual in more that hundred years after the described events.

scholarly journals LEGAL STATUS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIAL REPUBLIC (1921–1928)

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Olha Rudnytska ◽  
Nataliia Rudnytska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Legal Provisions

The aim of the work is to study the legal status of employees in the Ukrainian SSR in 1921–1928, which had its own peculiar features due to the new economic policy implementation by the Soviet government (hereinafter referred to as the NEP). The methodology involves the adherence to the principles of objectivity, scientific character, and historicism, which facilitated the coherent disclosure of the prerequisites, content and consequences of the Soviet government social policy implementation in the Ukrainian SSR, and highlighted the legal status of employees and the specifics of its codification. The combination of historical and legal methods contributed to the consistency of the research, as well as enabled us to assert the novelty of the material under consideration. The historical research of the NEP in the combination with the regulatory and legal framework analysis creates new opportunities for interdisciplinary scientific inquiries. The use of general scientific methods, such as systematization, generalization, chronological and comparative method, historical and legislative method, provides us with a tool to trace the influence of the legal component on the history of the NEP introduction and development in the Ukrainian SSR during the specified period. The scientific novelty aims at providing a detailed historical and legal analysis of the content of the Ukrainian SSR legislation system concerning the legal status of employees during the NEP period. The authors comprehensively investigate its positive aspects, downsides and prospects for practical application in the specified period.The Conclusions. The article has newly provided an article-by-article analysis of regulatory and legal framework, that codified the legal status of Ukrainian SSR employees during the new economic policy (1921–1928). The historical and legislative review of legal provisions enabled us to identify their positive aspects, drawbacks, and prospects for practical application. With the beginning of the curtailment of the NEP, the activities of social insurance authorities changed, they began to focus on the industrial development of the country.The policy implemented by the Soviet government in the late 1920s under the leadership of Josef Stalin, demonstrated an expeditious movement towards authoritarianism, which is incompatible with market relations and special care for the "cogs" (little people) of the system. A system based on the Command and Administration system methods of managing the economy is gradually being formed. The increased exploitation of peasants and workers, the use of violence and political repression changed the legal status of employees in many sectors of the economy.

scholarly journals Sources on Social and Political Moods of Peasants of the Ishim District of the Ural Region in 1925?27: Materials of the District OGPU Department Reports

2021 ◽  
pp. 418-427
Author(s):  
Igor V. Kuryshev ◽  
◽  
Andrey A. Lyubimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Political Resources ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Rich

The article uses previously unstudied reports of the Ishim district OGPU department to describe social and political attitudes of various groups of peasantry in the palmy days of the New Economic Policy (1925–27). The study is to consider the influence of social rural stratification on peasants’ mindsets and the relationship between the authorities and the peasantry; to assess the political resources of the Ishim peasantry through the lens of the OGPU reports; and to show the intransigence in social interests of the rural poor and the kulaks. The authors assess political moods of peasant population as a whole and those of particular social groups: poor, middle peasants, and kulaks. Political moods of the peasantry differentiated with respect to the following criteria: attitude to the Soviet government and various groups and strata, attitude to agricultural tax, attitude to religion, and church, and also according to the degree of political consciousness. On the basis of this analysis, we put forward an idea of multidirectional, heterogeneous participation of peasant population in the political life of the second half of the 1920s and of its significant social differentiation. In general, in the rural areas, the Soviet government was unequivocally supported by the poor, who were to some degree influenced by the kulaks. The middle peasants were characterized by their changing attitude; they symptomatically juxtaposed Soviet government and communists. The rich peasants took an extremely negative position to the Soviet government and tried to exert pressure on the local authorities (i.e. village soviets). However, discontent with the New Economic Policy encompassed all strata of the peasantry. Persistent confrontation between peasants fighting each other in the Ishim anti-communist peasant uprising of 1921 did not weaken for quite a long time. In conclusion, it is noted that protests, social deviations, and negative stance on the New Economic Policy gradually intensified in the political behavior of the Ishim district peasantry. The OGPU reports are a representative source that permits to reconstruct the social and political attitudes of the Ishim region peasantry.

NEW ECONOMIC POLICY OF SOVIET RUSSIA: HISTORICAL REALITY OR UNREALIZED IDEA?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ирина Владимировна Малашенко
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Economy ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Soviet Russia

Автор поднимает проблему исторического значения новой экономической политики Советской России в 20-е гг. XX века. В данной статье рассматривается сравнительный анализ социально-экономических мероприятий советской власти, доказывается их практическаяэффективность и значение в восстановлении народного хозяйства. The author raises the problem of the historical significance of the new economic policy of Soviet Russia in the 1920-s XX century. This article considers a comparative analysis of the socio-economic measures of the Soviet government, proves their practical effectiveness and significance in restoring the national economy.

Orphans during the Civil War: from homelessness to concentration camps

2019 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Aleksei Chubarov ◽  
Ylia Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Chronological Period

We investigate specifically and comprehensively the orphans situation and transformation of social protection system in the Civil War years and its ultimate phase Tambov Rebellion in the Tambov Governorate through the lens of children’s everyday life and policy of the Soviet government. On the basis of a wide complex of primary materials attraction, first of all archival documents, we representatively and specially investigate various little-known aspects of the scien-tific problem declared in study. We generalize practices of children survival in the incredibly bloody and violent clashes of rebels and parts of the Red Army in one region – Tambov Gover-norate. We reveal the conditions of children placement in concentration camps, as well as attempts of the authorities to regulate their situation, to stabilize the morbidity of children and catastrophic child mortality. We provide the specific data on the peculiarities of orphans charity in the conditions of Civil War, Tambov Rebellion, new economic policy at the regional and county level, which allows to evaluate not only the social policy of the Soviet government, but also the survival of children’s society in the chronological period under consideration. We clarify the consequences of taking rebel family members (residents of the region who joined A.S. Antonov) hostage and using children as an attractive mechanism to combat “banditry”. We specially consider the influence of “party and class” selection of children at their admission to orphanages, as well as taking into account their social origin, the position of parents. We reveal the main results of the new economic policy (NEP) impact on children’s social protection and the constriction of the existing practice of orphans charity in the conditions of the actual cessation of funding for many children’s institutions. We draw conclusions about the historical experience, traditions and features of the children survival, including orphans at the regional level (governorate and county) in the conditions of hunger strikes of the 20s of the 20th century, which allowed to successfully reconstruct the actual population situation of the Tambov Governorate in the post-revolutionary period. We give the characteristics of the local authorities’ policy, the interaction of the capital and the regions in the conditions of almost incessant cataclysms and social disasters of the first years of Soviet power.

Commercial cartography of Russia in the period of New Economic Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 942 (12) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Commercial Advertising ◽  
Social Advertising ◽  
The Relationship

The development of digital technologies in the world influences developing national cartography and especially such segment as commercial cartography greatly. Maps and atlases have taken on a new form and the economic and financial aspects have changed at the same time. If some time ago publishers of Cards earned on circulation,nowadays it is possible to use marketing and advertising technologies to recoup expenses for creation of cartographic production. In order tounderstand in which direction to move it is necessary to study the past properly. The author attempts to study the development of commercial cartography in the period of NEP (new economic policy) of the Soviet Government in 1920s to define the connection between the development of cartography and changes in social and economic conditions. We study the period when there was a need to use a geographic map as an advertising bearer, and consider in detail the cartographic works in which commercial advertising was used. The review and analysis of the issues related to the emergence of the basic advertising rules in maps and atlases as well as the relationship between the subject of cartographic works and the content of advertising modules. The application of social advertising in the early 20th century and versions of advertising texts and modules in maps and atlases are shown.

“Changing Landmarks” in Russian Berlin, 1922-1924

Slavic Review ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Russian Soil

One of the most pressing problems facing the Soviet government in the 1920s was how to recruit the technical intelligentsia and professional classes behind the new regime. Just as the officer corps of the Imperial government was a necessary adjunct to the Red Army during the Civil War, so the businessman, the doctor, and the bureaucrat were essential to the functioning of orderly social and political institutions under the New Economic Policy. The story of the economic concessions made to revive the dormant links between city and countryside is well known. But the recruitment of trained personnel involved not only economic concession but also ideological conversion. Beginning in 1921 the Soviet leaders took great pains to legitimize their rule by portraying themselves as heirs to Russian national traditions and defenders of Russian soil against foreign intervention.

scholarly journals Marxists versus Non-Marxists: Soviet Historiography in the 1920s

Slavic Review ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Enteen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Underdeveloped Country ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The policy of “using non-communist hands in the building of communism,” almost as old as the Soviet government itself, came to an end at the outset of the First Five-Year Plan. In the early 1920s the Communist Party had come to accept the realities of a socialist regime confined to an underdeveloped country. Consequently, during the years of the New Economic Policy (1921- 28), the party sought to guide numerous institutions in which its members and supporters were a minority. To this end, the Communist Party created a network of scholarly institutions staffed by Marxist scholars which paralleled the traditional institutions staffed and led primarily by non-Marxist scholars. The purpose of this essay is to recount some of the conflicts between Marxist and non-Marxist historians and to make some suggestions about connections between these conflicts and ongoing political changes.

scholarly journals Mediterranean vector Soviet foreign trade in the 1920s

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Dmytro Arkhireyskyi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Soviet Foreign Trade ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

The purpose of the article is to clarify the features of Soviet foreign trade in the Mediterranean basin in the 1920s. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the Mediterranean Soviet foreign trade of the period of the new economic policy has never actually been a separate scientific and historical problem. Methods of research: chronological, historical-comparative, descriptive. The main results: established a list of Mediterranean countries with which the Soviet state maintained trade relations during the period of the new economic policy; clarified the commodity and raw materials nomenclature of export-import operations in the Mediterranean zone; it was established that one of the main reasons for the establishment by Western countries of trade relations with the Bolshevik state was the economic crisis of 1920-1921, which swept the West; At the end of the study period, the Soviet government used the Great Depression to exert economic pressure on Western countries; disclosed the dynamics of Soviet trade at that time in the southern direction; revealed the dependence of Soviet foreign trade on the political environment; analyzed the Ukrainian component of the Soviet Mediterranean trade of the 1920s, using the example of the southern direction of Soviet foreign trade, it is shown how Moscow gradually limited the economic independence of the Ukrainian SSR until its complete leveling. Practical significance: the results of the study can be recommended for use in synthetic works on the history of Ukraine, the USSR, foreign trade and international relations of the 1920s, the development of relevant academic disciplines and special courses. These materials can also be used to promote historical knowledge. Originality: the article is, in general, original, it was made taking into account the developments of domestic and foreign researchers, with the involvement of a significant array of documents from a number of Ukrainian and Russian archives. Scientific novelty: for the first time in domestic historiography the peculiarities of the Soviet foreign trade of the 1920s in the Mediterranean basin are characterized, and also the role in the corresponding processes of the Ukrainian SSR is. The scientific novelty of the work is also due to the introduction into scientific circulation of a significant complex of archival materials, primarily documents of various services and structures of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the USSR. Type of article: overview.

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