Orphans during the Civil War: from homelessness to concentration camps

2019 ◽  
pp. 260-271
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Aleksei Chubarov ◽  
Ylia Shcherbinina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Social ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Chronological Period

We investigate specifically and comprehensively the orphans situation and transformation of social protection system in the Civil War years and its ultimate phase Tambov Rebellion in the Tambov Governorate through the lens of children’s everyday life and policy of the Soviet government. On the basis of a wide complex of primary materials attraction, first of all archival documents, we representatively and specially investigate various little-known aspects of the scien-tific problem declared in study. We generalize practices of children survival in the incredibly bloody and violent clashes of rebels and parts of the Red Army in one region – Tambov Gover-norate. We reveal the conditions of children placement in concentration camps, as well as attempts of the authorities to regulate their situation, to stabilize the morbidity of children and catastrophic child mortality. We provide the specific data on the peculiarities of orphans charity in the conditions of Civil War, Tambov Rebellion, new economic policy at the regional and county level, which allows to evaluate not only the social policy of the Soviet government, but also the survival of children’s society in the chronological period under consideration. We clarify the consequences of taking rebel family members (residents of the region who joined A.S. Antonov) hostage and using children as an attractive mechanism to combat “banditry”. We specially consider the influence of “party and class” selection of children at their admission to orphanages, as well as taking into account their social origin, the position of parents. We reveal the main results of the new economic policy (NEP) impact on children’s social protection and the constriction of the existing practice of orphans charity in the conditions of the actual cessation of funding for many children’s institutions. We draw conclusions about the historical experience, traditions and features of the children survival, including orphans at the regional level (governorate and county) in the conditions of hunger strikes of the 20s of the 20th century, which allowed to successfully reconstruct the actual population situation of the Tambov Governorate in the post-revolutionary period. We give the characteristics of the local authorities’ policy, the interaction of the capital and the regions in the conditions of almost incessant cataclysms and social disasters of the first years of Soviet power.

“Changing Landmarks” in Russian Berlin, 1922-1924

Slavic Review ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Russian Soil

One of the most pressing problems facing the Soviet government in the 1920s was how to recruit the technical intelligentsia and professional classes behind the new regime. Just as the officer corps of the Imperial government was a necessary adjunct to the Red Army during the Civil War, so the businessman, the doctor, and the bureaucrat were essential to the functioning of orderly social and political institutions under the New Economic Policy. The story of the economic concessions made to revive the dormant links between city and countryside is well known. But the recruitment of trained personnel involved not only economic concession but also ideological conversion. Beginning in 1921 the Soviet leaders took great pains to legitimize their rule by portraying themselves as heirs to Russian national traditions and defenders of Russian soil against foreign intervention.

Pyrrhic Victories

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Baberowski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Victory ◽  
The Military

This chapter examines the aftermath of the Bolsheviks' victory over both the Whites, or counterrevolutionaries, and all rival socialists. The Bolsheviks broke the military resistance of the Whites, crushed the unrest and strikes of the peasants, and even restored the multiethnic empire, which, in the early months of revolution, had largely fallen apart. In spring 1921, when the Red Army marched into Georgia, the Civil War was officially over. For the Bolsheviks, however, military victory was not the end but rather the beginning of a mission, not simply to shake the world but to transform it. Although weapons may have decided the war in favor of the revolutionaries they had not settled the question of power. This chapter considers Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) that would implement economic reforms, the Bolsheviks' failure to carry power into villages, and the dictatorship's lack of support from the proletariat. It also describes the nationalization of the Russian empire and Joseph Stalin's rise to power.

“Are you defective or immoral?”. Problems of selection and socialization of “morally defective” children in the 20s of the 20th century in Soviet Russia: regional aspects

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-184
Author(s):  
Pavel Shcherbinin ◽  
Inna Shikunova
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Education System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Social Education ◽  
Homeless Children ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Social

We consider the regional features of the social protection system of “morally handicapped” children in Tambov province in the first decade of Soviet government (1918–1928). We representatively and comprehensively investigate various poorly studied aspects of the declared scientific problem on the basis of attraction and processing of a wide complex of primary archival sources and other materials. We reveal typical regional features of the social education system formation in relation to homeless children and children with criminal tendencies in the formation period of the new socialist state at the provincial and county levels, different from the capital’s projects and instructions. We also show spontaneity and haste in the search for different forms and methods of organization of care for such socially neglected children. We clarify the main educational practices and organizational measures for the opportunities and needs of provincial institutions of the social education. We identify the main ways and methods of work with juvenile offenders during the period under review. Conclusions are drawn about the results and features of support for such “special” children and adolescents at the level of the province and county, which allowed to reconstruct the system of social protection of post-revolutionary Russia. Special atten-tion was paid to the social protection of women’s councils female workers’ children and other re-gional public organizations. Attention is paid to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical, socio-political, socio-cultural and ethno-confessional features of the social education system. We clarify the factors that had the strongest impact on the personnel, financing of children’s social institutions, as well as trends in their development in the Soviet era. We reveal the catastrophic impact of the new economic policy on the regional system of social education and the work of orphanages, where homeless children gathered, who lacked other opportunities for socialization and survival.

The Child Homelessness as a Kind of Social Anomalies in the Zhytomyr Region in 1921-1928s and Ways to Overcome it by the Soviet Authorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Mykola Bondarchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the measures taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in the Zhytomyr region during the New Economic Policy (NEP) to eliminate the manifestations of child homelessness. Objectives of the study: to determine the main causes of child homelessness and its manifestations in the region during the NEP; to explore the ways and the methods of struggle by the Soviet autorities against them. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific (logical, comparative), special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed us to determine this period, in which the problem of child homelessness is studied specifically, in chronological and logical sequence. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena of this process. The study based on the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the problem of manifestations of this problem has been condact in this region in 1921-1928 and ways to combat them. New archival documents on this problem and materials of periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. The attempt has been made to give an objective, unbiased assessment of these phenomena and the actions of the Soviet authorities in those years. Conclusions. The new economic policy of the Soviet state during the 1920's was implemented against the background of increasing manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them took place against the background of the difficult socio-economic situation in which society found itself after the civil war. According to the analysis of archival sources, the Soviet authorities paid great importance to these measures, and first of all to their termination. These problems were caused by various factors, but primarily - the destructive processes in society itself and the struggle of the soviet authorities for the establishment of their power. This also applies to the events and the recent Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the state liberation struggle in Ukraine in 1917-1921. The establishment of the Volyn Commission for Assistance to Children in 1923 helped reduce the development of child homelessness in this region.

scholarly journals Features of the new economic policy in Kamchatka (Russia) in the 1920s

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-D) ◽  
pp. 367-375
Author(s):  
Svetlana Gennadievna Koshkaryova ◽  
Valentina Alexandrovna Ilina ◽  
Natalya Natalya Viktorovna Kamardina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
European Part ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Long Time

The purpose of this study is to identify the regional features of the new economic policy in the USSR on the example of the economic development of Kamchatka in the 1920s. The main results of the study have been related to the introduction of archival documents into scientific circulation, which allows identifying the specific features of the new economic policy in Kamchatka, as in the remote northern region of the USSR. The features of the economic policy of the 1920s in Kamchatka can be attributed to the fact that the chronological framework of the new economic policy was different than in the European part of the country; cooperation had weak organizational foundations; for a long time, there had been a presence of private domestic, and especially foreign capital in economic life. The topic of identifying the regional features of the new economic policy implemented by the Soviet government in the 1920s requires further discussion in the scientific community.

scholarly journals Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Spanish Citizens Abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 457-472
Author(s):  
Pau Palop-García
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract This chapter outlines the social protection policies that Spain has adopted to target Spanish nationals abroad. First, it describes the diaspora infrastructure and the key engagement policies developed in the last years by Spain. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on five social protection policies: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The findings reveal that Spain has adopted a diaspora strategy that targets different emigrant groups such as exiles of the Civil War and early Francoism and their descendants, Spaniards that emigrated to other European countries during the 1950s and 1960s, and new emigrants that left the country due to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. Findings also show that, although Spain has developed a wide array of services to target its diverse diaspora, it still lacks a comprehensive scheme of social protection abroad. Moreover, the results suggest that Spain has adopted a subsidiary social policy strategy abroad that is triggered when the social protection offered by states of reception is lacking.

The practice of terror by Soviet workers in the fight against banditry in the Osinsky District of the Perm Governorate during the Civil War

2020 ◽  
pp. 202-212
Author(s):  
Angela V. Dolgova
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Real ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

During the Civil War, Soviet workers had to fight against desertion and banditry. Since the majority of the country’s population was the peasantry, a confrontation arose with the Soviet government of that part of it that could not accept it. More often than not, peasants fell under such Bolshevik propaganda labels as “white gangs” or “gangs of deserters”, which had spread through the efforts of the party-Soviet propaganda machine. According to archival documents, local Soviet workers used terror not only to suppress resistance, but also as a forced measure caused by the real military-political situation in the Perm Governorate. The fight for the establishment of the power of the Soviets was fought against banditry, not desertion, and was fierce. Consequently, the widespread thesis in the history of the Civil War in the Perm Governorate about mass desertion is nothing more than an assumption. The line of the Eastern Front passed next to the Osinsky District, so the most fierce fight unfolded here, which in turn had an impact on the military-political situation in the governorate as a whole.

THE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CIVIL WAR IN RUSSIA: THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) MODEL OF "MARKET SOCIALISM"

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
V. V. Koltsov ◽  
Z. V. Busurkina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Market Socialism ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Hundredth Anniversary

This article discusses the main principles, problems and contradictions of the NEP economic model

scholarly journals THE CRIMINAL SITUATION IN UKRAINE DURING THE NEP

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-104
Author(s):  
Mykola Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
Historical Methods

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the measures taken by the relevant Soviet authorities in the USSR during the period of the new economic policy (NEP) in order to eliminate the manifestations of organized crime. Objectives of the study: to determine the main causes of banditry and its manifestations in Soviet Ukraine in the NEP; to explore the ways and methods of struggle of the Soviet power against it. The methodological basis of the study are general scientific (logical, comparative), and special historical methods (problem-chronological). They allowed to determine this period, in which the problem of organized crime is studied specifically, in chronological and logical order. Comparative analysis was used to study individual phenomena of this process. The study is also based on the principles of scientificity, historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the manifestations of organized crime in Soviet Ukraine in 1921-1928 and ways to combat them was carried out. New archival documents on this issue and materials of periodicals of those years were put into scientific circulation. An attempt has been made to give an objective, unbiased assessment of these phenomena and the actions of the Soviet authorities in those years. Conclusions. The new economic policy of the Soviet state during the 1920's was implemented against the background of increasing manifestations of various social anomalies. The struggle against them took place in a difficult socio-economic situation in which the society found itself after the First World War. According to the analysis of the archival sources, the Soviet authorities attached great importance to these measures, and first of all to their termination. These problems were caused by various factors, but primarily by the destructive processes in society itself and the struggle of the Bolsheviks for the establishment of their power. This also applies to the events of the recent Civil War in the former Russian Empire and the state liberation struggle in Ukraine in 1917-1921. One of the main reasons for the growth of organized crime was a difficult economic situation caused by the effects of military communism. In the period under study, namely in the first half of the 1920's, the process of formation of the law enforcement system of the Soviet power took place. The main burden of responsibility for the state of the criminogenic situation in the country rested with the local police.

scholarly journals Attitude to the New Economic Policy in the RCP (B) Party Organizations of the Vyatka Gubernia in 1921-1923: Archival Materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 169-179
Author(s):  
Yuri N. Timkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
New Economic Policy ◽  
Party Organizations ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Drawing on archival materials from the State Archive of the Kirov Region and the State Archive of Social and Political History of the Kirov Region, the article analyzes attitudes to the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the party organizations of the RCP (B) of the Vyatka guberina in 1921. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the author draws on archival documents to investigate the attitude of communists to the decision of the X Congress of the RCP (B) to replace surplus tax by tax in kind (prodnalog) and other measures for the development of the NEP in 1921. It turns out that party workers in position of responsibility and ordinary members of the party, as a rule, understood and perceived the NEP in their own way, reading into it the interests and needs of different social and professional groups. Moreover, there emerged some ideological differences due to different understanding of the political goals of the New Economic Policy. For the first time in local historiography, the author has introduced into scientific use some previously unknown archival facts. The analysis of the archival material allows the author to conclude that the attitude to the NEP of party workers in position of responsibility and of rank-and-file members differed. If the “top” of the party discussed the ideological aspects of the NEP, the “bottom” members, as a rule, were interested in its practical orientation. There was no unanimous support for the NEP not just among the responsible party workers, but also among the rank-and-file members. The author comes to the conclusion that the lack of clear understanding of the nature of the New Economic Policy caused disagreements in the party ranks, which, in absence of the tradition of broad discussion of controversial issues, was fraught with danger of a split. The Military Communism ideology and low literacy (including political one) that prevailed in the party ranks did not promote good understanding of the new party course and its creative application under specific regional conditions. Critics and open opponents of the NEP faced “organizational conclusions.”

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